tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76686548748142376022024-03-28T06:51:05.848+00:00The Hidden History Blog Welcome to the #HiddenHerStories Blog and Podcast. Dive in and discover a whole host of intriguing, infamous or inspiring women whose names deserve be much better known. Find fascinating biographies and read in depth articles about some truly extraordinary ladies. Buy books direct from our Amazon Affiliate Store, listen to our podcast for free & join us on Social Media! The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.comBlogger61125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-45078730842347184832018-07-03T08:36:00.002+01:002018-07-03T08:36:59.770+01:00Wimbledon's Pioneering Victorian Female Champions<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">As the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Championships begin this week, I decided to look at the lives and sporting careers of some of England and Ireland's pioneering female Tennis players from the Victorian era. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Here are some of their amazing stories - just remember that these women all played Tennis wearing boned corsets, bustles and long dresses! </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u></u></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maude and her sister Lilian Watson</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maud Edith Eleanor
Watson MBE (9 October 1864 – 5 June 1946)</b></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Maud Watson was an
English tennis player and the first woman to be crowned as a female Wimbledon
champion.</div>
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Born in Harrow, London, she was the daughter of a local
vicar Henry William and Emily Frances Watson. At the age of sixteen Watson
played her first match at the Edgbaston Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club. It was a
successful debut, winning the singles competition by defeating her sister
Lillian in the final and winning the doubles competition with her.</div>
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In 1884 Maud participated in the Irish Ladies' Championship
and defeated the reigning Irish champion May Langrishe 6–3, 6–2, 6–2. She was
also victorious in the mixed doubles tournament winning the title with multiple
Wimbledon champion William Renshaw. Undefeated in tournament play, in 1884 the
nineteen-year-old Watson won the first ever Ladies' Singles title at Wimbledon.
Playing in white corsets and petticoats, from a field of thirteen competitors
she defeated her sister <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lilian 6–8, 6–3,
6–3 in the final to claim the title and a silver flower basket valued at 20
Guineas.</div>
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1885 was a year of great success for Maud, who remained
unbeaten in singles and lost only one set. Maud repeated her success at the
1885 Wimbledon championships. In a field of just 10 entries she easily won the
quarter- and semi-finals and in the final defeated Blanche Bingley 6–1, 7–5.
She successfully defended her title at the 1885 Irish Championships against
Louise Martin. For two sets there was little to choose between them but in the
decider Maud outstayed her opponent to win 6–2, 4–6, 6–3. In 1886, the year the
Challenge Round was introduced for women, Bingley turned the tables, defeating
Watson 6–3, 6–3 in the final to take the title.</div>
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In 1887 and 1888 Watson was handicapped by a sprained wrist
which worsened with time. Her final competition came at the Edgebaston
tournament in June 1889. She entered three events (doubles, mixed doubles and
handicap singles) and won them all. While on holiday in Jersey she went
swimming off the coast and nearly drowned. She was rescued with difficulty and
suffered an illness afterwards which took a number of years to completely
recover.</div>
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Watson worked as a nurse during the First World War for
which she was rewarded as a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Maud
Watson, who did not marry, died at Hammersmead House in Charmouth on 5 June
1946, at the age of 81.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCRpJkWvCwq8KuoFotfOIMK09QnoMcwtfoas3L-OeeSvwm25RZS0ACwgJZfHVCi-TrHPAA-cVgLIl0rPJ5913PhEQRkTsoCJgsTdqPXOb0-ga22rplQb3uY27eP-NOkq6Adm40Bop8toR/s1600/Blance_bingley_hillyard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoCRpJkWvCwq8KuoFotfOIMK09QnoMcwtfoas3L-OeeSvwm25RZS0ACwgJZfHVCi-TrHPAA-cVgLIl0rPJ5913PhEQRkTsoCJgsTdqPXOb0-ga22rplQb3uY27eP-NOkq6Adm40Bop8toR/s1600/Blance_bingley_hillyard.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blanche Bingley Hillyard</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Blanche Bingley
Hillyard - 3 November 1863 – 6 August 1946</b></div>
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Born in Greenford in the London Borough of Ealing, Blanche
Bingley was a member of the Ealing Lawn Tennis & Archery Club. In 1884, she
competed in the first ever Wimbledon championships for women, and two years
later she captured the first of her six singles titles. A seven-time finalist,
Bingley's 13 finals remain a Wimbledon record as is the 14-year time span
between her first and last titles.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bingley's Wimbledon record suggests that she was the second
strongest female player of her day, only behind Lottie Dod, who defeated her in
five finals.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once married to Commander George Whiteside Hillyard (in
Greenford on 13 July 1887), Bingley was recorded with her husband's name and is
usually listed in various records as Blanche Bingley Hillyard. At age 36, she
again won the Wimbledon final and continued to compete until age 49, playing
her last Wimbledon in 1913.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During her career, she also won the Irish championships on
three occasions (1888, 1894, 1897) and the German championship, played in
Hamburg, twice; in 1897, defeating Charlotte Cooper Sterry in the final in
three sets, and in 1900 against Muriel Robb, also in three sets. Additionally,
she won the South of England Championships at Eastbourne, then a major event,
11 times between 1885 and 1905.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Blanche Bingley Hillyard died in London in 1946. She was
inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2013.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charlotte "Lottie" Dod</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charlotte
"Lottie" Dod (24 September 1871 – 27 June 1960) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chatlotte was an English sportswoman best known as a tennis
player. She won the Wimbledon Ladies' Singles Championship five times, the
first one when she was only fifteen in the summer of 1887. She remains the
youngest ladies' singles champion, though Martina Hingis was three days younger
when she won the women's doubles title in 1996.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to tennis, Dod competed in many other sports,
including golf, field hockey, and archery. She also won the British Ladies
Amateur Golf Championship, played twice for the England women's national field
hockey team (which she helped to found, and won a silver medal at the 1908
Summer Olympics in archery. The Guinness Book of Records has named her as the
most versatile female athlete of all time, together with track and field
athlete and fellow golf player Babe Zaharias.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dod was born on 24 September 1871 in Bebington, Cheshire,
the youngest of four children to Joseph and Margaret Dod. Joseph, from
Liverpool, had made a fortune in the cotton trade. The family was wealthy
enough to provide for all members for life; Lottie and her brother Willy never
had to work. Besides Willy, Lottie had a sister, Annie, and another brother,
Tony, all of whom also excelled in sports. Annie was a good tennis player,
golfer, ice skater and billiards player. Willy Dod won the Olympic gold
medal in archery at the 1908 Games, while Tony was a regional level archer and
a chess and tennis player. The Dod children received a private education by
tutors and governesses.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In her childhood Lottie played the piano, banjo and
she was member of a local choir. When Dod was nine years old, two tennis
courts were built near the family's estate, Edgeworth. Lawn tennis, invented in
1873, was highly fashionable for the wealthy in England, and all of the Dod
children started playing the game frequently. Tennis parties were
occasionally organized and among the invited guests were future Wimbledon
champions Joshua Pim and the brothers Herbert and Wilfred Baddeley. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When she
was eleven Dod joined the Rock Ferry Tennis Club in Birkenhead, Together with Annie, who was eight years older, Dod entered
her first tennis tournament, the 1883 Northern Championships in Manchester, at
age eleven. They had a bye in the first round and lost in the second round of
the doubles tournament to Hannah Keith and Amber McCord, but won the
consolation tournament. One journalist, Sydney Brown, noted that "Miss L.
Dod should be heard of in the future".</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The following year, 1884, she
participated in two tournaments, the Northern Championships, played that year in
Liverpool, and Waterloo. With Annie she reached the doubles finals in both
tournaments and with Tony she was defeated in the first round of the mixed
doubles event at Waterloo. At the Northern Championships in 1885, she came
to prominence when she nearly beat reigning Wimbledon champion Maud Watson in
the final, losing 6–8, 5–7. Dod would win the doubles event (with Annie).
Earlier she had won the first singles title of her career at the Waterloo
tournament where she was also victorious in the doubles and mixed doubles
events. These performances earned her the nickname "Little
Wonder" in the press.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1886 Dod won the singles title at the West of England
Championships in Bath where she defeated Watson in the final and ending the
latter's run of 55 consecutive victories. That year she played tournaments
in Liverpool (Northern), Cheltenham and Derbyshire but won no further singles
titles. In 1887 Dod became an established first-class player, illustrated
by the fact she partnered then seven-time Wimbledon doubles winner Ernest
Renshaw at the mixed doubles event of the Irish Championships. She won the
singles in Dublin defeating Watson in the final in straight sets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She again
won the singles title at the Northern, defeating leading players Louisa Martin,
May Langrishe and Watson without losing a set and conceding no more than two
games per set. Encouraged by these results she decided to enter the 1887
Wimbledon Championships. Only six competitors, not including Martin and Watson,
had entered. Dod had a bye in the first round and easily advanced through the
semifinal and final of the All-Comer's tournament to earn the right to
challenge the defending champion, Blanche Bingley. She defeated Bingley in
straight sets 6–2, 6–0, the second set lasting just ten minutes. At 15
years and 285 days she was the youngest ever winner of the ladies' singles
championships. During the match, Dod wore a metal-and-whalebone corset
which punctured her skin and caused her to bleed as she played.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The two met again in the final of the 1888 West of England
Championships. Although it was designated an "open" tournament, the
officials made the remarkable decision to impose a handicap of 15 on Dod.
She still managed to win against her opponent, now known by her married name,
Blanche Hillyard. The Wimbledon final of 1888 was a rematch of the previous
year, and Dod, this time defending her title in the Challenge Round, again
emerged victorious (6–3, 6–3). During that year she won several doubles and
mixed doubles titles with her sister Annie, May Langrishe and Ernest
Renshaw.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lottie Dod's style of play, then regarded as unorthodox, now
seems notably modern. She was perhaps the first player to advocate hitting the
ball just before the top of the bounce and to adopt a modern, albeit
single-handed, racquet grip. Her ground strokes were reported by contemporaries
to be unusually firmly hit by the standards of the time, but – like many female
players of the day – she served underhand and only rarely employed spin.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dod only entered one open tournament in 1889 (the Northern
Championships, which she won), and failed to attend Wimbledon, much to the
disappointment of her fans. Together with Annie and some friends, she was on a
sailing trip off the Scottish coast, and didn't want to return in time for
Wimbledon. This was followed by a complete absence from the game in 1890.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib64Lk_nKvcmMBBtID-1BZCBJwvWuFMkwMvOkJHMmVlnRAGv3HBVzhA0TShmLtgQv3y29v0CiLQF4Vx7g6GJp1gsuexMMZkk2_HruXk8vqLMqtUhDmjSf8uSFxNqeWTaxQ7FhI4YNo1oGZ/s1600/Lottie_dod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="270" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib64Lk_nKvcmMBBtID-1BZCBJwvWuFMkwMvOkJHMmVlnRAGv3HBVzhA0TShmLtgQv3y29v0CiLQF4Vx7g6GJp1gsuexMMZkk2_HruXk8vqLMqtUhDmjSf8uSFxNqeWTaxQ7FhI4YNo1oGZ/s320/Lottie_dod.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lottie Dod</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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After failing to do so in 1889, Dod was determined to win
Wimbledon three times in a row, starting in 1891. Although it was her only
competitive appearance of that season, she won her third Wimbledon title by
defeating Hillyard (6–2, 6–1) in the final of the All-Comers tournament. The
reigning champion Lena Rice did not defend her title. 1892 saw Dod's first
singles defeat in an open tournament since 1886 when she lost to Louisa Martin
of Ireland in the second round of the Irish Championships. It was the last of
only five losses in her entire tennis career and her only defeat after the age
of 15. She continued the year strongly, culminating in another easy
straight-set Wimbledon victory over Hillyard. Dod's last tennis season
as a competitive player was 1893, and she played in just two tournaments, The
Northern in Manchester and Wimbledon, winning both. On both occasions, she
defeated Blanche Hillyard in three sets, despite a heavy fall in the Wimbledon
final. Her record of five Wimbledon titles would not last for long, as
Hillyard, after losing in the final to Dod five times, won her sixth title in
1900. Suzanne Lenglen broke Dod's record of three consecutive singles wins by
winning from 1919 to 1923.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apart from entering women's tournaments, Dod sometimes also
played and won matches against men (who usually played with a handicap), and on
one occasion defeated star players Ernest Renshaw and George Hillyard (the
husband of Blanche) when doubling with Herbert Baddeley.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was actually the all-comers final as Helena Rice did
not defend her 1890 Wimbledon title, which resulted in the winner of the
all-comers final winning the challenge round and, thus, Wimbledon in 1891 by
walkover.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although tennis would remain Dod's favourite sport, she
shifted her attention to other activities in the following years. In 1895, she
joined her brother Tony on a trip to the winter sports resort of St. Moritz,
which was very popular with English travellers. There, she passed the St.
Moritz Ladies's Skating Test, the most prestigious figure skating event for
women at the time. Dod also rode the toboggan on the famous Sankt Moritz Cresta
Run, and began mountaineering with her brother, climbing two mountains over
4,000 m in February 1896.</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a long cycling trip in Italy, Lottie and Tony returned
to England, only to come back to St Moritz in November, now accompanied by
their mother and brother Willy. This time, Dod took the St. Moritz Men's
Skating Test and passed, as the second woman ever. She also competed in
curling. In the summer of 1897, she and Tony again ascended several mountains,
this time in Norway.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The sport of women's field hockey was still rather young
when Dod took up the game in 1897. She was one of the founding members of a
women's hockey club in Spital. Playing as a central forward, she was soon named
captain of the team. Club matches in which Dod played were won, while losses
happened only in her absence.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 1899, Dod had made it to captain of the Cheshire county
team, and represented her club at meetings of the women's hockey association
for the northern counties. She first played in the English national team on 21
March that year, winning 3–1 over Ireland. Both English goals in the 1900
England and Ireland rematch were scored by Dod, securing a 2–1 victory. Dod
failed to attend the match against Wales, suffering from sciatica attacks which
kept her from sporting for months.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although she had recovered by 1901, Dod would not play again
in national or county matches. All members of the Dod family stopped attending
sports events for a while after their mother died on 1 August 1901, and Dod
apparently lost her interest in field hockey during that period, although she
did occasionally play for Spital Club until 1905.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Few golf clubs allowed women to play around the time Lottie
Dod first played golf at age fifteen. Unlike tennis, Dod found golf a difficult
sport to master. By the time she got seriously interested in the sport, the
Ladies Golf Union (LGU) had been founded, and women's golf had become a real
sport.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dod helped establish a ladies' golf club at Moreton in 1894
and entered that year's National Championships (match play) at Littlestone (Kent).
She was eliminated in the third round, but Dod's interest in the sport grew,
and she became a regular competitor in the National Championships and other
tournaments for the next few years. In 1898 and 1900 she reached the
semi-finals of the National Championships, but was defeated narrowly both
times. In 1900, she also played in an unofficial country match against Ireland,
which the English won 37–18.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dod did not compete in golf in 1901, and hardly entered
major tournaments in the next two years, but she did play in the 1904 British
Ladies Amateur, held at Troon. She qualified for the semi-finals for the third
time in her life, and won it for the first time. Her opponent in the final was
May Hezlet, the champion of 1899 and 1902. The match was very close, and the
two were tied after 17 holes. Hezlet missed her putt on the final hole narrowly,
after which Dod grabbed an unexpected victory, becoming the first, and to date
only, woman to win British tennis and golf championships.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Following her victory, Dod sailed to Philadelphia, where she
had been invited by Frances C. Griscom, a former American golf champion, to
attend the U.S. Women's Amateur as a spectator. Upon arrival, Dod found out the
tournament regulations had been changed to allow for non-Americans to compete,
and she was requested to compete. Her loss in the first round was a disappointment,
but Dod persuaded several Americans to come and play in the British championships
the following year.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the week before these 1905 championships, three
international matches were planned, starting off with the first
British-American international match. Dod was the only British player to lose a
match, as the United Kingdom won 6–1. Dod then played for the English team in a
3–4 defeat against Scotland and a 4–3 win over Ireland, although she lost both
her matches. Dod was then eliminated in the fourth round of the National
Championships. It was to be her last appearance in golf.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the autumn of 1905, Dod and her brothers sold
"Edgeworth" and moved to a new home near Newbury, Berkshire. They had
been practising archery from the times before, but all three became more
serious now and joined the Welford Park Archers in Newbury. As one of their
ancestors was said to have commanded the English longbowmen at the Battle of
Agincourt, they found this an appropriate sport.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Women's Olympic Archery Team 1908</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lottie Dod won her first tournament by 1906, and finished
fifth in the Grand National Archery Meeting of 1906, 1907 and 1908. Dod's
performances in the 1908 season earned her a spot on the British Olympic team.
The field in the women's archery event consisted only of British women, but
without the best archer of the era, Alice Legh. Dod led the competition, after the first day but was surpassed by Queenie Newall on
the second day, taking second place with 642 points to Newall's 688.
Her brother Willy secured the gold medal in the
men's competition.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1910, Dod came close to winning the Grand National, which
would have made archery the third sport in which she became a national
champion. Both Lottie and her brother William led after day one, but moved down
to second on the final competition day. After the Welford Archers were
disbanded in late 1911, the Dods' interest in archery faded, meaning the end of
Lottie Dod's long competitive sports career.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1913, Willy and Lottie moved to a new house in Bideford
(Tony had married in the meantime). When World War I broke out, Willy enlisted
with the Royal Fusiliers, while his sister worked for the British Red Cross
from November 1916 at Chelsea VAD Hospital and in a military hospital in Speen,
Berkshire.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dod wanted to be transferred to the war zones in France but
was hampered by sciatica and never served as a nurse outside England. She did
receive a Service Medal by the Red Cross for serving more than 1,000 hours
during the war.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She then lived in London and Devon, and she never failed to
attend the Wimbledon Championships until she was in her late eighties. After
her brother Willy died in 1954, she lived in several nursing homes on the
English south coast, eventually settling at the Birchy Hill Nursing Home in
Sway, Hampshire. There she died, unmarried, at age 88, passing away while
listening to the Wimbledon radio broadcasts in bed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dod was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in
1983.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lena Rice </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Helena Bertha Grace
"Lena" Rice (21 June 1866 – 21 June 1907</b>) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Helena “Lena” Rice was an Irish tennis player who won the
singles title at the 1890 Wimbledon Championships. She is to date the only
female player from Ireland to ever win a singles title at Wimbledon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lena Rice was born the second-youngest of the eight children
of Spring Rice and Anna Gorde in 1866. Her family lived in a two-storied
Georgian building at Marlhill, half a mile from New Inn, County Tipperary. When
her father died in 1868, her mother struggled to manage the household. Lena
learned to play tennis with her sister Anne in their large garden at Marlhill,
and both girls entered the Cahir Lawn Tennis club.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rice's first tournament outside County Tipperary were the
Irish Championships at Dublin in May 1889. There she lost 5–7, 5–7 to Blanche
Bingley Hillyard in the semifinals. In doubles competition, she reached the
final partnering Hillyard, and in mixed doubles she won the title along with
Willoughby Hamilton.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later that year, Rice played at the Wimbledon Championships.
She reached the final where she met Hillyard once again. She won the first set
6–4 and had three match points at 5–3, 40–15 and advantage in the second, but
Hillyard managed to come back and eventually won 4–6, 8–6, 6–4.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The next year, only four players participated at the singles
event at Wimbledon. After winning over Mary Steedman 7–5, 6–2 in the first
round, her opponent in the All-comers final was May Jacks. Rice won 6–4, 6–1
and as defending champion Blanche Hillyard was pregnant and didn't enter the
tournament, Rice won the title, the 50-guineas challenger trophy and a cash
prize of 20 guineas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After her 1890 Wimbledon title, there is no record of Rice
ever again playing tennis at a tournament. As her mother died in 1891, it seems
likely that family ill health prevented her from continuing her tennis career.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rice, who never married, died of tuberculosis on her 41st
birthday in 1907. She was buried at the New Inn cemetery, close to her parents,
her brother Samel and her sister Agnes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4TztwE1H7pi8H8u8TOKN3kyYs8NJBZb04O9ZnX-W3rRTBp6fynUpObakOjz7doSe6i0jrw6f9U9-lpASTOXFKxpf9WJTv-sQPOCA7NNZrKIWus6sP3p5Ad2ROHXAeWOseuuvGVsu1qA85/s1600/800px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="800" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4TztwE1H7pi8H8u8TOKN3kyYs8NJBZb04O9ZnX-W3rRTBp6fynUpObakOjz7doSe6i0jrw6f9U9-lpASTOXFKxpf9WJTv-sQPOCA7NNZrKIWus6sP3p5Ad2ROHXAeWOseuuvGVsu1qA85/s320/800px-Lawn-tennis-Prang-1887.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Typical Victorian Tennis Match</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edith Lucy Austin
Greville (née Austin; 15 December 1867 – 27 July 1953)</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Edith Greville was English
female tennis player who was active from the 1890s until around 1920. She was
married to fellow player George Greville.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Between 1893 and 1919 she participated 16 times in the
single event of the Wimbledon Championships and achieved her best result in
1894 and 1896 when she reached the final of the all-comers tournament. In
1894 she lost to Blanche Hillyard in straight sets, winning just two games and
Hillyard became champions as the title holder Lottie Dod did not defend her
title. In 1896 she lost the all-comers final in three sets to Alice
Pickering, In her last two Wimbledon appearances in 1913 and 1919 she also
played in the doubles and mixed doubles events.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She won the singles title at the Kent Championships on six
occasions (1894-97, 1899, 1900).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1894 she defeated May Arbuthnot in a three-set final to
win the singles title of the British Covered Court Championships, played on
wood courts at the Queen's Club in London. Arbuthnot failed to convert two
matchpoints. The following year, 1895, she lost her title in the challenge
round to Charlotte Cooper. From 1896 to 1899 she won four consecutive titles,
defeating Cooper twice in the final. In 1894, 1899 and 1901 she won the
Queen's Club Championships grass court tournament.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1896 she was a runner-up at the South of England
Championships in Eastbourne, losing the final to Blanche Hillyard in three
sets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZQ88WCOQzfROh0wwa15viD86zLZ-yat4-GfA4qmkeDiuvzTaa1JO3WH_Fw6s6sGPsLMAIA-L09qLFPiRxagjoS_Gz9LquNhl-oIkZWDYPGvHSDZaMUOjB9Lp1hWX8IQMHs4e7u-Gwi9H/s1600/330px-Charlotte_Cooper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIZQ88WCOQzfROh0wwa15viD86zLZ-yat4-GfA4qmkeDiuvzTaa1JO3WH_Fw6s6sGPsLMAIA-L09qLFPiRxagjoS_Gz9LquNhl-oIkZWDYPGvHSDZaMUOjB9Lp1hWX8IQMHs4e7u-Gwi9H/s320/330px-Charlotte_Cooper.jpg" width="229" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charlotte Cooper Sterry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Charlotte Cooper
Sterry ( 22 September 1870 – 10 October 1966)</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a female tennis player from England who won five singles titles at the
Wimbledon Championships and in 1900 became Olympic champion. In winning in
Paris on July 11th 1900, she became the first female Olympic tennis champion as
well as the first individual female Olympic champion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Cooper was born on 22 September 1870 at Waldham
Lodge, Ealing, Middlesex, England, the youngest daughter of Henry Cooper, a
miller, and his wife Teresa Georgiana Miller. She learned to play tennis at the
Ealing Lawn Tennis Club where she was first coached by H. Lawrence and later by
Charles Martin and Harold Mahony. She won her first senior singles title in
1893 at Ilkley . </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Between 1893 and 1917 she participated in 21 Wimbledon
tournaments. At her first appearance she reached the semifinals of the singles
event in which she lost to Blanche Bingley Hillyard. She won her first singles
title in 1895, defeating Helen Jackson in the final of the All-Comers event. In
that match she was down 0–5 in both sets but managed to win in straight sets. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1896, she successfully defended her title in the Challenge Round against
Alice Simpson Pickering. Between 1897 and 1901 the titles were divided between
Cooper Sterry (1898, 1901) and Bingley Hillyard (1897, 1899, 1900). The 1902
Challenge Round match against Muriel Robb was halted on the first day of play
due to rainfall at 6–4, 11–13. The match was replayed in its entirety the next
day and Robb won 7–5, 6–1, playing a total of 53 games which was then a record
for the longest women's singles final. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1908 as a mother of two she won her
last singles title when she defeated Agnes Morton in straight sets in the
All-Comers final after a seven-year hiatus and at the age of 37. She is the
oldest Wimbledon's ladies’ singles champion and her record of eight consecutive
singles finals stood until 1990 when Martina Navratilova reached her ninth consecutive
singles final.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to her singles titles, Cooper Sterry also won
seven All-England mixed doubles titles; five times with Harold Mahony
(1894–1898) [10] and once with Laurence Doherty (1900) and Xenophon Casdagli
(1908).[c] In 1913 she reached the final of the first Wimbledon women's doubles
event with Dorothea Douglass, 18 years after winning her first Wimbledon title.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She won the singles title at the Irish Lawn Tennis Championships
in 1895 and 1898 - a prestigious tournament at the time . At the 1900 Summer
Olympics, where women participated for the first time, Cooper Sterry won the
tennis singles event. On 11 July 1900 she defeated Hélène Prévost in the final
in straight sets and became the first female Olympic tennis champion as well as
the first individual female Olympic champion. With Reginald Doherty, she won
the mixed doubles title after a straight-sets victory in the final against
Hélène Prévost and Harold Mahony. In 1901 she won the singles title at the
German Championships, and in 1902 she won the Swiss Championship. Cooper Sterry
remained active in competitive tennis and continued to play in championship
events well into her 50s.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 12 January 1901 she married Alfred Sterry, a solicitor,
who became president of the Lawn Tennis Association. They had two children: Rex
(born 1903) who was the vice-chairman of the All England Club for a period of
15 years during the 1960s and 1970s and Gwen (born 1905), a tennis player who
participated at Wimbledon and played on Britain's Wightman Cup team.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cooper Sterry had an offensive style of playing, attacking
the net when the opportunity arose. She was one of a few female players of her
time who served overhead. Her main strengths were her steadiness, temperament
and tactical ability. Her excellent volleying skills stood out at a time
when this was still a rarity in ladies tennis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cooper Sterry, who had been deaf since the age of 26, died
on 10 October 1966 at the age of 96, in Helensburgh, Scotland</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame
in 2013.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alice Pickering (1860
– 18 February 1939 née Alice Simpson)</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alice Pickering was an English tennis player who played at the Wimbledon Championships from 1895 to
1901. In 1896, she won the all-comers-competition at Wimbledon 1896, but
lost the challenge round against Charlotte Cooper 2-6, 3-6. She again reached
the all-comers final in the following year, but this time lost to Blanche
Bingley. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1896 she won the doubles competition at the Irish
Championships partnering Ruth Durlacher.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mary Louisa
"Mollie" Martin</b> (3 September 1865, Newtowngore, Ireland – 24
October 1941, Portrush, Northern Ireland) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mary "Mollie" Martin was a tennis player from Ireland. In 1898 she reached the final of the Wimbledon
Championships, but was beaten 6-4, 6-4 by Charlotte Cooper.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
She won nine singles titles at the Irish Lawn Tennis
Championships.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In my next blog post I will be examining some early 20th century female tennis players from the Edwardian and post war era's. </div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-54039104437523727592018-06-25T12:35:00.000+01:002018-06-25T13:53:04.262+01:00The #MonthofMillie & Processions 2018 - Celebrating Women's Suffrage in London<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUWi9BidNDH4maeXYm-3kcXqJBEqXryjzLWXb1obBx9B6nIMcqoCq24hW1qqsVFDjMvDqEocWrk_zxhgtzTBpf5MR2SRx1eOdGt_J27nMJm4FaxxL8VksGR7jKi6Su0jh2L-0fCJchyphenhypheny5i/s1600/35078220_1924214727591237_1059148190848122880_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUWi9BidNDH4maeXYm-3kcXqJBEqXryjzLWXb1obBx9B6nIMcqoCq24hW1qqsVFDjMvDqEocWrk_zxhgtzTBpf5MR2SRx1eOdGt_J27nMJm4FaxxL8VksGR7jKi6Su0jh2L-0fCJchyphenhypheny5i/s320/35078220_1924214727591237_1059148190848122880_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SELFIE TIME AT PROCESSIONS 2018 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
As 2018 is the centenary of some women in the UK getting the vote, I decided I wanted to get involved in the celebrations and learn much more about the history of the women's suffrage movement.<br />
<br />
I wanted to add to the things I thought I already knew and discover some of the lesser known stories that I didn't know. As a self-employed woman of 53, whose offspring have all flown the nest, I was fortunate enough to have time to devote to this personal project. The positive things I have gained from doing it, have far exceeded my expectations and have inspired me to do much more in the future.<br />
<br />
As June marked Suffragist Millicent Fawcett's birthday, completing some of these things during the #MonthOfMillie was also part of the "Votes for Women" Suffragette challenge I had set myself. <br />
<br />
Through my blog I researched and told the stories of many lesser known Suffragettes and Suffragists from Essex, Wales, and Scotland. Ireland is coming in a future blog post!<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJilsavFPCCqX-7yrXY_SflY7TiByzJf6JpvplEEMhwZNiALV2ohd46ffXSSeQwJLUYZKxvRmR6q0YUZPMe5P1Ci6TTZYtXKLhrRyZ4s8WT4JmIfZZJGFMZLo1-QLaqBQPIuf2xIl54khM/s1600/35362276_1930736023605774_5804163020779159552_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJilsavFPCCqX-7yrXY_SflY7TiByzJf6JpvplEEMhwZNiALV2ohd46ffXSSeQwJLUYZKxvRmR6q0YUZPMe5P1Ci6TTZYtXKLhrRyZ4s8WT4JmIfZZJGFMZLo1-QLaqBQPIuf2xIl54khM/s320/35362276_1930736023605774_5804163020779159552_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MILLICENT FAWCETT STATUE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I discovered many stories of women whose names are not as well remembered as The Pankhursts or Millicent Fawcett. I learned that refusing to pay taxes or not filling in a census form was just as much a part of the fight for suffrage as smashing windows, planting bombs and slashing works of art. <br />
<br />
I read Dr Fern Riddell's superb biography of Kitty Marion - <i>Death in 10 Minutes</i>. I read Sarah Jackson's fascinating book on the East End Suffragettes. I read Jenni Murray's <i>History of Britain in 21 Women</i> and then gave it to my daughter for holiday reading as instructed! I read Anita Annad's biography of Sophia Duleep Singh alongside Emmeline Pankhurst's own autobiography to get a fuller, more rounded view of events.<br />
<br />
I studied the iconic suffragette photography of Britain's first female press photographer, Christina Bloom, and fell in love with it so much that I bought a coffee table book! <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChmaqptRRjm23w967Fe1NV05Qn9p6p7qTr_wDm89lPsJbMfJ-0d_0A6v0rEFfKey0vO75zHa4cegHy3_1teXs1jOA1QyfTeIm0e-x0Kaoil4H330OjD5oRt3rMn5vo6W1HnIA8ukZaYx3/s1600/35328508_1930736283605748_4008603018713890816_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="720" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgChmaqptRRjm23w967Fe1NV05Qn9p6p7qTr_wDm89lPsJbMfJ-0d_0A6v0rEFfKey0vO75zHa4cegHy3_1teXs1jOA1QyfTeIm0e-x0Kaoil4H330OjD5oRt3rMn5vo6W1HnIA8ukZaYx3/s320/35328508_1930736283605748_4008603018713890816_n.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PANKHURST MEMORIAL </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I watched all the TV shows on the BBC that were <br />
dedicated to telling the stories of the fight for women's suffrage. There was Lucy Worsley's exciting drama-documentary on militant suffragettes to soak up, Sally Lindsay's 30 minute biographical study of Emmeline Pankhurst, the <i>Suffragettes Forever</i> series presented by Amanda Vickery and special editions of Antiques Roadshow and the genealogy show <i>Who do You Think You Are. </i><br />
<br />
As a dedicated life long leaner, I signed up for a free online course on the Suffragettes and I also volunteered to help with spreading the word on social media about <i>Snapping The Stiletto </i>- a brilliant local women's community history project in Essex that celebrates strong women and offers free training on how to research archives in conjunction with local museums and Essex Records Office. <br />
<br />
<br />
I went to see the free Museum of London suffragette collection and attended the talk 'How the Vote was won' hosted by the Fawcett Society with key speakers Elizabeth Crawford and Sumita Mukherjee - two very knowledgeable historians that I have followed on Twitter for some time<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZKH5mRgQ6gKV07Rpsc4-j6paepFC4SBFdaTGBxi2CTGjiY5AtT2W0beC9HN3tvhjsTrmvDUG67BpAZIywwI6nukx7BJQaNVRkEHbkHqn1tvkO5E8ysFv1rM2R2oLRapjImnYukIXiNRss/s1600/WH-Poster-A3-page-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="409" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZKH5mRgQ6gKV07Rpsc4-j6paepFC4SBFdaTGBxi2CTGjiY5AtT2W0beC9HN3tvhjsTrmvDUG67BpAZIywwI6nukx7BJQaNVRkEHbkHqn1tvkO5E8ysFv1rM2R2oLRapjImnYukIXiNRss/s320/WH-Poster-A3-page-001.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="281" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">WOMEN'S HALL EXHIBITION POSTER</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
With my daughter, I visited Millicent Fawcett's statue - and also the Pankhurst statue nearby. I also took her to The Women's Hall re-creation in Tower Hamlets Local History Libray - just a stones throw from where she attended university at Queen Mary's over 12 years ago and also where my grandmother's working class family grew up in the East End in the 1900's through to the 1940's.<br />
<br />
My daughter was only the second woman in our family to get a degree after me, but her grandmother and her great grandmother left school at 16 and 14, and their only option was factory or office work before marriage and having children. The significance of all of this was not lost on my daughter who, in her 30's has become a strong, focused, independent, politically aware woman who is not afraid to express her own opinions and fight for what she believes in.<br />
<br />
Although spending quality time with my daughter was really special, the highlight of my suffragette fest, and the most immersive, uplifting and inspiring part of the experience was taking part in Processions 2018 in London, <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3tY22JempqcHPwvgujubCbZm0LzvDlavBvmtq9yZS6bu4puOHYySMfWFS26wAf7m00x004dXSDme6bx_7Rke5sma7JrtNEQAwnKWY0zm7eYMpScql0YAZhGPGyzYFRGzK8_ergLSPS2yp/s1600/35189870_1924213214258055_4827954745815597056_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3tY22JempqcHPwvgujubCbZm0LzvDlavBvmtq9yZS6bu4puOHYySMfWFS26wAf7m00x004dXSDme6bx_7Rke5sma7JrtNEQAwnKWY0zm7eYMpScql0YAZhGPGyzYFRGzK8_ergLSPS2yp/s320/35189870_1924213214258055_4827954745815597056_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
It's not everyday that you get the chance to participate in a nationwide
event, creating a living piece of art, that commemorates one of the
most important moments in women's history! I grabbed that opportunity with both hands, after watching the build up to Processions 2018 on social media. I registered online and looked forward to attending my first ever "March" but I really wasn't sure what to expect! <br />
<br />
I was staying with friends on the South Coast on the Saturday evening, and was stopping off in London to take part in Processions on my way home to Essex on the Sunday.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_sDud131tgmcTwsS-LLrii-tMJTbvp3GuT4V2Un-XY0RPO81AUOVSA_C2xyEErb9doc9NWBzvokBVKYudhhSK738NHNMBt1LRjmQG79CnXYi5Jnl9hFzJh40We1PnqA45kaqtN7SS_k6W/s1600/34962907_1924233044256072_3799437746326470656_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="747" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_sDud131tgmcTwsS-LLrii-tMJTbvp3GuT4V2Un-XY0RPO81AUOVSA_C2xyEErb9doc9NWBzvokBVKYudhhSK738NHNMBt1LRjmQG79CnXYi5Jnl9hFzJh40We1PnqA45kaqtN7SS_k6W/s400/34962907_1924233044256072_3799437746326470656_n.jpg" width="311" /></a></div>
I did the whole walk from Hyde Park to Parliament Square carrying a large handbag AND an overnight bag. Thanks to Processions I more than met my daily step count on the Samsung Health App. I learned that history can keep you healthy physically as well as mentally fit - really important for a 50 something blogger like me who spends a LOT of time sitting in front of a laptop screen!<br />
<br />
I had arranged to meet another woman from Essex at the entrance to Hyde Park. After connecting on social media a few days before the event, we had decided to keep each other company rather than walk by ourselves. We made our way to the start to collect our scarves. We were in with the Purple contingent. We remarked to each other that connecting with a random stranger was quite a radical thing for us both to do - but we had a lot of interests in common, and a friendship was quickly formed which I hope will continue. <br />
<br />
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As we both waited with bated breath for the procession to get underway, the atmosphere was electric and full of happy, positive vibes. Hundreds of colourful banners with great women's suffrage slogans were being waved and carried aloft as thousands of women gathered at the starting point, wearing green, purple or white clothing.<br />
<br />
People were cheering, laughing, linking arms, sharing the experience together, and taking pictures and videos on their phones.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1gYPpMKs3dUuvKizLd1hshRd70MIK4FlEfvRSe4J9R80KL20lOydigKhi-YA9ydkaQyxOG7p8sO4rnW4RRK-92USL53UFF6nV-1ETpS8C5dD8aprDD43urKcbwVDSP9EvMJto3rGhi7E5/s1600/34962158_1924243524255024_482955899770503168_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="960" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1gYPpMKs3dUuvKizLd1hshRd70MIK4FlEfvRSe4J9R80KL20lOydigKhi-YA9ydkaQyxOG7p8sO4rnW4RRK-92USL53UFF6nV-1ETpS8C5dD8aprDD43urKcbwVDSP9EvMJto3rGhi7E5/s320/34962158_1924243524255024_482955899770503168_n.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
As we moved en-mass through the streets of London past Trafalgar Square, towards the houses of parliament, we truly were a great and wonderful spectacle to behold! To hear younger women, some less than half my age leading chants<br />
<br />
demanding "equal pay" made me realize how far we have come since the 1970's and how far we still have to go to close the gender pay gap for our daughters and granddaughters. <br />
<br />
For just one moment, when we stopped for a short break, I took a minute to frame a lasting image of Processions in my mind - rather than on my phone. I let the reality of what was happening wash over for posterity. I studied the people behind me, in front of me, and all around me and it made me proud.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBK_1Oj5nG78cbNX7uZHm8JikI__iu7IOfiIi4jup2k-r2H1J2C7melW4D-YcZkZk_ZyJu8FvZoK2uoG2b6P9XMCjq_-l7pMFYqkpZfisS48vUss8tsqJKC6GmQQ49VsPiQhSR1WVsYrlt/s1600/35050232_1924233530922690_6879023168363692032_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="960" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBK_1Oj5nG78cbNX7uZHm8JikI__iu7IOfiIi4jup2k-r2H1J2C7melW4D-YcZkZk_ZyJu8FvZoK2uoG2b6P9XMCjq_-l7pMFYqkpZfisS48vUss8tsqJKC6GmQQ49VsPiQhSR1WVsYrlt/s320/35050232_1924233530922690_6879023168363692032_n.jpg" width="320" /></a>There were women of all ages, shapes, colours and sizes. Marching side by side with radical <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6OiFIrlO-gTRchmDssiPRRh8xO906LWh0-PxVqYbCaCUwhdlPK3RMqdICqTowdRgrhiWr3zUbYy_sa3uQPUNX0KuikGUhWB3vVwOHgeOzSCwyambtqoWqjN6SeVoZTLoBsIN0prygmqyE/s1600/34985217_1924233464256030_3069727510020227072_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="960" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6OiFIrlO-gTRchmDssiPRRh8xO906LWh0-PxVqYbCaCUwhdlPK3RMqdICqTowdRgrhiWr3zUbYy_sa3uQPUNX0KuikGUhWB3vVwOHgeOzSCwyambtqoWqjN6SeVoZTLoBsIN0prygmqyE/s320/34985217_1924233464256030_3069727510020227072_n.jpg" width="320" /></a>feminists and LGBT community leaders, and political groups, were ordinary mothers and grandmothers like myself. Sisters walked besides sisters. Best friends strode arm in arm and bought their daughters along. Students, teenage girls, children of both genders, babies in buggies sleeping soundly through it all - and even few MEN showing their support too!<br />
<br />
There were people from every single social, religious and ethnic group - ALL with a scarf either around their shoulders, tied upon heads or held aloft overhead. The beautiful thing was that regardless of our own lives and backgrounds, we all joined together as one -for a just few hours - to do a positive, creative, memorable respectful thing in celebration of women's achievements - and that can only bring hope for a better future and lead to a fairer, more equal society for all the coming generations.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBR9jir5HuEjMBISKSfujfex7WjD09QbG0NGVFimsEUMXYaDVVV5Wd92e0qH2mgF9l0ldO0EpXQ6sSCsX2lWY5ahxPkoMvShh3dtnp4kzbh13fCghf5bJvmca6kMzAxxVU8bpY8yeefhKT/s1600/35077297_1924214434257933_3916784666694123520_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBR9jir5HuEjMBISKSfujfex7WjD09QbG0NGVFimsEUMXYaDVVV5Wd92e0qH2mgF9l0ldO0EpXQ6sSCsX2lWY5ahxPkoMvShh3dtnp4kzbh13fCghf5bJvmca6kMzAxxVU8bpY8yeefhKT/s320/35077297_1924214434257933_3916784666694123520_n.jpg" width="320" /></a>As I marched beside a host of women dressed in full suffragette outfits - one actually had a model of the houses of Parlimament on her head -it was almost like being transported back 100 years! I felt a shiver go down my spine as the ghosts of all those women who fought for the right to vote marched beside us in spirit. It bought it home to me how hard that battle had been and how every single woman in the UK should use her vote to bring about change and never ever take it for granted.<br />
<br />
The Suffragette battle cry was DEEDS NOT WORDS - but as a blog writer I
think I fulfilled my suffragette challenge with both deeds AND words. At
times it was hard, but never the less - I persisted! <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When I got home, my feet were aching, I was really tired but I'd had such a totally amazing time, I really didn't care. I spent the rest of the evening watching the excellent coverage of the event on BBC iplayer - and kept thinking to myself, "I was actually there - that will be something to tell people about when I am older and greyer!". Getting more involved with history, sometimes mean that you also end up making it too. <br />
<br />
The whole experience has given me the confidence to take the #HiddenHerStories blog to the next level. I am now really excited about working with a female business mentor and self-publishing my first collection of women's biographies later this year.<br />
<br />
I am connecting with more and more historians, writers, women's history bloggers & podcasters. I am going to be hosting and collating the first #WomensHistoryHour on Twitter next Sunday (1st June) from 7pm-8pm GMT.<br />
<br />
Please feel free to join us online for this brand new online discussion hour.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigQRTzxfKUUn9IQdkSiJ7aqsSaY8mzGiZYPaPbxbk50cSPOqeAKy3RQHkr1PgbFBK3b8mZzdBTChkGeAiV8Id7G6k6upYVLuolEYJg4miJ2o7gx7ghZ6qbm9xXJojEmst8GNBbH8LA6qWJ/s1600/35159247_1924218274257549_5686782165874900992_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigQRTzxfKUUn9IQdkSiJ7aqsSaY8mzGiZYPaPbxbk50cSPOqeAKy3RQHkr1PgbFBK3b8mZzdBTChkGeAiV8Id7G6k6upYVLuolEYJg4miJ2o7gx7ghZ6qbm9xXJojEmst8GNBbH8LA6qWJ/s320/35159247_1924218274257549_5686782165874900992_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Thank you Processions for giving me a wonderful opportunity to take part in something really creative that I will cherish for the rest of my life. I am keeping the purple scarf <br />
safe in my box of memories.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can find other stories, photo's and videos from Processions as well as souvenir merchandise at<br />
<a href="https://www.processions.co.uk/">www.processions.co.uk/</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Here are some other useful links to places and organizations mentioned in the blog:</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/" target="_blank">THE FAWCETT SOCIETY</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/" target="_blank">MUSEUM OF LONDON</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://snappingthestiletto.com/" target="_blank">SNAPPING THE STILETTO</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.ideastore.co.uk/womens-hall" target="_blank">WOMENS HALL EXHIBITION</a> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Enjoy my personal video and images of Processions 2018. </b></div>
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<br />The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-18738109074052684482018-06-19T16:52:00.000+01:002018-06-25T14:06:19.096+01:00Louisa Nottidge & The Spiritual Brides of The Agapemone<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Louisa Nottidge was a young Victorian woman whose unjust
detention in a lunatic asylum attracted widespread public attention in mid-19th
century England. Her family had her committed after she and three of her
sisters joined a Victorian Cult called The Agapemonites or
Community of The Son of Man that was created in 1846. In this blog article we will not only uncover Louisa's hidden herstory - we'll also be finding out more about some of the other women who were part of this unique and bizzare isolated religious community.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiomoqiGjyDMub0KMKQEpWQbwQgPN7Bea64klWO4-XRKokfVZc5HJnYnw4Zl3A68s6hhMAHcXGrkn3vn2gUrVZnNkWozleGKq2R2jvUps87q_QuoQVNFrOgzq0YeG8aEJAp1KpK2csG2Qee/s1600/The_woman_in_white_Cover_1890.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="350" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiomoqiGjyDMub0KMKQEpWQbwQgPN7Bea64klWO4-XRKokfVZc5HJnYnw4Zl3A68s6hhMAHcXGrkn3vn2gUrVZnNkWozleGKq2R2jvUps87q_QuoQVNFrOgzq0YeG8aEJAp1KpK2csG2Qee/s320/The_woman_in_white_Cover_1890.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE WOMAN IN WHITE</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The Cult was named
after Agapemone meaning "Abode of Love" in Greek. The ideas of the
community were based on the theories of various German religious mystics and
its primary object was the spiritualisation of the matrimonial state and the submission of women. The
Agapemone community consisted mostly of wealthy unmarried women and the cult’s
two main male leaders took many spiritual brides. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In that same period, several sensational cases came to light in the
newspapers of sane women - and a few men - being incarcerated against their will in lunatic asylums - just for the
convenience or financial gain of their immediate families or spouses. The public hysteria
surrounding these dramatic and shocking stories was further exploited by the writer Wilkie Collins, who
published the best-selling novel <i>The Woman In White</i> in 1860 which features the female character of Laura who is imprisoned in an asylum for the insane. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbA2C7T90xOmaG6_WtKlW-_U562Hfamy-ke501vCVJPXPGTKEENqMOziXFlrEv-ak-FZn1Z2_xb88-MknIYbL1F2e-D9CtQIakZ3LWGJxB5uA2pUnjZAMvmYdEznvm0HXm_Lf4Awr7_7IX/s1600/WPAC-WAT-00710_141.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="600" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbA2C7T90xOmaG6_WtKlW-_U562Hfamy-ke501vCVJPXPGTKEENqMOziXFlrEv-ak-FZn1Z2_xb88-MknIYbL1F2e-D9CtQIakZ3LWGJxB5uA2pUnjZAMvmYdEznvm0HXm_Lf4Awr7_7IX/s320/WPAC-WAT-00710_141.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BOCKING MILL, ESSEX </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What happened to Louisa Nottidge is still of interest today with
respect to the rights of psychiatric patients, women's rights, and the conflict
between freedom of religion and the legal process. Despite this her name is
little remembered, and her story has almost faded into obscurity, along with the notorious
Agapemone cult. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Louisa Jane Nottidge was born in 1802 at her grandmother's abode,
Mill House in Bocking, Essex. Her parents, Josias and Emily
Nottidge were wealthy and respectable merchants who lived in a large house on an
eight-acre estate, in Wixoe, Suffolk. From her early youth Louisa’s reading had
been directed towards religious texts & she attended church regularly, along with
her six sisters and four brothers.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhgEWCFnyRY30_GaB59DBFoXZXDWmaHQjMbVPfs8iAq0MaiZcTjMpz11XfCeJlwGIqw-33KZTFPZiFicX0mPFv63vX6auWjW36C5cEe4NvwZrzXUmmakuPLuip9vl5eaDsR3iahIyIQRdH/s1600/Rev_Henry_Prince.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhgEWCFnyRY30_GaB59DBFoXZXDWmaHQjMbVPfs8iAq0MaiZcTjMpz11XfCeJlwGIqw-33KZTFPZiFicX0mPFv63vX6auWjW36C5cEe4NvwZrzXUmmakuPLuip9vl5eaDsR3iahIyIQRdH/s1600/Rev_Henry_Prince.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ONLY KNOWN IMAGE OF PRINCE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Henry James Prince was born in 1811 in the city of Bath. His family owned property in Jamaica which included slaves
and they were financially compensated when slavery was abolished.
Prince’s father died when he was a young man, and Prince’s mother took in a lodger - a wealthy older woman named
Martha, who was a devout Catholic. She soon converted to Christianity and became Prince's first wife. Prince studied medicine at Guy's Hospital, qualifying in 1832
and was appointed medical officer to the General Hospital in Bath. Abandoning
his profession due to his own ill health, he then went to St David's College,
Lampeter to study Theology where he gathered together a band of religious enthusiasts known as the Lampeter Brethren. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The vice principal of the college contacted the Bishop of
Bath and Wells who, in 1846, installed Prince as the curate of Charlinch in
Somerset, working alongside the Rev. Starkey who seemed to be struggling to maintain his duties alone. Prince was
considered to be a holier-than-thou troublemaker, and the church authorities packed
him off to a quiet rural parish hoping that he would fade away into obscurity. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Attendances at the church had been small until, during one of the
services, Prince acted as if he was possessed, throwing himself physically around the
church and talking in tongues. The Congregation grew steadily each week as the "possession" stunt was
constantly repeated. The new flock was then divided, with separate services for men and
women. Subsequently, Price separated them again into the sinners and the righteous,
the latter of which generally included all the wealthy or single females. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eventually, the bishop was summoned to investigate these unusual practices. By
that time, Prince had contracted his first "spiritual marriage" and
had persuaded himself & all his loyal followers that he had been absorbed into the personality of God and
had become a visible embodiment of the Holy Spirit to be worshiped and served in luxurious surroundings by all his followers. His justification for this was:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“If Prince was the visible manifestation of God
on earth, the Holy Ghost - how could he toil in the same vineyard as these sinful
mortals?”</i> (The Reverend Prince and his Abode of Love, C Mander)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Reverend Starkey fully
embraced Price’s doctrines and had become became a devoted disciple too. Together
they procured many conversions in the countryside and in the towns.
The rector was subsequently deprived of his living and Prince was defrocked
by the Anglican Church but this action failed to stop either of them preaching. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Together with a few other disciples, Prince and Starkey formed
the Charlinch Free Church, which had a very brief existence, meeting in a
supportive farmer's barn. During his time at Charlich, Prince’s wife
Martha died. He had married her in order
that she finance his way through college. Prince used money inherited on the
death of Martha, to then marry Julia
Starkey - some said with indecent haste. She was the sister of the Rev. Starkey and was yet another older woman with
her own income. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Riding high with a full
church and a clutch of wealthy patrons, Prince’s licence to preach was suddenly
revoked by the Bishop of Bath and Wells amid rumours of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'carnal insinuations'</i> with the converted ladies of Charlich. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again this failed to stop Prince. He and his
disciples all moved to Stoke-by-Clare in Suffolk where Prince started again to
build up a congregation, which grew over the couple of years he was there.
It was here in Suffolk that the Nottidge Sisters first heard Prince preaching and came into contact with him.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Bishop of Ely then expelled Prince & Starkey from the Anglican Church. Undaunted, Prince opened Adullam Chapel in the North Laine area of Brighton, whilst
Starkey went to set things up in Weymouth. Amongst the many elderly spinsters and
young unmarried ladies of respectable Victorian society, who either lived or visited the south
coast, Prince found more potential members of his congregation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a large house in Belfield Terrace,
Weymouth he set up an embryonic version of the cult that was to follow. The
idea of the Abode of Love was not Prince's invention however - similar experiments,
inspired by the text of the Song of Solomon, had been conceived before and were heavily condemned by the church as sinful and degenerate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The Abode of
Love did not mean, as it seemed to imply, unlimited sexual freedom. Love at
Belfield Terrace and later at Spaxton was to be spiritual. In the course of
time Prince constructed an elaborate system of Angels and Archangels, a
celestial hierarchy promoting and demoting the faithful at will according to
their favour and the cash at their disposal. This was to be a commercial as
well as a spiritual venture. Not even the Holy Ghost could build an earthly paradise
on faith alone."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">( </i>C.Mander)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9DzIWDBSZZAjAXMqSqB4tLJP_H3JLHRyFbnE2EpKboVwLQCYerVGAYCG-jj4eCL_S87gVyYM2tlutTs9jU5Xn3ldRI9aGZDoX_bCg-tPiiyOBVrj0VOut4HaFIopAsi2XGRczlrR2fgT/s1600/6980cbd66b7a27d086e38745743814c4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="1000" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9DzIWDBSZZAjAXMqSqB4tLJP_H3JLHRyFbnE2EpKboVwLQCYerVGAYCG-jj4eCL_S87gVyYM2tlutTs9jU5Xn3ldRI9aGZDoX_bCg-tPiiyOBVrj0VOut4HaFIopAsi2XGRczlrR2fgT/s320/6980cbd66b7a27d086e38745743814c4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ROYAL HOTEL IN 1912</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>At one meeting in
Weymouth, a number of followers & disciples - estimated by Prince to be 500 but said by his
critics to be but one fifth of that number - were gathered together, and were instructed by "The Lamb" <i>"to</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> divest themselves of
their possessions and throw them into the common stock”.</i> This was done,
even by the poorest members of the congregation. Persuading rich and poor alike that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'in the day of wrath all property would be dirt'</i> swelled the group's bank balance further. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVHCncZATkaMUJ711aJWEp6PEHJWOH705XYjekV3io-loEv6EB7jP_Rlc5e2jb14BYD5xUq-EsN79GP9GOWkMnKn7gWYJZaRuls67mmaz-HcpV7G2NQiITy7F-DpE6QCigvsoPs8ivLA6/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVHCncZATkaMUJ711aJWEp6PEHJWOH705XYjekV3io-loEv6EB7jP_Rlc5e2jb14BYD5xUq-EsN79GP9GOWkMnKn7gWYJZaRuls67mmaz-HcpV7G2NQiITy7F-DpE6QCigvsoPs8ivLA6/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
The revelation that Prince was the son of God <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>took place at
the assembly rooms in the Royal Hotel Weymouth. The congregation were told that only those who received Prince
as the son of God would be saved from Armageddon. It
was estimated that many hundreds of souls were saved that day - mainly aging
spinsters but it was certainly enough to begin to finance a proper place of worship on a much
grander scale than a rented house in Weymouth. It was said that Prince
collected the considerable sum of £30,000 from his time on the South Coast.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“From Brighton, Prince returned to Somerset
with 30,000 pounds in his pockets, most of it contributed by his society
admirers. He and his followers travelled in a long procession of carriages with
liveried coachmen. At Weymouth the entourage stayed at the Royal Hotel, where
Prince held a reception and announced his plans for the setting up of an Agapemone
or Abode of Love. Some 200 local people of influence, invited especially for
this purpose, crowded into the ballroom and agreed to give up all or part of
their worldly possessions in order to be saved.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVuGp0oC_tbe4H8Xsb93yRyidxxYya76Qh2ipDMbFtyZ2yAlrlQ3Z5Tvqh4vg9v1joj8NjB2raZJKCBAL5zcZPEaVNNJ29AigcSscKZB75IgWXpNm_ykSkT9cDjyF1-js0NbQLVa252vW/s1600/Postcard_of_The_Agapemone%252C_Spaxton%252C_Somerset_1907.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="415" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVuGp0oC_tbe4H8Xsb93yRyidxxYya76Qh2ipDMbFtyZ2yAlrlQ3Z5Tvqh4vg9v1joj8NjB2raZJKCBAL5zcZPEaVNNJ29AigcSscKZB75IgWXpNm_ykSkT9cDjyF1-js0NbQLVa252vW/s320/Postcard_of_The_Agapemone%252C_Spaxton%252C_Somerset_1907.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE AGAPEMON COMMUNITY, SPAXTON </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two hundred acres of land was purchased in the Spaxton
Valley and plans were drawn up to create a new Abode of Love. Whenever more finances were
needed to keep the construction of paradise on schedule, Prince exhorted his
followers to sell a little more for the Lord, or simply demanded that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The Lord had need of fifty pounds
Amen,"</i>. Then he finally hit upon the ingeneous idea of marrying his most devoted followers and preachers to the wealthy older
spinsters to secure even more funds.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the death of Josias Nottidge in 1844, his unmarried daughters
had each inherited the sum of £6,000. The charismatic Prince wasted no time in persuading four of them to
contribute it all towards the founding of his new religious community in Somerset. They agreed in order that they would be saved on judgement day. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLQg4CNtalOxoAczEqzCEMRIkqgXBCWikchRcMGaKhxGQloA3Um1zcZQPHK6KjtT_Iv7GxFKZrkWMrQA7kDZqe_IcCoLfo615epL7AgXprP4Eu-IS1MlabiHGzEBmmLQb55eKfw1pbVt5H/s1600/Geograph_1987454_The_Agapemone_Chapel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLQg4CNtalOxoAczEqzCEMRIkqgXBCWikchRcMGaKhxGQloA3Um1zcZQPHK6KjtT_Iv7GxFKZrkWMrQA7kDZqe_IcCoLfo615epL7AgXprP4Eu-IS1MlabiHGzEBmmLQb55eKfw1pbVt5H/s320/Geograph_1987454_The_Agapemone_Chapel.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE AGAPEMON CHAPEL </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Extensive building work was undertaken to accommodate all the new members
and existing followers at Four Forks in Spaxton.<br />
<br />
Behind 15-foot high walls Prince built a
multi-bedroomed house with an attached chapel, as well as a gazebo, stables, and
cottages, all set within landscaped gardens that were called “Eden”.<br />
<br />
The buildings were
designed by follower Rev. William Cobbe, the brother of early feminist and suffragist
supporter Frances Power Cobbe. The buttressed chapel, with its pinnacles and
stained glass, was completed in 1845.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNhiIkCmwQnfvdhxdpwaDpX4LfD22LTO0JJFXBWrdQFhAdmTfmjyRa8eDxcOJzyzNHPfwMu8xBwH75XFcKh6d49bdd2QGj6aVGlNMvuwZ-jc-6RPvjuQckRXjbozNx5gATaKZii6hEtHL/s1600/abode2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="312" data-original-width="472" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNhiIkCmwQnfvdhxdpwaDpX4LfD22LTO0JJFXBWrdQFhAdmTfmjyRa8eDxcOJzyzNHPfwMu8xBwH75XFcKh6d49bdd2QGj6aVGlNMvuwZ-jc-6RPvjuQckRXjbozNx5gATaKZii6hEtHL/s320/abode2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">INTERIOR OF CHAPEL</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Prince and all his favoured women lived
in the 16-bedroom gabled house with the turreted bay windows. The stone chapel was
adorned with a rampant lion growling in the direction of the former Charlinch
parish church. The walls were built not only to keep outsiders out, but also to keep
Agapemonites in. Price cut them off from their families and the outside world so he could have complete power over them all. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJA8NdSViVbP0SXsApaJ9bBCQm1MFOWCJp2FLnbz5t3H_AU5Fkjx3rHDw5qE7QsG1M2Cus71lJxPkT3rGTp6uoPer8YzDPi407bkbQ5S5WFPbTjKrhNWFyIJep3U-WEAPLlmJQcd3mk7Lf/s1600/spaxtonpic65.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="800" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJA8NdSViVbP0SXsApaJ9bBCQm1MFOWCJp2FLnbz5t3H_AU5Fkjx3rHDw5qE7QsG1M2Cus71lJxPkT3rGTp6uoPer8YzDPi407bkbQ5S5WFPbTjKrhNWFyIJep3U-WEAPLlmJQcd3mk7Lf/s320/spaxtonpic65.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A VICTORIAN GROUP OUTSIDE THE LAMB INN</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The best place to observe the comings and goings at the
Abode of Love was at the Lamb Inn, located next door to the main house. The bar served many a journalist covering the numerous
scandals that would surround the self-appointed son of God and his cult over the ensuing
years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1845 three of the Nottidge sisters travelled to Somerset
- along with Prince - with a view to residing at the new community. During the
journey, Prince persuaded Harriet, Agnes and Clara Nottidge to marry three leading
clergymen from the Agapemone. They all wed in Swansea, on 9<sup>th</sup> July 1845. The
sisters were steamrollered into these spiritual unions, and were not allowed
to contact their family beforehand. Harriet married Rev. Lewis Price, Agnes
married Rev George Thomas and Clara married Rev. William Cobbe. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ErwqcDi9obu6ndWv6rS3lD7hLQPV6NEeB75BbepTsAt1m-QLZHi1cwdfguP1nlGZZdc4ql6j6uSAdLTUP4JjoJV58qaGRjR_bk1IXeNqluBrYzybu4KzuNf9xUy8y37ic7WduA2mKbEx/s1600/ABODE3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="354" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ErwqcDi9obu6ndWv6rS3lD7hLQPV6NEeB75BbepTsAt1m-QLZHi1cwdfguP1nlGZZdc4ql6j6uSAdLTUP4JjoJV58qaGRjR_bk1IXeNqluBrYzybu4KzuNf9xUy8y37ic7WduA2mKbEx/s320/ABODE3.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE ABODE OF LOVE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Clara and
Harriet would live happily in the Abode of Love with their spiritual husbands for many years. Agnes, would later be banished from the church – with no
rights to remove her cash - after angering Prince and being branded a “fallen woman”. Knowing there
was another £6,000 still up for grabs, Prince was quick to encourage Louisa Nottidge to come
and join her three sisters at The Agapemone. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once she was a part of the community, Agnes,
who was the eldest and most rebellious of the Nottidge sisters, objected to the
spiritual marriage and celibate lifestyle demanded of her and became pregnant. If
she committed adultery with another follower, her husband never openly accused
her of it, and she later gained sole custody of the child in 1850 after proving
herself of good moral character before a court. Having her doubts after
experiencing life at The Abode of Love for herself, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Agnes had initially written
to Louisa warning her not to come to Spaxton but Louisa ignored her advice and travelled
to Somerset anyway. Prince had demanded her presence at Spaxton and once she arrived
he lodged her in one of the cottages in the grounds whilst he searched for a
suitable spouse. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Understandably, Louisa’s widowed mother Emily was worried about the great spiritual and
financial influence that Prince had established over all of her daughters. At her wits end, she instructed her son Edmund, her nephew Edward Nottidge, and her son-in-law,
Frederick Ripley, to travel down to Somerset to rescue the yet unmarried Louisa.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What they did next, I am sure they all genuinely believed was
for Louisa’s own good. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAfNaOt6_AL4Kv4TT-Jh7_3hgEl5d-Ps3_lZK5YTYUMQy2r_fRcomfB8zR6EuWJL7WXhenaXr8tRH2EgF4Ja3PBt2u6Bzm8wh1Uf8eM_P3Ui54MEn1UHp2j5BOuqcTMUNuQG-K47t0b7Tv/s1600/LAMB+INN+TODAY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAfNaOt6_AL4Kv4TT-Jh7_3hgEl5d-Ps3_lZK5YTYUMQy2r_fRcomfB8zR6EuWJL7WXhenaXr8tRH2EgF4Ja3PBt2u6Bzm8wh1Uf8eM_P3Ui54MEn1UHp2j5BOuqcTMUNuQG-K47t0b7Tv/s1600/LAMB+INN+TODAY.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE LAMB INN TODAY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite the high walls, the three men succeeded in removing Louisa from Prince’s
cult - against her will - in November 1846, Locals drinking at the Lamb Inn heard frantic screaming coming from within the great wall as she
resisted the attempts by her family to 'rescue' her. When they got outside they
saw the young woman being bundled - still screaming - into a coach that disappeared
into the night.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg81QiQRbFYMbQhnJnMc6EqR4ThFgTgvqWR9mvjx21TBtbRHzBibObEqssHEt3enwxRCLAxUMmR3a0Itdqx9ZcR971YAnDyHMSurDM53QRcXHRWEsjNF3OSNj0M_EcK0U06-X46z56ofMsz/s1600/moorcroft_original_building.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="493" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg81QiQRbFYMbQhnJnMc6EqR4ThFgTgvqWR9mvjx21TBtbRHzBibObEqssHEt3enwxRCLAxUMmR3a0Itdqx9ZcR971YAnDyHMSurDM53QRcXHRWEsjNF3OSNj0M_EcK0U06-X46z56ofMsz/s320/moorcroft_original_building.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MOORCROFT ASYLUM 1800 & 2006</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The family liberators promptly turned into her captors and imprisoned
Louisa in Ripley's villa near Regents Park in London. Following Louisa's persistent claims
regarding the divinity of Prince, her mother enlisted medical help and had
Louisa certified insane. She then placed her in Moorcroft House Asylum in Hillingdon. Dr. Stilwell, the presiding physician, made notes on Louisa's
condition and treatment which were recorded in The Lancet. Whilst in the
Asylum, Louisa continued to maintain that Prince was a holy reincarnation. She repeatedly told
people that God would eventually save her and judge them when Armageddon came.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On Prince's orders
envoys were sent out to scour the country looking for Louisa. She finally managed to escape from the asylum in January 1848. After 18
months of fruitless searching, word reached Prince that Louisa had was hiding
out in a Hotel in Cavendish Square, London so he sent her brother-in-law there to escort her back to the fold. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>As she waited at Paddington station to return to
The Agapemone with Rev. William Cobbe, she was picked up by
asylum officials and was locked up once again. Prince made an immediate application to the Commissioners of
Lunacy who declared Louisa to be sane. A detailed report made by Bryan
Procter led to her release in May 1848. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Louisa then sued her brother, cousin and brother-in-law,
Ripley, for abduction and false imprisonment in Nottidge v. Ripley and Another
(1849); the trial was reported daily in The Times newspaper. In 1850 Charles
Dickens also reported on the case too. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bryan Procter was called as a professional medical witness and The Lord Chief Baron pronounced a famous dictum that stated: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"You ought to liberate every person who is not dangerous to
himself or to others."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Louisa won the case with damages, proving that she had been illegally
detained and was of sound mind. On her release, Louisa immediately transferred all her inheritance money to
Prince's bank account and retired behind the walls at Spaxton for the rest of
her life but she was never married off to anyone - perhaps as a punishment, or because her cash had been obtained anyway. Some money from her inheritance was used to buy two bloodhounds to protect
the faithful from any further 'kidnappings" </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wilkie Collins went on to dedicate his novel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Woman In White</i> to Bryan Procter. Harriet
Martineau wrote a biography of Procter and said the following:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"For many years
Mr Procter held the lucrative but not very congenial appointment of
Commissioner of Lunacy; the responsibility of which was irksome, and
occasionally - as in the case of Miss Nottidge, who was carried off from The
Agapemone - alarming to a man of sensitive nature, and a hater of
conflict."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOZwwD06231vsFIIyar0gZrl0DOZkafs-dXefmm-Ax-I1KyO-Uf_eysjuax8l0Sve4m50G27TYrIndpB_wUbQvRI6T6cEMTkH5tAVBDh7nUTQVpDL-a9CejWADGeyBKinvlnuSonhCX_F/s1600/0003076A00000C1D-0-image-a-105_1478521528807.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="634" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieOZwwD06231vsFIIyar0gZrl0DOZkafs-dXefmm-Ax-I1KyO-Uf_eysjuax8l0Sve4m50G27TYrIndpB_wUbQvRI6T6cEMTkH5tAVBDh7nUTQVpDL-a9CejWADGeyBKinvlnuSonhCX_F/s320/0003076A00000C1D-0-image-a-105_1478521528807.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE ABODE OF LOVE </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite - or perhaps even because of - the scandals, there was no shortage of eager new converts desperate to pay money to get into what they saw as a Utopian religious paradise where they could be saved from sin. What they didn't realize was that Prince ruled
in such a despotic & dominant style that they soon became heavily intitutionlized. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The membership went from 60 to over 200 in the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>first few years. Some of his followers were treated likes slaves, Nobody was paid a
penny for administering to Prices needs and whilst he lived in comfort surrounded
by the most attractive women in the main house, the other 'saints' worked on
the farm or in the gardens, living in the small cottages, husbands separated
from wives. Nobody dared question Prince just as no one dared questioned the word of God.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Prince of
course, enjoyed himself immensely. He ate well, drank well - he had left his
total abstinence period far behind - and stocked his cellars with the best
wines, Above all he exercised absolute authority over a large number of men and
women who worshipped him as God. Life was pleasant, heavenly perhaps, and some
of the women were most desirable." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</i>C.Mander The Reverend Prince and his
Abode of Love.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Carried away by his notion that he was the son of God, Prince wrongly
believed in his own infallibility and assumed that he could do whatever he
pleased and get away with it. Prince persistently claimed that as the Holy Ghost, it
was his duty to bring heavenly love to earth and to 'purify' virgins He would later
publish convoluted theological justifications for his rape of a young virgin in front of his gathered congregation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1856, described
as both the 'Great Manifestation' and a 'divine purification’ Prince had
devised an elaborate scheme to enable him to carry out one of his many sexual obsessions - the sacrificial deflowering of a beautiful young virgin. He demanded that a selection of
suitable girls be made available in the chapel so he could choose the one to be
'favoured”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He then engaged in public ceremonial rape and had full sexual intercourse
with a 16-year-old follower Zoe Patterson, on a billiard Table, in front of a
large congregation. His seemingly "hypnotized" victim was sexually violated to the
accompanying sound of the chapel organ and the singing of hymns while Prince
wore flowing red velvet robes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In his own account he simply said ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thus the Holy Ghost took flesh in the presence of those whom he had
called as flesh. He took this flesh absolutely in his sovereign will, and with
the power and authority of God.’</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The resulting child that was born nine months later was called
Eve. She was condemned and denied by Prince as a “devil child” and was not
recognized by him as his own flesh and blood. He had assured his followers
that as a “God” he could not impregnate any women - only purify them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The scandal led to the condemnation and voluntary leaving of
the cult by of some of his most faithful followers, who were unable to endure
what they regarded as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the amazing
mixture of blasphemy and immorality offered for their acceptance”. </i>Those that
left also took their money with them. The most
prominent of those who remained - along with their cash - were rewarded by Prince and given titles such as the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Anointed Ones",</i> the "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Angel of the Last Trumpet"</i> or the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Seven Witnesses". </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Zoe Patterson’s child grew up in the community, and not surprisingly, was a
quiet shy girl. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zoe, meanwhile took her place at
'Beloveds' right hand as a Bride of the Lamb. There were other ‘Brides’
too - quite how many is hard to unravel. The embroidered
bacchanalian stories about the cult normally started in the Lamb Inn and but the cries of moral
outrage from society at large that greeted Prince's pamphlets justifying his
sacred sex life were widespread and loud. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhISVTDXINT2333QP0XsZmilvVdDnyM98UTRp_1XSb3xYo2qHCzze4ZNeqW2rsxvnGFQI1xdGfqLTbfatQbp0d25-8Mp0raJ0nOIUbdDNYw8TTfIcQIQRXlKjWL9ihjDXoE3p5RpihKueTP/s1600/william_hepworth_dixon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhISVTDXINT2333QP0XsZmilvVdDnyM98UTRp_1XSb3xYo2qHCzze4ZNeqW2rsxvnGFQI1xdGfqLTbfatQbp0d25-8Mp0raJ0nOIUbdDNYw8TTfIcQIQRXlKjWL9ihjDXoE3p5RpihKueTP/s1600/william_hepworth_dixon.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">WILLIAM HEPWORTH DIXON</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a result, a siege mentality came over the community. Locked
away behind the high brick wall they refused admittance to all outsiders - a hand would
shoot out through a trap to collect goods delivered by local tradesmen. This
self-imposed isolation only fueled the exaggeration of the stories about what
debauchery really went on behind the closed doors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A favourite locals tale described how Mr Prince
would choose his next female companion by sitting on a revolving stage and
seeing who was in front of him when it stopped turning. The young ladies were
said to have then stripped naked to bathe him.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prince's claims of divinity, his erratic behaviour, and the
sexually provocative nature of his group always garnered a lot of newspaper headlines. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Few outsiders succeeded in visiting this secretive community but one who did was a
journalist and student of religious cults, William Hepworth Dixon, who gained
an audience with Prince after writing a letter addressed to "The Lord God,
Spaxton, Somerset". </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFB1H7RjNwgdswgHOuxsa3cQpJkbYjf4za10S8QIq18tgFSOSC8IszR8wTSnoUAi4_0KLl0ntpli6obzEVnusygDCBHAq_l0befeMo1HCGkiUjHxboAWoxi58gQ9QT3SDf1RGd1yR-dXA_/s1600/d37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFB1H7RjNwgdswgHOuxsa3cQpJkbYjf4za10S8QIq18tgFSOSC8IszR8wTSnoUAi4_0KLl0ntpli6obzEVnusygDCBHAq_l0befeMo1HCGkiUjHxboAWoxi58gQ9QT3SDf1RGd1yR-dXA_/s1600/d37.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PRINCE AND HIS FOLLOWERS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He discovered that the interior of the chapel was not
quite in keeping with the sect's pious image: it was furnished with comfortable easy
chairs, a rich red Persian carpet and a billiard table. Far from being invited
to pray, Dixon was offered a sherry. Eventually, he was introduced to Prince,
who received him in a black frock coat and white cravat and was surrounded by his
female admirers. Dixon published a measured account of the community in his
book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spiritual Wives</i>. Dixon records a
picture of a thriving, if somewhat depleted, community with a middle-aged
Prince at the centre surrounded by doting billiard-playing beauties. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He gives a pictures of a group whose great days are past, of
men who have spent their lives seeking to save the world but who now wait for
what they see as the inevitable end:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“A dozen ardent clergymen…run away from their posts, shut themselves up
in a garden, surround themselves with beautiful women, muse and dream…and
waiting in the midst of luxury and idleness for the whole world to be damned.
…[I]n the meantime, the reverend gentlemen play a game of billiards in what was
once their church…”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In reality, Prince, the ultimate religious con-man had grown a large following while operating
a extortion scheme which systematically manipulated women – and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>men - from within the group by controlling
them both financially and sexually. Prince met young or wealthy older single women, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"by affectation of extraordinary piety,
inoculated them with his peculiar tenets".</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After that, he cornered
them and bullied them into marrying men who were also under his control and insisted
that the Brides wear black dresses for the weddings. After the marriages,
Reverend Prince would use his status as a messiah and apply some more group
intimidation. He fully exploited the lack of any rights for women in Victorian
Britain in order to separate the women from their money – and in the case of Zoe Patterson
– from her virginity. Some would say these women must have been totally mad to stay there and just give him all their money, but Prince had such a strong religious hold over them all, that they were blinded to his real intent and purposes and believed what he told them to be the truth. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two years after Louisa Nottidge’s death in 1858, her brother
and will executor, Ralph Nottidge, sued Prince in order to recoup the money that Louisa had
given him as a result of his undue influence over her. The case of Nottidge v.
Prince (1860) was reported heavily in <i>The Times</i> newspaper. The Nottidges won the
case, with costs. Punch Magazine then launched a campaign to encourage Prince to
move to America, to join Brigham Young and his Mormons in the Utah desert. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite the fact that Louisa had already proved that she was sane and
could act as her own guardian, 10 years earlier when she was abductedm Mr. Nottidge claimed that his sister was not of sound mind while giving the
gift of her money, since she was seduced by Prince's claims of divinity. The lawyers discussed whether or not Prince's claims of being the Messiah
constituted fraud. They decided it did. The vice-chancellor in the case is quoted as saying <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"By imposing a belief in his supernatural
character upon her weak mind...the imposter was the influencing motive for the
gift, therefore vitiating it entirely."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKVT0sFxiQr5-yJQQ3ZHIRG4E575GyqjFyv9i_-eBSwsvHBrZLzpZKScqdr4zLsMT6JPIUbh6JWtYaKGhNDAF3ZgFZc4HHO0-6tirE68GhaKadhuXZPEzRN54RsBH6zCiYrMrNjDemT2xW/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKVT0sFxiQr5-yJQQ3ZHIRG4E575GyqjFyv9i_-eBSwsvHBrZLzpZKScqdr4zLsMT6JPIUbh6JWtYaKGhNDAF3ZgFZc4HHO0-6tirE68GhaKadhuXZPEzRN54RsBH6zCiYrMrNjDemT2xW/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE CLAPTON CHURCH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
'Prince outlived many of his 'saints'
giving further credence to his claim that he was immortal. In 1896 aged 85 he emerged
from behind the walls of Spaxton to initiate the building of an ornate church
in Clapton in North London complete with a 155ft tower of Portland stone,
intricate oak hammer-beam roof and stained glass windows depicting the
submission of womankind to man. The church was dedicated to the Ark of the Covenant and one
of the first preachers appointed was the Reverend John Hugh Smyth-Pigott. He
was in his forties and had been an academic and a sailor before entering the
church. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The church
drew a fair crowd, though it probably helped that Pigott was still an ordained
Anglican priest. As such the Agapemonite influence was kept discreet, while the
respectability he brought with him, elevated Pigott still further within the sect. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The
development of the Clapton Church was all the more surprising since in Prince’s
later years the Agapemonites had done little in the way of evangelistic preaching. It
is uncertain whether the founding of this new church, at which non-resident sympathizers
of the Spraxton community also occasionally met, had any direct connection with the
choice of Prince’s successor, or whether Prince had any plans for the
continuance of his sect after his death.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1899, Prince finally died at the age of 88. His death came as a
devastating shock to the community. They were thrown into complete confusion
and with no funeral plans for one who many seem to have genuinely believed to
have been immortal they hurriedly buried him in the grounds of the chapel, with
his coffin positioned vertically so that he would be standing on the day of his
resurrection. Reeling from the shock some members packed their bags and left
whilst others tried to contact their Beloved through spiritualist séances. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSRj4m3OuxABeitf1fkXTYcaMsF11qNDQ_8Ci5IszJgy4Mou4flJpJrQzKJV9wtbObF1yi9rV5IuJmnTwd1zNlbPKJq15WKUw-9DNW6QqgUKwOfvAHEQhCxPKrbAfjI_qvs7oP90SgWo9b/s1600/smyth-pig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSRj4m3OuxABeitf1fkXTYcaMsF11qNDQ_8Ci5IszJgy4Mou4flJpJrQzKJV9wtbObF1yi9rV5IuJmnTwd1zNlbPKJq15WKUw-9DNW6QqgUKwOfvAHEQhCxPKrbAfjI_qvs7oP90SgWo9b/s1600/smyth-pig.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">JOHN SMYTH-PIGGOTT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On hearing the news that the bereaved sisters of the Abode
of Love were in need of a new heavenly bridegroom a light lit up in the eyes of
the Reverend Smyth-Piggot - said by some to be a divine light. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reverend Smyth-Pigott
started leading meetings of the community. With the help of Douglas Hamilton,
Prince's faithful retainer, Smyth-Piggot was enthroned as the new Saviour of
Mankind at the Church of the Ark of the Covenant in Clapton in September 1902
before a not entirely friendly crowd of 6000 who booed and jeered during the
inauguration and who had to be pressed back by a group of mounted police to
allow the new messiah to leave. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The riotous scenes that followed made it into
the papers, and the following week an alleged three thousand protestors
gathered outside the church to declare Pigott a heretic. The whole thing
allegedly culminated in Pigott attempting and failing to “walk on water” on
Clapton Pond.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPK4E3U1GvrLXnaq1n_t8BU-syUzCIS2WuGYXDw5X_rYr4lZYNm-S3JluTpKG539C_po_Dp1PkyXKJiKDsXLRUFC49YFsm_cwOgpQCw3H3ExL0sye1o09YD2EdeevHOCjbxuq9bdh7e5zw/s1600/smyth-pygott-hat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="230" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPK4E3U1GvrLXnaq1n_t8BU-syUzCIS2WuGYXDw5X_rYr4lZYNm-S3JluTpKG539C_po_Dp1PkyXKJiKDsXLRUFC49YFsm_cwOgpQCw3H3ExL0sye1o09YD2EdeevHOCjbxuq9bdh7e5zw/s320/smyth-pygott-hat.jpg" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">JOHN SMYTH-PIGGOTT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After this, Smyth-Piggot moved to Spaxton permanantley with his wife Catherine and
slipped into Prince's shoes with consummate ease sparking a mini-revival in the
cult's fortunes. He recruited 50 new young female followers to supplement the
ageing population of Agapemonites. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All
were vetted by Sister Eve Patterson the now grown-up 'Devil child' who had come
to hold a senior clerical and administration position in the community.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Smyth-Piggot set about his new role with great expense and
energy; he bought a motor car and telephone, added a laundry and commissioned new
cottages in the Arts and Crafts style to be built at Four Forks by members of
the Agapemonites, including Joseph Morris and his daughters, Olive &
Violet. They were the family building firm chosen to design the Church in
Clapton and they had a strong connection with the sect. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvKRL2bZOiEwwH0mn8qAE1vZ7Evxuq6RM-sy3s5T3_tv2NJ6Rs5ZOmXiejDEl8jiVIZF4Qc65G_ThUY94lszy8416Z0Pzj9tCT7GMfjfscBoc1l-CrZoYDmUv8CiZT8acNZYgC9NMMXsqG/s1600/rising+sun+of+righteousness.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="633" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvKRL2bZOiEwwH0mn8qAE1vZ7Evxuq6RM-sy3s5T3_tv2NJ6Rs5ZOmXiejDEl8jiVIZF4Qc65G_ThUY94lszy8416Z0Pzj9tCT7GMfjfscBoc1l-CrZoYDmUv8CiZT8acNZYgC9NMMXsqG/s320/rising+sun+of+righteousness.jpg" width="202" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">RISING SON OF RIGHTEOUSNESS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Violet Morris was an architect and her sister Olive was an engineer,
and both put their skills to use in service of the brotherhood when they had helped design the new
church in London. Their father was a
Quaker, but he still helped to purchase the grounds for the Agapemone Cult. The church in London was decorated with
statues and stained glass images that, while all still strictly Christian in
nature, all held great symbolic meaning for the cult too. Statues drawn from the
Book of Revelations adorned the towers, while above a door was written “LOVE IN
JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT UNTO VICTORY”. A Pelican and Phoenix representing
sacrifice and rebirth were shown in mosaic, perhaps being an indication of
Pigott’s ambitions.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The stained glass windows were designed by Walter Crane, a
well-known illustrator. The most famous of these is “<i>The Rising Sun of
Righteousness</i>”, showing a sun heralded by angels as it rises from the sea. To this day it is
considered one of the finest examples of Victorian stained glass. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin9h94McHRjIUmd4ltqxaQbgZ-1CgI00WGBAnLia_crpIWg_XoMEiafdpUKMZNiT91_L8hZj-AN_xKmLY-8q8B9mUFoczcU33BRALDXXTUzDoB2YsDO9hD71M4nXflXcPh3c1bgd79OQ0d/s1600/78.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="1000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin9h94McHRjIUmd4ltqxaQbgZ-1CgI00WGBAnLia_crpIWg_XoMEiafdpUKMZNiT91_L8hZj-AN_xKmLY-8q8B9mUFoczcU33BRALDXXTUzDoB2YsDO9hD71M4nXflXcPh3c1bgd79OQ0d/s320/78.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">INTERIOR OF CLAPTON CHURCH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Violet as an
architect was involved with the overall design of the "Ark." Olive,
a wood-carver and an engineer, also <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>contributed. She is thought to have carved the
pulpit and the lectern. Looking at the iconography of the church, it is still
possible to sense something of the heady atmosphere which the charismatic leaders of the cult
had created, and which drew such people as these extraordinary women into it's orbit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Smyth-Piggott introduced new stock to the run down farm back in Spaxton and
most of all busied himself in his capacity as the heavenly bridegroom. The numbers at Spraxton were sometimes reinforced by visitors from a
Norwegian sister house which Smyth-Pigott also frequently visited. He was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"If not a sexual maniac at least a man
obsessed with sex in his daily life"</i> ( Donald McCormick.Temple of
Love). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVFoyUw6TjjVEPMoO2DuSX5o9pDih1-diILs23eWtuYa8irlYO2UFjm7tkSO2Zs9UUulTKmDnsCgzLPYFKSChxuYHl561LJMMlhctetKYv6qYequ4qlUGgcKQ_RnIKSdq032P9AJoXOqo/s1600/mirza_ghulam_ahmad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvVFoyUw6TjjVEPMoO2DuSX5o9pDih1-diILs23eWtuYa8irlYO2UFjm7tkSO2Zs9UUulTKmDnsCgzLPYFKSChxuYHl561LJMMlhctetKYv6qYequ4qlUGgcKQ_RnIKSdq032P9AJoXOqo/s1600/mirza_ghulam_ahmad.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MIRZA GHULAM AHMED</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Smyth-Piggott took Ruth Anne Preece as his second wife and
she had three children by him, named Glory, Power and Life. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By 1902 his fame had spread as far as India,
from where another self-proclaimed Messiah from the Ahmadiyya movement - an
offshoot of Islam - warned him about false teachings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deluded Inmates, Frantic Ravers and
Communists: A sociological Study of the Agapemone, a sect of Victorian Apocalyptic
Milleniars’</i>. Dr. Joshua Schwieso, a local west country historian writes: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We can see traces of
Agapemone activities in India in 1902…in this very year another claimer to
messiahship in India, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, chief of Qadian, Punjab, published an
announcement in which Pigott was given a warning that…….if he did not abstain
from his claim to godship then he would immediately be destroyed/turned to dust
and bones.’</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was also published in newspapers in America and Europe. Due to the fact that Pigott had access to the outside world, he was informed
about this announcement and knew about the death prophecy against him. Meanwhile, Catherine
Smyth-Piggot the long suffering first wife busied herself with charity work in
the area and was remembered with great affection by locals for many years
after. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD2xbHsby1FVgHEyb7boJ5pcbhErjEEZCVwae3KyqIc7e5BUweDTi10XeXKXEIaBSnDlNV5MgNuPyVlskn64VwkA5l2J-YAopglK8uK-24DyecEfhqYFBwpm51lIZ9-RZuDUmhUESR-qNq/s1600/mr-smyth-pigott-at-his-church-mary-evans-picture-library-canvas-print.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="406" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD2xbHsby1FVgHEyb7boJ5pcbhErjEEZCVwae3KyqIc7e5BUweDTi10XeXKXEIaBSnDlNV5MgNuPyVlskn64VwkA5l2J-YAopglK8uK-24DyecEfhqYFBwpm51lIZ9-RZuDUmhUESR-qNq/s320/mr-smyth-pigott-at-his-church-mary-evans-picture-library-canvas-print.jpg" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SMYTHE-PIGGOTT PREACHING</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1905 the registrar was called to Spaxton to record the
birth of Glory, the daughter of Pigott and his “spiritual second wife” Ruth. Pigott’s
legal wife Catherine <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>was also present at the
ceremony, in which Pigott made no secret of his Messianic pretenses. The
registrar also noted that apart from Pigott and his secretary, the rest of the congregation
seemed to be entirely female. In fact it seems that almost the entire male part
of the flock had left on Pigott’s accession to the throne. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Glory’s birth was immediately
followed by tragedy, however, when an ex-Agapemonite and alcoholic drowned
herself in Clapton Pond, leading to much condemnation of Pigott’s teachings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The cult's secretary was Charles Stokes Read, and
some journalists later claimed that he was the true power in the Agapemonite
church at this time. He was the one who arranged for announcements to
be made to the journalists, and he was the one who told them that Ruth had borne her
“spiritual husband” two more children. The latter story included the detail
that Pigott was still an accredited Anglican priest, and created enough of a
scandal that a motion was raised to defrock him and an angry crowd gathered to
lynch him. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7g2Rpld9_ReWoc6XuBDjBvsesrTd06rlTt23gijuZVSGAAT68hfdL1_0cYsxvYdxTDMpnIe0DFM8gEq9mZLSw6rZc3QIJjmsZFgpdOl8P-nvV8aIZTo8B5DRZBGODJd7P3m6emRutbsaq/s1600/the_evening_post_29_jan_1909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="423" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7g2Rpld9_ReWoc6XuBDjBvsesrTd06rlTt23gijuZVSGAAT68hfdL1_0cYsxvYdxTDMpnIe0DFM8gEq9mZLSw6rZc3QIJjmsZFgpdOl8P-nvV8aIZTo8B5DRZBGODJd7P3m6emRutbsaq/s320/the_evening_post_29_jan_1909.jpg" width="259" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NEWPAPER STORY ON PIGGOTT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fortunately for Smyth-Piggott, he had been sent off to Norway by
Read in order to keep him out of the way during the church hearing.
Unfortunately for Read the mob then decided Read would be a worthy substitute for
tarring and feathering and he was subjected to the indignity, something which
may have contributed to his death the following year.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Smyth-Pigott died in 1927 and after this the sect membership
declined rapidly. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The sect did gain certain respectability in it's final years, under the leadership
of Douglas Hamiliton who was a secretive man with very puritanical leanings. He ran things at Spaxton with Sister Eve but by 1929 only 33 women, 1 girl and 3
men were left and the community became a sort of liberal finishing school
reportedly full of "<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disillusioned
old women and frustrated and disappointed young women." </i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the old
guard died, Sister Ruth became the leader and when she died in 1956 the
community finally closed. Her funeral was the only time when outsiders were
admitted to the chapel. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The property was finally
sold off in 1958. The complex of buildings became known as Barford Gables and the
chapel was later used as a studio for the production of BBC animated children's
television programmes in the 1960’s - including the classic Trumpton and
Camberwick Green. Curious viewers may have wondered why, in spite of boasting a
rich assortment of people from various trades and occupations, neither Village
seemed to have a vicar. Now you know why! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kh0BAN7SHgy-aSsqneAbwNtAZjeV62N8dhqy8TtrjBcCfnp7LrVpJoBtS9ParI6w0drIbzLasA1PrxFgU17mI3CdZJxQABV9so-qUAjwXnivMci0Aggci3l2pPYwvp4qullLE1JXOrR_/s1600/chRLIE-BOOK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kh0BAN7SHgy-aSsqneAbwNtAZjeV62N8dhqy8TtrjBcCfnp7LrVpJoBtS9ParI6w0drIbzLasA1PrxFgU17mI3CdZJxQABV9so-qUAjwXnivMci0Aggci3l2pPYwvp4qullLE1JXOrR_/s1600/chRLIE-BOOK.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1976 Bridgwater Author Charles Mander wrote a book called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘The Reverend Prince and his Abode of Love‘ </i>and
subsequently turned this into a play for the Bridgwater Youth Theatre. This was
immediately banned as blasphemous by the principle of Bridgwater College.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On January 10th 1981, exactly 82 years after the death of
the Son of God in Spaxton, the Bridgwater based <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sheep Worrying Theatre Group</i> put on the banned play. Scripted by
Charles Mander with music by Brian Smedley the large cast had a capacity
audience with people being turned away at the door. The theatre group had been
formed by ex-members of the Youth Theatre that had been axed in the first wave
of Tory cuts in 1980 and now, independent, they found that they could put on
whatever plays they wanted.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 1980’s were about to herald Mrs Thatcher’s espousal of
‘Victorian values‘ and so Charles Mander declared in the programme notes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The story is an outrage against the
Victorian establishment, Victorian morals and Victorian hypocrisy“</i>
describing Princes actions as a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“supreme
confidence trick“</i>he aptly quoted from Aldous Huxley’s essay about Prince saying
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“There is no dogma so queer, no behaviour
so eccentric or even outrageous but a group of people can be found to think it
divinely inspired.“</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Smyth-Pigott's grand daughter, Margaret Campbell, recalled
that her grandmother Ruth Preece had warned her that there were many stories
made up about Smyth-Pigott but that essentially he was a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'good man'</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Campbell argued that Smyth-Pigott did not have affairs although he did have two bigamous wives. She
claimed that both wives were happy with the arrangement - Catherine being older and
unable to have children - and that the sect had to be viewed in its original
historical context, emerging shortly after religious emancipation in the 1830s.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Campbell said that it allowed many women an opportunity
to lead an alternative lifestyle to their only other options of becoming either a governess or a wife
and stated that, like Louisa Nottidge, many of the women lived in luxury at the
Agapemone until their deaths. She recalled growing up in the cult as a very
happy experience in an interview to the Henley Standard in 2016, shortly before
her death. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Campbell argued that Beloved had once given a sermon in which he
said, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Christ is no longer here (pointing
skywards) but here (pointing to his chest),' </i>thereby expounding the central
Christian doctrine of Christ within every Christian. She claimed that this had
been twisted by the media for their own aims. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNZaBCbo9ZNlHSVXC_N_Yt1zV4LYO-ITb8R0buzg1mfLMM0vr_Dqlc92TC1VL4IDC1n1zJsH3SI6LxWoJlp6wj5-9vijxxSMCIAFglcT_4_0dLNhPFLH4Btm8wsWNXUaYBmfKLFGLPova/s1600/41948VSC72L.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="326" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhNZaBCbo9ZNlHSVXC_N_Yt1zV4LYO-ITb8R0buzg1mfLMM0vr_Dqlc92TC1VL4IDC1n1zJsH3SI6LxWoJlp6wj5-9vijxxSMCIAFglcT_4_0dLNhPFLH4Btm8wsWNXUaYBmfKLFGLPova/s320/41948VSC72L.jpg" width="208" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2006 Glory’s daughter, Kate Barlow published an account of her life as a child with her
family in the sect. She wrote of visiting her grandmother at the “Abode of Love” after
World War II. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The book includes family photographs and details of
conversations she had as a child with the then elderly sect members. Kate
Barlow deftly dispels the stories of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'revolving
stage of</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">virgins</i>' as described by
one newspaper at the time. She dismisses this as myth in her memoir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'The Abode of Love' </i>but details many other interesting aspects of
the cult such as its own signature tea which was served at 4pm every day. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The “Ark of the Covenant” in Clapton went on the market in
2010, and was sold to the Georgian Orthodox Church for £1 million.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was this sale that
led to the final piece of drama in the history of the Agapemonites and their brides. The deeds
of the church claimed that the proceeds of its sale should be put <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“to the benefit of the Agapemonites”, </i>and
with the church defunct the six grand-daughters of John Hugh Smyth-Pigott
appeared in court to claim the money.
However the judge in the case ruled against them, because thankfully they could not find any charity or organisaton in the modern day that had anything like the same ethos of the Agapemonites. It was decided that
the Charity Commission would distribute the funds to many good causes.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
INTERVIEW WITH DR JOSHUA SCHWIESO ABOUT THE ABODE OF LOVE </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0g5sxiUgoo4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0g5sxiUgoo4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Bibliography</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"The Agapemone."Illustrated London News. Vol. 18.
29 March 1851: 253-54. Hathi Trust. University of Michigan Library. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Baker, T. F. T., ed. "Hackney: Protestant
Nonconformity." A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10, Hackney.
London, 1995: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Barlow, Kate. The Abode of Love: The Remarkable Tale of
Growing Up in a Religious Cult. Pbk ed. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2007 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Betjeman, John. "City and Suburban." The Spectator
Archives. 3 February 1956,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"The case of 'NOTTIDGE v. RIPLEY.'" The Times. 29
August 1849: 4. The Times Digital Archive. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dixon, William Hepworth. Spiritual Wives. Vol. I. 4th ed.
London: Hurst and Blackett, 1868. Internet Archive. Contributed by University
of Californai Libraries. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"The Former Ark of the Covenant." Historic
England. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"It is now some twelve or thirteen years ago
that." The Times. 12 June 1860: 4. The Times Digital Archive. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mander, Charles. The Reverend Prince and His Abode of Love.
East Ardsley: E. P. Publishing Ltd., 1976.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Schwieso, Joshua J. "The Founding of the Agapemone at
Spaxton, 1856-6.". Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological and
Natural History Society: 113-21. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stunt, Timothy C. F., "Prince, Henry James
(1811–1899)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wise, Sarah. Inconvenient People: Lunacy, Liberty and the
Mad-Doctors in Victorian England. London: Bodley Head, 2012 </div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-90060250224299520072018-06-07T14:21:00.004+01:002018-06-07T14:52:07.329+01:00The Real stories of the "Made in Dagenham" Women<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmTC4E76r_xxAnSZsKpADqVq6HvjO7UXL-OT2Rp_4BQncxPl3-YF0dS4gGJl21RBNS_5J6iGJB8LLDG7TkAEK-s7rVYpkcJx1BpCEUyZ-hW7d2Onth3l4c1uehiO4DxZKDih7HBr_W2L6f/s1600/eb84c86e3d312e2462de7d11fcd9cc06_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="680" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmTC4E76r_xxAnSZsKpADqVq6HvjO7UXL-OT2Rp_4BQncxPl3-YF0dS4gGJl21RBNS_5J6iGJB8LLDG7TkAEK-s7rVYpkcJx1BpCEUyZ-hW7d2Onth3l4c1uehiO4DxZKDih7HBr_W2L6f/s320/eb84c86e3d312e2462de7d11fcd9cc06_original.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In June 1968 women sewing machinists in the Ford car plant
in Dagenham, Essex took a stand for equal pay in a strike that stopped
production for three weeks. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1984 there was another strike led by women. In this article we hear from some of the women whose stories were originally told in the film "Made in Dagenham" and the women who took part in the 2nd strike. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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This article has a loose connection to my own family history too as my Uncle worked in Ford's Dagenham plant in the 1960's, and a year after the strike, he emigrated to America with his family. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The women's strike took place in the wake of serious defeats
for the unions at Ford, in 1957 and 1962, when 17 stewards were sacked. It
therefore represented the resurgence of rank and file trade unionism in one of
the most ruthlessly anti-union firms in the world. There are many unsung
heroines and heroes in the story - the women strikers themselves, the two shop
stewards, Rosie Boland and Lil O'Callaghan, and the male convenors Henry
Friedman and his deputy Bernard Passingham, who greatly encouraged the women.
The Ford women's strike was one of the most important since the Matchgirls'
Strike of 1888 and their struggle remains an inspiration to millions of women
fighting discrimination and poor working conditions to this day.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The women had no previous experience of collective struggle
on their own issue and were quite unprepared to take on the mighty
multinational corporation which, in 1968, had an annual budget greater than
that of India. In spite of this they succeeded in getting abolished their lower
“women’s rate” of pay and precipitated wider action: there were other equal pay
strikes that year and the National Joint Action Campaign Committee for Women’s
Equal Rights (NJACCWER) was formed by women trade unionists, who organised a
demonstration for equal pay in 1969. Without the Ford women, there would have
been no Equal Pay Act of 1970.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Equal pay had been a confused aspiration for the trade union
movement since the mid nineteenth century when women’s work was seen as a
threat to male employment and bans on married women working were supported by
trade unions. The Ford women faced two initial problems: it was always difficult for
one section to win support from other sections on a "narrow" grading
issue - Ford had introduced the new grading structure precisely in order to
divide the workers. Also, as women, winning support from their male colleagues,
who saw them as working for "pin money", was a real problem.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The idea of a male breadwinner bringing in a “family wage”
institutionalised women’s low pay and influenced the labour movement. The
welfare state was established around a conception of society in family units. Beverage
said,<i> “The attitude of the housewife to gainful employment outside the home
should not be the same as that of the single woman. She has other duties...”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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It was down to women’s organising to defy these attitudes
and fight for a wage that would not allow women to be used as cheap labour to
bring down wages as a whole.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dora Challingsworth, Violet Dawson, Vera Sime, Eileen
Pullen, Gwen Davies Geraldine Dear, Pamela Brown and Sheila Douglass were just some of the women
who took part in the 1968 strike and the 1984 strike. They tell the story in their own words - all taken from a variety of interviews and articles I found online. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>"Our wages weren't for pin money,"</i> said Gwen Davis.<i>
"They were to help with the cost of living, to pay your mortgage and help
pay all your bills. It wasn't pocket money. No woman would go out to work just
for pocket money, would she? Not if she's got a family".</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>"One of the ladies who worked with me had been a
machinist for [Norman] Hartnell," </i>she says. <i>"She'd been a dressmaker
making the Queen's clothes. She went for a test at Ford and they turned her
down. Now if you're working for Hartnell you must be a good machinist mustn't
you? [Her brother] had been at Fords quite a few years then. He said: 'Why have
you turned my sister down? She's been making the Queen's clothes and you're
telling me she can't machine?' So they had her back and gave her a job".</i></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghKRAYCwfHT4JD_pnbEiCFtClJnqJj1gU1n4WWIwWnr1T-Qr_P59qQMZYGafIqFOE5zVpkFIg2B5NyuVk7pm7Ptagy4OIIT3inVmcKWd509QRlh1JYDGE7kUqWMiVjCAHhFsUdJuzSZhIx/s1600/bh-sh-gj_wide-538dfa862778034b77772a770d821332b5ddedea-s900-c85.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="900" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghKRAYCwfHT4JD_pnbEiCFtClJnqJj1gU1n4WWIwWnr1T-Qr_P59qQMZYGafIqFOE5zVpkFIg2B5NyuVk7pm7Ptagy4OIIT3inVmcKWd509QRlh1JYDGE7kUqWMiVjCAHhFsUdJuzSZhIx/s320/bh-sh-gj_wide-538dfa862778034b77772a770d821332b5ddedea-s900-c85.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The demand of the Ford women in 1968 was originally to
re-grade their jobs from unskilled B grade to semi-skilled grade C. This demand
was not won until another strike in 1984. Ironically, the Ford women had not
been able to use the Equal Pay Act that they precipitated to win their
re-grading, as they could not compare themselves to a man in their role; they
could only claim that their skill level matched some men. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The real cause of the
pay gap between men and women was and remains women’s segregation into
underpaid and devalued jobs. Just as the Ford women had to fight to prove their
worth, fights in low-paid industries such as cleaning are happening and are
necessary today. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The sewing machinists at Ford made the car seat covers. It was
a skilled job. Assessors inspected them on the job. Sheila Douglas said, </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“I had to do 30 seat covers an hour, we
were watched over and timed. We were annoyed about the way that some people had been
getting C grade for doing what we did. Why weren't we sufficiently skilled to
get C grade? We had two or three votes and convenors had been down to the
company management to put our case but they weren't interested. Then we had a
vote to come out on strike. We were determined to show we weren't being treated
properly."</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-xIjukNCuzP5KTwu6lZ9Ryi9QyXcUCBi4oDwkXLqUlg6cUkuJEMEInegmFt7XidZh-DjT1E8M7FgPdIcCPXe16hIvc0ncNacsP9C3bNIpS8oBwGmZOg7jBLtJYzXAi0jB5-BqYNnrG8oB/s1600/L-R-Angela-Bain-Elizabeth-Rowe-Sioned-Saunders-Anthony-Hunt-Martina-Isibor-Sarah-Scowen-Daniella-Bowen1-700x455.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="700" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-xIjukNCuzP5KTwu6lZ9Ryi9QyXcUCBi4oDwkXLqUlg6cUkuJEMEInegmFt7XidZh-DjT1E8M7FgPdIcCPXe16hIvc0ncNacsP9C3bNIpS8oBwGmZOg7jBLtJYzXAi0jB5-BqYNnrG8oB/s320/L-R-Angela-Bain-Elizabeth-Rowe-Sioned-Saunders-Anthony-Hunt-Martina-Isibor-Sarah-Scowen-Daniella-Bowen1-700x455.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>At Ford there was a
skilled male rate, a semi-skilled male rate, an unskilled male rate and a
women’s rate, which was only 87% of the unskilled male rate. With the obvious
injustice of the ‘women’s rate’ and the devaluation of the skill they brought
to the job, there was a strong feeling, as expressed by Violet Dawson, from the
dispute, that, <i>“We wanted C grade, we wanted equal pay”.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The women put up with harsh working conditions. The company
expanded its premises at the River Plant in Dagenham into an asbestos air craft
hanger with holes in the roof. Sheila Douglas recalled:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“We used to stuff the seats with wadding. The building was
two-thirds brick and above that asbestos. All these little holes used to get
drafts in. We used to stuff holes in the ceiling with wadding to keep warm”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Machinists worked without guards on the needles and injuries
were common. It was said that you weren’t accepted as a proper machinist until
you’d been caught by the machine. The wage was small. On grade B, women earned eight or nine
pounds. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sheila Douglas admitted it <i>“seemed like a lot of money,
because... I’d been on piece work... if I didn’t work, I didn’t earn. When we
went to Fords we was on time work so whatever you done you got some wage each
week…”</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the money was
already spoken for. Sheila was <i>“living at home, I had to give my mum money and
she needed anything I could give up.” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Vera Sime, a fellow striker, said, <i>“I gave my sister half my
wages. She looked after my children so we had half each, that’s how we worked
it”.</i> Violet agreed, <i>“It went in the home didn’t it, and on the children”.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grievances about the women’s rate and their devalued skill
were raised through company procedures with no success. The company feared
upsetting its entire grading structure and causing resentment amongst male
workers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bernie Passington, convenor for the T & G union who
fought for the women at the car plant, said:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“They got ignored. I went up with two stewardesses with
thirteen pieces for a head rest and said to the company man, ‘Put them
together’. He said, ‘Well, what are they?’ I said, ‘You should know. 13 pieces.
Give them to a production girl and she knows what to do with them. That girl
don’t put all those bits in a jig or anything. All she knows is she’s got to
put all those bits together so at the end of it there’s a neat rolled head
rest’. I said, ‘Who else does that? Nobody. ...She has to use her mind’. But
you still couldn’t get anywhere with the company...".</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sheila recalled, <i>“That’s how it was all sort of kicking off
really. About the C grade and for equal rights it ended up. But originally it
was for the C grade we were fighting”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bernie said, <i>“And in the end, like any group of workers, if
they’re going to take no notice, better do something what makes them take
notice”.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sheila Douglas remembered, <i>“We had a meeting on the shop
floor and we had a meeting in the employment exchange to vote whether we would
strike or not. And that’s how it happened. I don’t think it was unanimous but
it was more for than against obviously because we came out on strike.” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGZlaPbo4Sh1OkmmfQ8eFSEpozAiJsMnrjYllesggVfI7SmCuYLN3uUIMHVtIERdKz0w9qSXLALmcAaOvcdrcH-3l87PT-IS2kidZUULQeV_EcSzFxEaXGANdW6xgIQsFQ4MgI_BmLwVb/s1600/dagenham3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="638" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGZlaPbo4Sh1OkmmfQ8eFSEpozAiJsMnrjYllesggVfI7SmCuYLN3uUIMHVtIERdKz0w9qSXLALmcAaOvcdrcH-3l87PT-IS2kidZUULQeV_EcSzFxEaXGANdW6xgIQsFQ4MgI_BmLwVb/s320/dagenham3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The strike by the women sewing machinists brought production
at the Ford motor company to a standstill. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For Vera Sime, a former sewing
machinist at Ford's Dagenham plant in the 1960s, one of the epochal days in
modern industrial history started like any other:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>"It was like a normal
work day in that I got the children ready and gave them to my sister. Then we
all met at the factory and got on the coach."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The impact was huge, especially when the Ford Halewood Plant
in Liverpool joined the action. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bernie said <i>“It shook them to the core. And being women, the
mighty Ford motor company got women in dispute… It was something new. It shut
the place down, they were laying people off”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sheila: <i>“It wasn’t the done thing at the time.”</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Violet: <i>“It frightened them.”</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sheila:<i> “We didn’t think we were that strong.”</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Violet:<i> “We didn’t think we could bring Ford to a
standstill.”</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sheila: <i>“It was a surprise to us as well as everybody else.
We didn’t think we were going to fetch the whole Ford Empire to its knees, as
you might say, but that’s what happened eventually. And it was all down to us,
us ladies. And we were ladies, whatever anybody else may say.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bernie recalled how they faced opposition from some within
the T & G: <i>“Some of our national officials weren’t all that agreed with
what we were doing. They didn’t think it was right.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The women strikers received angry letters from the public
and faced opposition in the home: while Sheila’s father and Vera’s husband
supported the strike, Violet’s husband opposed it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Sheila: <i>My father
worked across the yard from me. When we went on strike he said, "You've
got to fight for what you want, Sheila. If you want anything no one's going to
give it to you. You do what you want to do." So he was out of work as well
as me.</i> <i>You did get a lot of people saying ‘What are you
doing this for? You only come to work for pin money, women. Bernard told me
that Jack Jones [later general secretary of the TGWU] said, "What can we
give these women to get them back to work?" and then someone said,
"Let's get them equal pay," not the grading. That's how we got the
equal pay. There were grading grievances everywhere at Ford's so regrading the
women would have cost Ford more than giving the women equal pay. I didn't want
to go back to work! I wanted to stay out to get my C grade. I've always been on
my own, I earn my own living, and I thought getting C grade would make a great
deal of difference if and when I retired. But a lot of the women were married
and their husbands and maybe other family members were working at Ford's. They
were struggling, and so eventually we got sevenpence more an hour for all women
in Ford, but we never got our C grade. We all felt that we deserved C grade,
and we were determined that we weren't going to go back for less. If you see
any bits on television where the girls are talking coming out of the gates
they're saying to reporters, "We'll stay out forever!" or as long as
it takes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> We didn't think
we were that important at the time. All we were was a handful of women who
thought we deserved a better standard of pay. So we thought we'd try our luck
and see what happens. It's not as if we hadn't been out on strike before. We
were always in and out for this department or that. It was a known fact that Ford
workers were strikers.</i><i> We just thought we were coming out to try and gain C grade
for ourselves and that's how it started off and it gradually got worse and
worse. Because naturally you can't put a car on sale if it's not got a seat in.
That's when we realised that we were more important than we thought. That's
when it really struck home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I thought we should
get C grade, so the equal pay wasn't that important. I don't mind it being
there but I still felt we should be trying to fight for C grade - for lots of
people outside Ford's equal pay was more important. The women wanted to be
recognised for their skills. To get the job you needed the skills to do it, but
you were classed as unskilled.</i></div>
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Dora was involved in both the 1968 & 1984 Strike.</div>
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<i>"They kept putting in
wage claims which would be thrown out. That happened for two years. By this
time they'd closed down different departments and Bernard Passingham had hardly
any men, so he had us, and he stuck in a bit more. The union didn't want to be
bothered with it. What, go on strike for women? Ron Todd [the TGWU leader] came
down to take a meeting with the women and they booed him out of the plant.
Every time he went to speak they booed him, because he was coming in to tell
them, "Forget it this time and we'll put it in again in two years time."</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
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<i>It took a seven-week strike. The company didn't want to give
in because a lot of people were sitting out there waiting to come in for their
grade. You'd hear them saying, "I hope the women get it, because it's our
turn to go in." But the women were more determined as well in 1984. They
didn't get it the first time round. You're not going to be second time losers,
are you?</i></div>
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<i>
</i><br />
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<i>The stewards at the time were more for the women then, even
Bernard, as I said. They had to get people to do evaluations on different jobs.
In the end that panel came up with we could have gone in E grade - way past a C
grade. They said we could fight on longer and go up to an E grade. That's how
badly we had been treated. During the 1968 strike<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rosie Boland, shop steward, and Bernard went
up to Halewood to persuade the Halewood women to come out as well.</i></div>
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<i>In the 1984 strike The women were in quite good
spirits. They were determined. I went down on the picket and they used to get
the lorry drivers in to break up the wooden palettes they put work on so they
could be used on the fire on the picket line. The coal people were out on
strike at the time too and they had pickets out, we had pickets out and we used
to have a right laugh. A lot of the office staff used to come down and give us
bottles of whisky to keep warm on the picket line.</i></div>
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<i>
</i><br />
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<i>I was ill treated by a foreman and that's the reason I went
in as a steward. I went out for a hysterectomy and I came back and he put me on
the end of this line where you've got to bend up and down. So I went to see the
doctor and he said I'd got to come off that job. But the foreman phoned the
doctor up and got him to change his mind to say I could do that job. After I
was a steward I got that foreman transferred. It wasn't only about me. He could
have treated other women like it, and it's not on. </i></div>
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<i>
</i><br />
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<i>You had to be really strong. If you're right you're right.
If you're wrong you've got to back away. It was funny because we had a man
senior steward first who we voted in and he said, "If you do it with me,
Dora, I'll do it," so I said OK. He bloody died in about a year and it was
all left to me! But you couldn't do it without the women - there's your
backing. The company knew that. If anything was wrong in H-building I'd only
have to ask and they would stop. That's where you're strong because you all
stick together. </i></div>
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<i>
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<i>The company and the union were against the women. I told the
union they were rubbish. One time we went up to the union headquarters at
Transport House because no one was taking any notice of us. So I went up there
and sat there and was told Ron Todd was busy and I said I don't care, I'm not
going anywhere. In the end he sees me and he says, "I'm not having this.
You just come up here unannounced and I've got to see you." And I said,
"Well, Ron, if you don't like it then you'd better get your people
underneath you to do their job." All men obviously. But it was great after
that. Once we were at a conference and Ron had had his knees done and he was on
crutches. So I said, "Whatever's up with you?" and he said,
"I've had my knees done," and I said, "Well, you should have
stopped begging, shouldn't you?"</i></div>
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<i>We went to a school a while ago and we were talking to
school children, and what I say to them is if they're going to join a union
they must have a branch, go every month and hear different stories of people
and what they get up to in work. You get more idea of what's going on in the
world, because where else do you find that? I don't want to sell the unions
because they're not always all that good, but it's somewhere to go. Otherwise
get into politics and sort yourself out. Today you don't get big factories, you
don't get lots of women who all work together, but they need to come together.</i>
<i>How else do you do that?".</i></div>
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<i>The film Made in Dagenham was a fair imitation of what
happened. You have to give it a bit of poetic licence to make it interesting,
like when they ripped their tops off, the ladies, because it's a sweatshop. But
that never happened! Eileen was always swearing so that was her name. When
Henry Ford came in she made a hat, she wrote "Bollocks" on it, and
sat on the front machine. The foreladies were saying, "Eileen, take that
hat off!" and she wouldn't. She sat there and he walked past her.
Sometimes, it was a laugh. </i></div>
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With Ford production stopped in 1968, the dispute was of national
significance and Barbara Castle, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry,
intervened. The women's confidence had grown so much that during the meeting
shop steward Rosie Boland raised the issue of equal pay for the first time. </div>
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A
meeting between ministers, the union and the company agreed that the company
would raise wages to 100% of grade B rate over two years. The union were
satisfied with this abolition of the women’s rate, and felt that the re-grading
was too much to ask from the company.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfW14vYLq5smAx65AtQ5brMeCDh57aiHXc2H9xhY6TyYE9ko6f2SVulpcQUovTbcfdTT70wTQGJADAN4THTUri1urAdNyaoho-09RTx0col4fYWCk6-ZL-pr5XOVbtTRzEPqesb5pQJCgr/s1600/dagenham.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfW14vYLq5smAx65AtQ5brMeCDh57aiHXc2H9xhY6TyYE9ko6f2SVulpcQUovTbcfdTT70wTQGJADAN4THTUri1urAdNyaoho-09RTx0col4fYWCk6-ZL-pr5XOVbtTRzEPqesb5pQJCgr/s320/dagenham.jpg" width="320" /></a>But the women were not satisfied. Sheila: <i>“There was a
meeting at the labour exchange. It was put to the vote we’d get an extra 7
pence an hour on our wages and would we accept this? The union recommended we
accept. Some of us argued that we came out for C grade. I voted against, but I
was in a minority, so we came back to work for an extra 7 pence an hour”.</i></div>
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<i>“The union worked it that some now and again got C
grade. But the whole of the women never got C grade until they came out in
1984. I was really annoyed that what we came out for originally was swept under
the carpet. I suppose you could say that we started off equal pay but it wasn’t
equal pay really.”</i></div>
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The strike had illustrated the widespread injustice in the
employment market between male and female rates of pay. To tackle these abuses,
The Equal Pay Act was introduced in 1970. This legislation armed employees with
the right to go to an industrial tribunal for equal pay with men in the same
employment — but only if they were doing “like work” or if their job had been
rated as equivalent but was paid at a different rate. The 1970 legislation did
not give the Ford women the tools to fight for the re-grading that they
originally demanded, as the only people they were doing “like work” to was themselves.</div>
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By 1984, women at the Ford car plant still experienced harsh
conditions, with no guards on the needles and damage to hearing by machinery
noise. All the women were in the union, as there was a strong woman rep who
backed them up.</div>
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In 1983, the “Equal Value Amendment Regulations” passed as
an amendment to the Equal Pay Act. The European Court of Justice had found that
UK legislation was not sufficient to provide for equal work for equal value for
all employees. The new legislation gave women the right to go to an employment
tribunal on a new ground: that they felt their work was of equal value to men
in the same organisation. The women at Ford used this to challenge Ford’s
discriminatory job evaluation scheme, but the employment tribunal ruled against
them and turned down their appeal in 1984. With their renewed hopes once again
unfulfilled by the law, the women at Ford took strike action in December 1984.</div>
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There was a meeting in the canteen to decide on the action.
Geraldine Dear, who was involved in the 1984 action recalled, <i>“We shocked
management. They thought we’d all walk out of that canteen and walk back into
work.”</i></div>
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Management tried to undermine their strike by smuggling
their work out through back fences, which the women organised to prevent. The
women’s action was helped by solidarity from their male colleagues. </div>
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Dora said,<i>
“They had train loads (of work) coming in. But the men wouldn’t do it. Give ‘em
their due. They did stand by us.” </i>Geraldine admitted, <i>“We did feel awful. A lot
of men were very upset. They had families as well and they got laid off. But we
had to stick up for what we thought was right.”</i></div>
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The women organised pickets. Another striker, Pamela Brown,
said, <i>“We mainly did nights.” </i></div>
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<i> </i>Geraldine added, <i>“My husband worked for British
Rail so he knew what it was all about. I had him to look after my little one
during the night.”</i> They set up a big tent, sang and listened to the radio
through the night. They had a chant: <i>“Ford sewing machinists are like
mushrooms: kept in the dark and fed shit.” </i>The women stayed out for nine weeks.</div>
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Their strike stopped production and, with nobody working,
delayed the year’s pay claim. Trade unions wanted a quick resolution. The women
found themselves against both the unions and management.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvlYKZVlffuELnL0aSFAf3RY3GyVPhlL8JGb3F8IdbozoTYupbsUrV-Nr9C5W2ADsgnWfgNJ2pxs2Vj9ZeNBpDoL6CCRZmIzieLi68UZybpwXg45aEKSSM2mrXZU-DJDrP4cBZNv9WIarO/s1600/71NkVEy8ZeL._SY445_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="314" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvlYKZVlffuELnL0aSFAf3RY3GyVPhlL8JGb3F8IdbozoTYupbsUrV-Nr9C5W2ADsgnWfgNJ2pxs2Vj9ZeNBpDoL6CCRZmIzieLi68UZybpwXg45aEKSSM2mrXZU-DJDrP4cBZNv9WIarO/s320/71NkVEy8ZeL._SY445_.jpg" width="225" /></a>They were brought into arbitration through ACAS, who set up
a panel to examine the grading system at Ford. All the male C grade jobs were
evaluated and compared to the sewing jobs. They looked at the many inbuilt
discriminatory features of the job evaluation scheme, which awarded points for
features of men’s jobs, while not recognising features of women’s jobs. The
panel ruled that women’s speed and dexterity was unequalled in the company and
that it had been significantly undervalued. </div>
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Their ability to fix their own sewing machines and piece new
designs together without training was finally acknowledged. The panel ruled
that the sewing machinists’ job should be graded as grade C.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvDMJSfKYRBg_HjQKYtxEwlTbfjd_ZIyFY5Ll2YpWCsUsC_VxH_y_Aw9x6vpm01x83fUlKOIBjMlhwjsAQ2rAYEanq27SjpBiH17dG55s3grCtl7ChDVBPX5HwDL6Ce59xbTCbd34JT0qq/s1600/dagenham.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="620" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvDMJSfKYRBg_HjQKYtxEwlTbfjd_ZIyFY5Ll2YpWCsUsC_VxH_y_Aw9x6vpm01x83fUlKOIBjMlhwjsAQ2rAYEanq27SjpBiH17dG55s3grCtl7ChDVBPX5HwDL6Ce59xbTCbd34JT0qq/s320/dagenham.png" width="320" /></a>Management had the audacity to call the women to a meeting
and announce that they were awarding the new grade almost like a gift. The
women felt that this was an insult to the two strikes and almost twenty year
wait they had endured to win this. Their job had not changed. </div>
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They had simply
received acknowledgement of their worth, which they had known all along.</div>
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<i>Made in Dagenham </i>is a 2010 British film directed by Nigel Cole. The film stars Sally Hawkins, Bob Hoskins, Miranda Richardson, Geraldine James, Rosamund Pike, Andrea Riseborough, Jaime Winstone, Daniel Mays and Richard Schiff. It dramatises the Ford sewing machinists strike of 1968 that aimed for equal pay for women. The film's theme song, with lyrics by Billy Bragg, is performed by Sandie Shaw, herself a native of the area and a former Ford Dagenham clerk.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dSZtlOAwweA43Ehh3-rymUdpt_WmJ2z7adwzhmx7YSo-VtRiuwI9nbqVSuH1RLpsFZsaZ0Z_HAOLcFo4ygYSMyaySr2f2o9WFBANBWZojy7fMPEEDS0VkEVPCvUMQ0m_wEt4OCsZ5Bis/s1600/artwork.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="521" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dSZtlOAwweA43Ehh3-rymUdpt_WmJ2z7adwzhmx7YSo-VtRiuwI9nbqVSuH1RLpsFZsaZ0Z_HAOLcFo4ygYSMyaySr2f2o9WFBANBWZojy7fMPEEDS0VkEVPCvUMQ0m_wEt4OCsZ5Bis/s320/artwork.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Made in Dagenham</i> was nominated for four awards at the 2010 British Academy Film Awards; Outstanding British Film, Costume Design, Make Up & Hair Design and Supporting Actress (Miranda Richardson).</div>
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A musical adaption of the film opened on 5 November 2014, at the Adelphi Theatre in London. Scripted by Richard Bean, and directed by Rupert Goold, it starred Gemma Arterton in the lead role.</div>
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<br />
The TUC has produced a series of films about the fight for equal pay.
They include oral history interviews with women and union
representatives involved in some of the major equal pay cases since
1968.Watch and hear the women tell their stories below & watch a "behind the scenes" video on the making of the movie. <br />
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/AIRXTuZBGOU/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AIRXTuZBGOU?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/18LRdpU11Cs/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/18LRdpU11Cs?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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TRAILER FOR "MADE IN DAGENHAM - THE MUSICAL </div>
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THE STORY BEHIND THE MUSICAL</div>
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-62914455878262292772018-05-04T09:00:00.000+01:002018-05-04T09:00:11.652+01:00Eleanor Valesco Thornton: The Secret Spirt of Rolls-Royce <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eleanor Valesco Thortnton</td></tr>
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Alluring and captivating, the sylph-like Spirit of Ecstasy mascot
has adorned the bonnet of Rolls-Royce cars since 1911.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This graceful winged Goddess, sometimes called The
Flying Lady, is synonymous with silent speed, supreme comfort and superior
automotive design... and she is based upon a one very special woman….Eleanor Velasco
Thornton. </div>
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<br /></div>
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That was the name later adopted by Nelly
Thornton, who was born at 18 Cottage Grove, Stockwell, London on 15 April 1880. Her
father was Frederick Thornton, an Australian telegraph engineer with Clark,
Muirhead and Company and her mother was Sarah Ann Thornton (née Rooke). Despite stories that her mother was Spanish, which
circulated due to her dark complexion, her mother's family were from humble
origins in London, and the name Velasco appears to be
one she adopted when she started working in the offices of the R.A.C after
leaving school aged sixteen.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEity4eOIls2vfCaXCYv2s71euwl6tRfU0Nt-bnS2vNr3NrRTckgL2j-YIW71SBT3FgtMYRqFPo2_TT1ZE1WZzdlLJWlH9Mn8wm9s9oF1VVz5yt7Zzq0h1QwcMbFXhT560P0A0X_bntEay7X/s1600/MONTAGU3004_468x245.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="468" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEity4eOIls2vfCaXCYv2s71euwl6tRfU0Nt-bnS2vNr3NrRTckgL2j-YIW71SBT3FgtMYRqFPo2_TT1ZE1WZzdlLJWlH9Mn8wm9s9oF1VVz5yt7Zzq0h1QwcMbFXhT560P0A0X_bntEay7X/s320/MONTAGU3004_468x245.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>JOHN MONTAGU & ELEANOR THORNTON</i></td></tr>
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John Montagu had just launched
his own motoring magazine, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Car
Illustrated – A Journal of Travel by Land, Sea and Air,</i> when he invited
Eleanor to join him as his Personal Assistant. Montagu was a charismatic aristocratic figure, educated at Eton and
Oxford, with a great interest in travel and transport. An MP for the New Forest
Division of Hampshire, he came third in the
Paris-Ostend road race in 1899 and is credited with introducing King Edward VII
to motoring. </div>
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<br /></div>
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By the age of 22, Eleanor was working as his private secretary
carrying out an increasing number of duties especially when, in 1905 on the
death of his father, Henry Montagu Douglas-Scott, Baron Montagu of Beaulieu,
John inherited the title. Subsequently he moved from the House of Commons to the
House of Lords, and according to his personal diaries, Eleanor proved
indispensable in assisting with his wide-ranging activities as politician,
landowner, editor, publisher and political writer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eleanor was a charming, graceful, immensely loyal and
talented young lady, possessed of striking good looks and the attraction they
felt for one another from the very beginning was to herald the onset of a love
affair that lasted thirteen years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They had a daughter together, Joan Eleanor
Thornton, but knowing that as a single mother she would be unable to continue
to work for Montagu, Eleanor gave her child up for adoption after birth. It was a high-society relationship with a “love
child” that was kept secret from
all but a tiny circle of family and friends to avoid scandal. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsikcK34YRE2JHeFEZnP1fGrw4jbqCq2o9AmobD7XX4vJ84RM7kPHOTS52zVZXIZVnIWp798KuVHRH9RZdH2hmrk_anpdv01g7HEN-1el8JoBayHfY_17nssdxyvgfCBXkiEzJQBrSFZ4h/s1600/Eleanor-Velasco-Thornton-and-Rolls-Royce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1171" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsikcK34YRE2JHeFEZnP1fGrw4jbqCq2o9AmobD7XX4vJ84RM7kPHOTS52zVZXIZVnIWp798KuVHRH9RZdH2hmrk_anpdv01g7HEN-1el8JoBayHfY_17nssdxyvgfCBXkiEzJQBrSFZ4h/s320/Eleanor-Velasco-Thornton-and-Rolls-Royce.jpg" width="249" /></a>Montagu's wife, Lady Cecil, not only knew about the affair,
but also condoned it. According to Montagu's biographer, the family felt that Lady
Cecil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"became resigned, with no
feelings of bitterness to her husband's affair and took the view that if he had
to take a mistress then it was just as well he had chosen someone as sweet-natured and
discreet as Eleanor Thornton - rather than someone who might cause trouble."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When John met Eleanor, the effect was instantaneous:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I fell in love
with her at first sight,"</i> he later said. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"But as I couldn't marry her I felt I must keep away from her as
much as I could. But she began to like me and realise my feelings as
well." </i>He explained: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Before
long, we discovered we loved each other intensely and our scruples vanished
before our great love."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rather poignantly, John often referred to Eleanor as Thorn,
which was his special name for her.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Edward Montagu said: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My father and Eleanor shared a great
passion. It was a grand love affair - perhaps even the love of his life. All
this happened before my father met my mother. But I understand my father's
first wife knew about the mistress. She was very tolerant of her and they got
on very well.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Among John’s many connections was sculptor Charles Robinson
Sykes. The son of a marine painter, Sykes was educated at the Royal College of
Art in London and by the 1920s had become a renowned designer and sculptor.
Eleanor would become one of his favourite models to work with.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14FRt6PbeMB2nTdkBp-zSBM0Jfmx8583oKClyrN_6jVd_vrgXS6RnAoM8c8C2kSuDIg3B9cg1b6gMWP1g2jj7kMoeSuY7bgRG2260wluqCcvl-HZf5WvPrEXttIQ8uS0IbbXVkebl5nW-/s1600/a91c4af4f0d323714521ea4208e949c9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="564" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14FRt6PbeMB2nTdkBp-zSBM0Jfmx8583oKClyrN_6jVd_vrgXS6RnAoM8c8C2kSuDIg3B9cg1b6gMWP1g2jj7kMoeSuY7bgRG2260wluqCcvl-HZf5WvPrEXttIQ8uS0IbbXVkebl5nW-/s320/a91c4af4f0d323714521ea4208e949c9.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE SPIRIT OF ECSTASY </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When John introduced Charles Sykes to Claude Johnson,
Managing Director of Rolls-Royce Limited, motoring history was made. An
invitation was extended to Sykes to design an appropriate mascot, namely the
Spirit of Ecstasy – a woman leaning forwards, arms outstretched behind and
above her. Thornton posed for sculptor Sykes and there is no doubt that the
love affair she had with John was truly the inspiration behind the mascot which
has since been used as the bonnet/hood ornament on all cars manufactured by
Rolls-Royce.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During this time the dark foreboding storm clouds of World
War One had engulfed Europe and in 1915, having already spent some time in
India, it was arranged for John, 2nd Baron Montagu to return to there, taking
up his post of Inspector of Mechanical Transport. Eleanor would accompany him
as far as Port Said, Egypt and then make the return journey.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before the trip, Miss Thornton corresponded with John’s wife
Lady Cecil. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eleanor wrote: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I think it will be best for me to make
arrangements without telling Lord Montagu - so he cannot raise objections</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I do not think for one moment that there
will be any trouble in the Med, but supposing? The lord will have an extra
chance, for there will be my place in the boat for him, even if he has to be
stunned to take it."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later in the letter she writes, tellingly: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"It is kind of you to give your
sanction to my going as far as Port Said. You will have the satisfaction of
knowing that as far as human help can avail he will be looked after."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a letter to her husband dated 1915, Lady Cecil, who had
continued to tolerate the relationship, wrote: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I hope and pray that you may come back safely?</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I am proud to know that you are so much
wanted and that your services are appreciated. I am glad that Miss Thornton is
going to Aden."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0swSP0Vr_npFZbcWzdJqByVU926nkvth5sSsQSf9deS7gO5BC8C6xyWChLWjRjIYDXuTinbdGhVm3XyLBBkrkduzCaoUMwtxvA3TqwthLC6JV2jM9X1bGCTqedDuHTgudUBkWVV1MPsFf/s1600/sspersia-card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="640" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0swSP0Vr_npFZbcWzdJqByVU926nkvth5sSsQSf9deS7gO5BC8C6xyWChLWjRjIYDXuTinbdGhVm3XyLBBkrkduzCaoUMwtxvA3TqwthLC6JV2jM9X1bGCTqedDuHTgudUBkWVV1MPsFf/s320/sspersia-card.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The couple set sail on the P&O Steam Navigation
Company's SS Persia from Marseille on Christmas Day 1914. Five days into the
voyage off Cape Martello, Crete on 30 December 1915, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a German U-boat U-38, commanded by Max
Valentiner fired a torpedo at the ship's hull, while Eleanor and John were
sitting at a table having lunch. To make matters even more devastating, the
massive blast was repeated due to one of the ship's boilers exploding. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the ship began to list, icy seawater rushed in through
the open port holes, and in the mayhem, Montagu and Eleanor made for the decks,
which were already beginning to split. They considered trying to find a lifeboat but there was no
time. One moment, Montagu had Eleanor in his arms, the next they were hit by a
wall of water and she was gone. The port side of the ship was submerged and Montagu was
dragged down with it. The ship sank in minutes, and Eleanor drowned, along with
over three hundred other passengers - John Montagu survived.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a total of three days drifting in a badly damaged
lifeboat with only a handful of other passengers, devoid of food and water and
suffering from severe exposure, they were picked up by a steamship called Ningchow. John spent several months convalescing in Malta. It is
certain that his life was saved by him wearing the latest safety device – a
Gieve inflatable waistcoat that his cousin, Admiral Mark Kerr had recommended. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I saw a dreadful
scene of struggling human beings. Nearly all the boats were smashed. After a
desperate struggle, I climbed on to a broken boat with 28 Lascars and three
other Europeans. Our number was reduced to 19 the following day and only 11
remained by the next, the rest having died from exposure and injuries."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>'I should have got a stronger grip on her,'</i>
wrote Lord Montagu in a letter home from his sickbed in Malta in 1916, But to
his enduring pain, Eleanor Thornton, his travelling companion, personal
assistant and beloved mistress, had not been saved. When he finally <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>returned home he was flattered to read his own
obituary, written by Lord Northcliffe, in the Times.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My father was physically and mentally
shattered by Thorn drowning,"</i> said his son <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Theirs was a great love affair. Although when he came back home
he was badly injured, he spent days looking for Thorn, who had been thrown
overboard, searching everywhere, hoping that somehow she would turn up."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Though the affair between the aristocrat and Eleanor
Thornton ended with her death, their love was immortalized in the most unlikely
of places – on every Rolls Royce.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A plaque in Beaulieu Parish Church reads thus:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>'This tablet was erected by John, 2nd Lord Montagu of
Beaulieu in thankfulness for his miraculous escape from drowning after the
sinking of the P and O SS Persia, torpedoed by a German submarine near Crete.
And in memory of Eleanor Velasco Thornton, who served him devotedly for fifteen
years. Drowned December 30th, 1915.'</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0oY-8PLIarS7eYM8_boL7oSz4p03tcztwTEuBa-yhRZGYo3Fsk8d7xQKlwtOATDMKOL-PrWf3_WsRkEJmovFCeeAG6J9D6hEEc9hXtcP_2WfwSBneJ3GL7g3R-Fzoj0ld2YZgJViBBAxv/s1600/rolls3004_468x689.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="435" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0oY-8PLIarS7eYM8_boL7oSz4p03tcztwTEuBa-yhRZGYo3Fsk8d7xQKlwtOATDMKOL-PrWf3_WsRkEJmovFCeeAG6J9D6hEEc9hXtcP_2WfwSBneJ3GL7g3R-Fzoj0ld2YZgJViBBAxv/s320/rolls3004_468x689.jpg" width="217" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Probate Registry for June 1916 shows that Eleanor’s
sister Rose - by that time the last surviving member of her immediate family -
administered her will. Among her effects was a similar silver model of the
Spirit Of Ecstasy, which Rose kept. Rose married Gordon Willis Hayter in 1923,
and many years later, the silver model was stolen from the home of Dorothy
Hayter, Gordon's second wife.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
John’s wife, Lady Montagu died in 1919 and he remarried the
following year, to Pearl Crake whom he met in the South of France. Pearl was Edward Lord Montagu's mother. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, the repercussions of the love affair between Eleanor
and John did not end with their deaths. Montagu’s son takes up the story:<i> </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i> </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My father died
in 1929, when I was two and that was when the family discovered, by reading his
will, that Eleanor had had a child. The will made provision for her, but it was
worded to obscure who she was. We always used to wonder and were keen to find
her. Then my half-sister Elizabeth went to live in Devon. She was standing in a
fishmonger’s queue one day when someone said to her: 'See that woman over
there? She's your sister'."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The woman's name was Joan Thornton. She had been born in 1903, soon after
Montagu and Eleanor had begun their affair, and had been given up for adoption.
The curious thing was that while Eleanor had made no attempt to make contact Joan,
Lord Montagu had, on occasion, met up with his daughter.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He also wrote her a letter explaining the circumstances of
her birth - <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Your mother was the
most wonderful and lovable woman I have ever met... if she loved me as few
women love, I equally loved her as few men love..."</i> - but she did not
receive it until after his death.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joan's behaviour was just as discreet as her mother's. She attended her father's funeral, but so quietly no one even noticed she was
there.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8QfVeXQbw6EDb7AhrHbnmHHC6klTY7msfqonHv-vSBOpvWV9Npk-yxGz3nx3BF-bh3G5fOqCNxEXYBWb7JyZdBGGqMyQ_ztGetrtej6vOUEJU0S0AgHxD1rgQEiPHrLN2sjaxOkP9zMu/s1600/bf14e06af94aece70c83b08b3b41515e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="419" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY8QfVeXQbw6EDb7AhrHbnmHHC6klTY7msfqonHv-vSBOpvWV9Npk-yxGz3nx3BF-bh3G5fOqCNxEXYBWb7JyZdBGGqMyQ_ztGetrtej6vOUEJU0S0AgHxD1rgQEiPHrLN2sjaxOkP9zMu/s320/bf14e06af94aece70c83b08b3b41515e.jpg" width="213" /></a> </div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Eventually, I
got in touch and took her for lunch at the Ritz. We had oysters and she said:
'Your father always used to bring me here and we would have oysters, too."</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joan married a surgeon commander in the Royal Navy and had
two sons, one of whom, by sheer chance, worked for Rolls-Royce. Lord Montagu
did as he knew his father would have wished. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I recognised them as full family," </i>he says.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And so, over a century after Eleanor Thornton and John
Montagu met, their story has now passed into history. As the poet Philip Larkin
once wrote: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"What will survive of us
is love"</i> - and rarely has there been a more vivid illustration of that
sentiment. Every time you now see a Rolls Royce you will think of Eleanor Thornton & remember the great love she inspired. </div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-14913431728939363252018-05-03T07:24:00.000+01:002018-05-03T07:59:55.284+01:00Madeleine Truel: The Peruvian Heroine of World War Two<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvkPCHpDxmgX8b0Yd4wjG6yowgxfzK14c4AVIwP9PQFJ0S00BKr11ax7Pu-YgDyn_R-EddUTt6WTaC7LBkQofh3qQmCr6g2kVh5-FJYxjLUSlP3zP0l6MtDY6SfUVwLPjvmxW3GWTcbC4Y/s1600/1024px-Familia_Truel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="1024" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvkPCHpDxmgX8b0Yd4wjG6yowgxfzK14c4AVIwP9PQFJ0S00BKr11ax7Pu-YgDyn_R-EddUTt6WTaC7LBkQofh3qQmCr6g2kVh5-FJYxjLUSlP3zP0l6MtDY6SfUVwLPjvmxW3GWTcbC4Y/s320/1024px-Familia_Truel.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Madeleine seated front, 3rd from right </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Madeleine Truel was a Peruvian woman of French parentage who
fought in the French Resistance as a document forger.<br />
<br />
She was
captured in 1944 and was tortured to extract information without success,
following which she was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin 1945. She died in Stolpe, Germany on 3 May 1945, after being made to walk on a "death march" just a few hours before the Russian troops
arrived. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Alexandre Léon Truel and Marguerite Larrabure, were French
immigrants who had arrived in Peru in the second half of the 19th century. They had
eight children of which Madeleine was the youngest daughter, born on 28 August
1904. Madeleine grew up in the family home located on the old 54 Arequipa
street in Lima. Her father
managed a hardware store located at 150 Jirón de la Unión. She came from an observant Catholic family and studied
at the school San José de Cluny, located on the corner of the Boliva Street and Jiron Washington in downtown Lima. French was spoken in her home and this
allowed her to perfect her command of French along with Spanish. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Both of Madeleine Truel's parents died before she was 20 years old. Her mother was the first to pass away from ill health. Then her father died on 6 May 1918, in the
clinic Maison de Santé in Lima, due to an infected leg wound which he acquired whilst he was
working for the fire brigade putting out a fire at the "El Pergamino"
shop. Alexandre Truel was recognized as a hero of Fire Brigade Nº3
and was decorated with a gold medal. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The orphaned Truel children decided to return to France at the request
of some family members in Paris in 1924. Madeleine decided to study
philosophy at the Sorbonne University. She later found work as an administrative
assistant in the first branch of the Spanish Bilbao bank, located on the Rue de
Richelieu. She told her workmates anecdotes of her life in Peru, and explained the traditions
as well as the current affairs. She also liked to cook traditional Peruvian dishes for her french friends. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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In January 1942, Madeleine was knocked over by a Nazi army
truck. She was diagnosed with multiple fractures to the cranium and legs and
spent about a year in hospital recovering from her terrible injuries. Due to this accident she had a
limp that stayed with her for the rest of her days.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0qdRV3vmnq_mFYYrQq_ZmVXw5Lrx6bt5p2E0Hdx63iW6yVV0xXRjB3SLypraPsV8dSnPe-IJKG6UEVvkNRmHUhe_sqPPgQH9NisYMZVQgELgA9lGox-08nbMHrxrDVU0A-ATL2bT7bYND/s1600/L%2527Enfant_du_Metro.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0qdRV3vmnq_mFYYrQq_ZmVXw5Lrx6bt5p2E0Hdx63iW6yVV0xXRjB3SLypraPsV8dSnPe-IJKG6UEVvkNRmHUhe_sqPPgQH9NisYMZVQgELgA9lGox-08nbMHrxrDVU0A-ATL2bT7bYND/s320/L%2527Enfant_du_Metro.JPG" width="235" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Book Madeleine Wrote</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In 1943, she co-wrote the book <i>L'Enfant du Metro<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(The Boy of the Subway) </i>along with her sister
Lucha. The book narrates a story of a boy who travels through the stations of
the Paris subway. The book was dedicated to Pascal, the son of a family of
Jewish-Romanian origins who were friends of hers. Her sister Lucha drew the
illustrations for the book and Madeleine wrote the text. The publishers were
Editions du Chêne. The seemingly innocent story book was Madeleine's covert literary protest at the German occupation of Paris and the persecution of the Jews. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In June 1940 when the German forces had invaded Paris, a married couple - Pierre and
Annie Hervé - who were friends of Madeleine introduced her to some members of The French
Resistance and very soon she began working in order to help them. Madeleine´s job was to forge documents, especially passports, and travel papers which
were delivered to many Jewish fugitives and allied soldiers that had parachuted over
the French capital. She used the pseudonym "Marie" when carrying out her resistance work. All the papers, passports and travel documents were forged by hand and she was so good at it, her work was rarely spotted as fake by German soldiers, and subsequently she saved many hundreds of people's lives in this way. <br />
</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Documentary on Madeleine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On 19 June 1944, Truel was captured by three German agents
when she was picking up ink in one of the resistance's hide-away houses. Days before,
a resistance comrade called Annie had been captured and with the information
they had gathered from her, the agents set a trap which led directly to Madeleine's capture.<br />
<br />
After being arrested she was driven to the SS offices located on the Foch Avenue
and then she was temporary transferred to the Fresnes prison.<br />
<br />
She was tortured by
force for many days by the SS in order they could uncover more details about the plans and the people of the resistance she was working with - but she refused to co-operate and didn't give away any details. She kept telling them that she assumed all the responsibility for
her acts. Her family visited her and the only thing they could leave her was a
Bible.</div>
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<br /></div>
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She was transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp
in 1945. In the concentration camp she lived in a very heroic and charitable manner. She
re-distributed the small amount of food that she received, in order to help those who needed
it most. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gates at Sachsenhausen </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She maintained good spirits in spite of all the terrible hardships she suffered at Sachsenhausen and liked to
entertain her fellow prisoners with stories that she remembered about Peru.
For this reason she received the affectionate name "Bird of the
Isles" from her cell-mates. <br />
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As the end of the war drew near, the Soviet army was approaching
from the east and the U.S. military from the west. German troops began to
become very disorganized and started to flee.<br />
<br />
Survivors of the concentration camps were moved in what was to become known as the
"Death Marches" in late 1944 and early 1945.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prisoners at Sachsenhausen </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The Death March of prisoners from Sachsenhausen concentration camp to
Lübeck, located just over 100 miles away, began on 22 April.<br />
<br />
Many prisoners were exhausted by severe malnutrition and the bad living conditions and weather they had been forced to endure - most were not physically fit to march and many were dying along the way.<br />
<br />
The
purpose of these marches was to hide some of the evidence of the evil brutality suffered in the concentration camps. A German soldier who became impatient with the
slowness of the marching prisoners began to beat some of them furiously with a
steel rod. One of these victims was Madeleine.</div>
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<br /></div>
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A few hours later the Germans abandoned the marching
prisoners and stripped off their uniforms in order to hide from the Russian troops that
were now pursuing them. Madeleine lost consciousness and was carried
on a stretcher by her fellow prisoners. In spite of her small stature it took
six people to do the task because they were all so weak and malnourished themselves. Eventually the group of survivors arrived in a small German
town called Stolpe. When she became consciousness again Madeleine complained of suffered a strong
headache and a high fever, and then shortly afterwards, she died.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTlMkrF7803tK45ZHtGXSXDHLj5R7YtSy14me9oIz_dW8CLe6nbbjBRFZs1D1az3vrProD3FeeKlzO9TGCA4KN70tyULB9rGiR0LzXFsFSSd-kpmE2ehZ8lxNwGx07tf4tnwQ80IwGPsnw/s1600/907dcf524b3e04c942ab0c1ecf1c5764.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="1200" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTlMkrF7803tK45ZHtGXSXDHLj5R7YtSy14me9oIz_dW8CLe6nbbjBRFZs1D1az3vrProD3FeeKlzO9TGCA4KN70tyULB9rGiR0LzXFsFSSd-kpmE2ehZ8lxNwGx07tf4tnwQ80IwGPsnw/s320/907dcf524b3e04c942ab0c1ecf1c5764.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Women Prisoners at Sachsenhausen </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The friends who accompanied her to her grave, dressed her in a red
dress and sought a Catholic priest to pronounce the funeral prayers, in the confidence that Madeleine would have
appreciated that gesture. Before being buried, one of the companions
knotted her bracelet with the Star of David on Madeleine’s arm, so that
she could later be identified as a victim of the Nazi concentration camp. Another,
placed on her chest red and white geraniums in homage to her Peruvian
flag and nationality and as a sign of gratitude for how much she had taught them
about her country of birth.<br />
<br />
In front of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, there is a memorial of
homage to all the people who were deported from France during World War
II, the great majority of names on it are Jewish - but in that long list also appears the name of
Madeleine Blanche Pauline Truel Larrabure - one of the few Peruvian heroines of World War Two.<br />
<br />
At the end of 1946, a survivor from the concentration camp of who knew Madeleine well,
wrote a testimonial article in <i>Le Figaro Newspaper</i> . It is from this article that the story of Madeleine Truel's life and death was uncovered. Over the last 70 years Madeleine's name has almost been forgotten - even by her fellow Peruvians who have never honoured her in any way. <br />
<br />
In Peru, journalist Hugo Coya published the book “<i>Final Station</i>”
in 2010, where he tells the story of the Peruvians who died in the Nazi
concentration camps. The chapter on Madeleine is the first Peruvian text that claims the merits of
this authentic heroine of the twentieth century. It shows us how it is
possible to transcend adversity, overcome courageously, find fortitude in
misfortune, and fully assume the defense of universal values through
solidarity and a faithful respect for human rights.<br />
<br />
There has also been a short Peruvian documentary film made about Madeliene. You can watch both a short English Language clip and a 30 minute documentary on her life below - the second one is narrated in Spanish but you can click on the YouTube subtitles on bottom right of the video player to get English subtitles. <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
SHORT CLIP ABOUT MADELEINE </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ldcrcD0jcK4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ldcrcD0jcK4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MZ8eRB1AWMw/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MZ8eRB1AWMw?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
30 MINUTE PERUVIAN DOCUMENTARY ON MADELEINE</div>
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<br /></div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-51484406812128588922018-05-02T09:00:00.000+01:002018-05-05T17:29:30.187+01:00Ada Delroy – Australian Serpentine Dancer and Vaudeville Actress<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUTlDaTLW-gz1YbuylxA2Y0zMeaPvO43Jf13kYc-Plv46e9zJnREJojk9IXddvsWoPVhl9gbe11u27-e6v4ZlHkkeOcIh5KYuxKmaU2RE1GTVllntXbWdBqQ80U5jdiYyAe6s2VRi8Qj4/s1600/4634254ba2017c9bdf9f03c763b7eae3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="316" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUTlDaTLW-gz1YbuylxA2Y0zMeaPvO43Jf13kYc-Plv46e9zJnREJojk9IXddvsWoPVhl9gbe11u27-e6v4ZlHkkeOcIh5KYuxKmaU2RE1GTVllntXbWdBqQ80U5jdiYyAe6s2VRi8Qj4/s320/4634254ba2017c9bdf9f03c763b7eae3.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MISS ADA DELROY </td></tr>
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Ada Delroy, the adopted sister of Music Hall comedian James Bell, was born in Halifax, Yorkshire England. Taught dancing by Bell, and taken in by the theatrical family at the age of 12, she made her first ever stage appearance as Fatima in a professional production of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bluebeard</i> - a big feature being her "Cobra di Capello" dance.</div>
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Often described in his day as a "Senegambian" comedian or a “blackface” comic, James Bell was raised in Lancashire, England, and went on to become a specialist on the Ethiopian castanets ("bones") while being equally adept at singing, dancing, banjo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>playing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>comedy sketch<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>work.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">James </span>Bell and Ada Delroy toured Australia for two years with Harry Rickards Company in 1888 to 1890, before undertaking a two year world tour with Baldwin's Butterfly Company travelling through the USA, Middle-East, Far East, China, Japan, South Africa and Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxPALY9SvRWvIUVXlZ5IVlGBGc-DPcxl0SXMOTfD301oZMNAZqlD5ufrY0oQ-vLL50L7WMom8JsxCGvRTRUsfJtSWgcBeBinMtiI6q4DduO-9PvM0_RvVL7lO4ZKAXTWE6yCtysKeppVde/s1600/bell-madame.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxPALY9SvRWvIUVXlZ5IVlGBGc-DPcxl0SXMOTfD301oZMNAZqlD5ufrY0oQ-vLL50L7WMom8JsxCGvRTRUsfJtSWgcBeBinMtiI6q4DduO-9PvM0_RvVL7lO4ZKAXTWE6yCtysKeppVde/s1600/bell-madame.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ADA'S SISTER-IN-LAW</td></tr>
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They returned to Australia in February 1895 under Rickards management, this time with Bells wife, Alice who went under the stage name of the "White Mahatma". <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madame Bell had been performing professionally for over 16 years. Her act was believed to have been advertised as "Somnomistic Dream Visions" and involved audience participation, whereby selected<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>individuals would write<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>down questions on folded<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paper earlier in the evening<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>retained).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She would then answer them later in the evening.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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By then a specialist Serpentine dancer, Ada Delroy was routinely billed as the world's greatest Terpsichorean artist when she established the Ada Delroy Company which made its debut in Singleton, New South Wales, in June in 1885. The initial line-up comprised of 12 artists including James Opie, Gertie McLeod, Tom Bergin and mesmerist Dr Richard Rowe. </div>
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The troupe toured Australia and New Zealand in late 1897, then did a two and a half year world tour, returning to Australia in mid-1900. The company then remained in the Antipodes until around 1909, with its principals also appearing with Harry Rickards, James Brennan and the Conrad Power Company.</div>
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James Bell's last known engagement was at Brennan's National Amphitheatre, Sydney in December 1908. The following year he was appointed manager of the Melbourne Opera House by Harry Rickards. Ada Delroy's last known performance is believed to have been with Carroll's Vaudeville Entertainment in Melbourne in 1915. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jrYoCZ4o2xiGLapii0QDBqjKVHoce43x0YAIZ7zXW3cN9TEukHhuXhRN2MpTDnGSnY5yhf0HTpifqnxVrjpFH4TtCRW96S_eYROZrfUK2KyuRv7r5HZ5hhw60s-8nekXWRNmCFpB-8Mi/s1600/2018-05-01+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="925" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jrYoCZ4o2xiGLapii0QDBqjKVHoce43x0YAIZ7zXW3cN9TEukHhuXhRN2MpTDnGSnY5yhf0HTpifqnxVrjpFH4TtCRW96S_eYROZrfUK2KyuRv7r5HZ5hhw60s-8nekXWRNmCFpB-8Mi/s320/2018-05-01+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A keen cyclist, Ada Delroy was often featured in cycling news during her Australian tours, and claimed to be the first lady cyclist in both Australia and Ireland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James Bell was a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>member<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>both<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NSW<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Victorian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cycling<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>leagues and the theatre the company<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reportedly toured with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 bikes during the 1890s.</div>
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Delroy and Bell married in 1908 following the death of Alice Bell the previous year.</div>
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Ada Delroy was also a land speculator in real estate in Perth in the mid to late-1890s, selling a parcel of land at Cottesloe known as the Ada Delroy Estate.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq_gxlup-suS_9J7EtzGS5gcSePB-OV4V-wGtTYWdFf9mqEp39spy-f0qTOX7qMYUMEfoDT6dqAWDG_QVqO9pv5FWQOsjxNT8WpgLV3EhyphenhyphenFKQkyFhAmXJ8TjPCXFCXvPzWOMuYeSPR5Aw5/s1600/Kazcooke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="400" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq_gxlup-suS_9J7EtzGS5gcSePB-OV4V-wGtTYWdFf9mqEp39spy-f0qTOX7qMYUMEfoDT6dqAWDG_QVqO9pv5FWQOsjxNT8WpgLV3EhyphenhyphenFKQkyFhAmXJ8TjPCXFCXvPzWOMuYeSPR5Aw5/s320/Kazcooke.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AUTHOR KAZ COOKE</td></tr>
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Ada’s forgotten life story has now been brilliantly re-imagined and fictionalized by Australian author, Kaz Cooke. Read her new boook Ada and you’ll enter an all-but forgotten world of clairvoyants, greasepaint and curtain calls, where the glamour of the stage and the pull of touring on the road will instantly enthrall you. </div>
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It all started when she came across a photo of a woman in a theatre scrapbook while researching a project at the State Library of Victoria on objects people wear to say who they are.</div>
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Kaz says: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In it, she’s wearing ‘everything but the kitchen sink’ – a giant hat, ostrich feathers, bows, braid, butterfly brooches, a giant diamond pendant and her name spelled out in diamonds. It was captioned ‘Ada Delroy’.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93uqrNZkLsJ3slCwl57D8Msr8qy6klTSlLu6lGHcVVAEgL258zmDBCsG6ofpU3JrgJnUKbNGHBy9FEagQekRXKE7RUx9OJ8zI7iJiSGbgjhJo7hK-grYvxXA7r00yTaUr14jRTmqQRxts/s1600/2018-05-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="261" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93uqrNZkLsJ3slCwl57D8Msr8qy6klTSlLu6lGHcVVAEgL258zmDBCsG6ofpU3JrgJnUKbNGHBy9FEagQekRXKE7RUx9OJ8zI7iJiSGbgjhJo7hK-grYvxXA7r00yTaUr14jRTmqQRxts/s320/2018-05-01.jpg" width="117" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I found out she had been a dancer, singer and comedian with her own troupe, the Ada Delroy Company, and I began making a timeline of Ada’s travels and reviews of her shows, using the Australian newspaper archives the National Library of Australia’s digital collection, and the sister archive for New Zealand . Often it took scores of ‘reviews’ to piece together a whole act, sentence-by-sentence; here a name of the song, there a tiny description of part of a comedy sketch costume.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The plan evolved that I would write a novel about Ada’s life – and that everyone in the book, including Ada, would be a real person. I visited the family archivist of a branch of the Bell family troupe’s descendants. Joy Bell from NSW generously shared information on the Bell family, whom had adopted Ada after she was orphaned at 12 in a Lancashire mill town and put her in the family troupe. Joy had wonderful photos of the Ada Delroy Company on tour in India. Other photos were found at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, the State Library picture collections, and on one miraculous occasion, on Pinterest.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG5mRTU_6Vg5c6sTsVZAImHe3r2N2_m0tEq_kEgfB3fFfZXqBFplg5y3sSVDXxCNCOAaXXYzqPFz-c6_aJjhklqAoWMG1aH0SKYMmVfrTM3edyTd2iytRflWYtPPd6x0JWyBrzMNjrFu74/s1600/delroy-ada-slsa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="297" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG5mRTU_6Vg5c6sTsVZAImHe3r2N2_m0tEq_kEgfB3fFfZXqBFplg5y3sSVDXxCNCOAaXXYzqPFz-c6_aJjhklqAoWMG1aH0SKYMmVfrTM3edyTd2iytRflWYtPPd6x0JWyBrzMNjrFu74/s320/delroy-ada-slsa.jpg" width="199" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">At the Library I could ‘order in’ from the collection and look at objects from Ada’s era: a 19th century wedding gown (mauve) in two pieces, jewellery, an actress’s back-stage travel iron<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(heated by a reservoir of methylated spirits that you would light with a ‘vesta’ match or a flaming twist of paper transferred from a dressing-room fireplace). No wonder so many theatres burned down in those days!</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I was amazed to see online all the digitized pages of a scrapbook kept by Ada’s rather bonkers boss during the early 1890s, Professor Baldwin. This was a record of the Baldwin tour with the Bells when Ada debuted her signature Serpentine dance in England. Ada stole all her dances from Loïe Fuller, who became a famous star at the Folies Bergères. The scrapbook is part of the Houdini collection at the Harry Ransom Centre, at the University of Texas in Austin. More ferreting in the State Library of Victoria turned up the gas bill for the backstage and stage lights from the same year Ada performed at the Bourke St Opera House Tivoli theatre in 1895.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Official archivists in Auckland helped me decipher a relevant, scandalous 1912 divorce case’s exhibit letters, written in a dreadful hand, in purple, soluble pencil and smudged with tears (or whiskey). I consulted modern experts on genealogy, tuberculosis, larrikins, tin-silk frocks and sea slugs. That was all part of the fun for me, flexing my old journalism muscles and just satisfying my own curiosity. </i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA5Cj05L5iM6MhS5A2tf417wbUaHRZCKIXViRtir6zeptn-G-QiF400upb1SCWE65ne-E5XX_0DfE2WrKZI8sCumudBsu25SuhwkGyJO99KCVr_xLS-n1WXhLytZcu-qa60gBfgt9CY6_w/s1600/d0809f27bff29f1a78e415bb1ba36638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="316" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA5Cj05L5iM6MhS5A2tf417wbUaHRZCKIXViRtir6zeptn-G-QiF400upb1SCWE65ne-E5XX_0DfE2WrKZI8sCumudBsu25SuhwkGyJO99KCVr_xLS-n1WXhLytZcu-qa60gBfgt9CY6_w/s320/d0809f27bff29f1a78e415bb1ba36638.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I read novels of the time, and histories of clairvoyants, spiritualists and ‘black-face’ minstrel entertainers, and consulted slang dictionaries for Lancashire and 19th century theatre, Australianisms of the day, and the theatre history books by Aussie experts Frank van Straten and Mimi Colligan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I looked at photos and read accounts of steam ship and carriage travel, and Melbourne places, faces and vaudevillians from 1888 to 1910. My nephew George was dispatched to the State Library of WA to find the original brochure advertising the auction of land called the Ada Delroy estate; that’s how we found out Jimbell St in Perth, which still survives, is named after Ada’s husband, Jim Bell.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I was lucky enough to jump a discount flight to New York with 12 hours to spare so I could watch a performance by choreographer and dancer Jody Sperling, who interprets the dances of Loïe Fuller, wearing re-created and constructed Serpentine costumes. I was able to speak with her about how Ada might have felt performing those original dances in the costume made from 100 yards of silk. Later, I visited the dressing room under the Theatre Royal in Hobart where Ada once changed into that costume.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiafK6gBtW2GbPxU6u_49HPYJQ_lGETy6wt4tj6pcAQMY2EAMSNXbloLbws7Fci9dOoOnorO_zMggoxM8sY4g4V8zmoyP7OoU8vGR_KzK4ot88md7eOoaUZZUzvwiV9vJSUVoApnBvYdvfl/s1600/9780670077939.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiafK6gBtW2GbPxU6u_49HPYJQ_lGETy6wt4tj6pcAQMY2EAMSNXbloLbws7Fci9dOoOnorO_zMggoxM8sY4g4V8zmoyP7OoU8vGR_KzK4ot88md7eOoaUZZUzvwiV9vJSUVoApnBvYdvfl/s320/9780670077939.jpg" width="209" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I convinced a shopkeeper at the Block Arcade in Melbourne to let me down into the catacombs underneath to explore, so I could set a scene there. I didn’t want to stop researching, but with a head full of images and facts and ideas, after two years of research, it was time to write.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I didn’t use every photo or reference everything I’d read or investigated, but it all combined to help me imagine my way into Ada’s life and give her a voice. I hope I’ve done her proud.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
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Ada is a show girl and a storyteller with a sense of humour and a lot of things to say. Ada is a funny, yet poignant novel about an extraordinary woman who made the very best of everything life threw at her. </div>
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You soon fall in love with her for speaking the way she does:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘It’s not every day a handsome young man appears on your doorstep to ask if you’re a respectable woman…’</i></div>
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Kaz Cooke brings Ada Delroy and her famous vaudeville troupe back to life while telling us the backstage tales of how she entertained royalty, and the general public alike with her witty jokes, illusions, and breath-taking dances.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1xQ-vUO7RMzNRxGyRbvfB3TSN_8HLIQvkjicKutP3rCLkAVewT-6fvwiupd-6pwmrNO1llgOXK4bYSefa7FWfU9OAGlDTMKJd9Czg7HKqjaDPA9vm97WORkuS4yMs53r4liyEFe0lfCgy/s1600/Ada_1600x800_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="1024" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1xQ-vUO7RMzNRxGyRbvfB3TSN_8HLIQvkjicKutP3rCLkAVewT-6fvwiupd-6pwmrNO1llgOXK4bYSefa7FWfU9OAGlDTMKJd9Czg7HKqjaDPA9vm97WORkuS4yMs53r4liyEFe0lfCgy/s320/Ada_1600x800_1.jpg" width="320" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘I had a diamond pendant near as big as an emu egg off the Maharajah of What's-His-Name. They named a racehorse after me, and a pigeon and a potato soup on an Orient steamship.'</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>‘I’ll tell you what I loved about being a theatrical. You’re a custodian of magic, a purveyor of glamour, a repository of mystery. You’re someone.’</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'I was enchanting, and indefatigable, and dainty, and all the other words they find to avoid saying 'beautiful'. The word they used the most was 'piquant'. Makes you feel like chutney.' - Ada Delroy</i></div>
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A former reporter and cartoonist, Kaz Cooke is also the author of the bestselling books<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Up The Duff, Kidwrangling, Girl Stuff, Girl Stuff 8–12, Women’s Stuff,</i> and the children's picture books <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wanda Linda Goes Berserk </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Terrible Underpants</i></div>
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Find out more <a href="http://www.kazcooke.com.au/">www.kazcooke.com.au</a><br />
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<u><b>BUY YOUR COPY OF ADA FROM OUR AMAZON AFFILIATE BOOKSTORE & HELP KEEP OUR WEBSITE ONLINE AND FREE FOR ALL TO READ - THANK YOU</b></u></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07594V63Y/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B07594V63Y&linkCode=as2&tag=hiddenherstor-20&linkId=8c3c3f51260b769ecf27221a33c5d671" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="//ws-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&MarketPlace=US&ASIN=B07594V63Y&ServiceVersion=20070822&ID=AsinImage&WS=1&Format=_SL250_&tag=hiddenherstor-20" /></a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="//ir-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=hiddenherstor-20&l=am2&o=1&a=B07594V63Y" style="border: none !important; margin: 0px !important;" width="1" />The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-83904952351525410792018-05-01T07:00:00.000+01:002018-05-01T07:00:19.927+01:00Christina Broom: Britain's 1st Female Press Photographer<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjePhqC-6oGuu-0Olwz41jhAZ976OGTnueftgaQ9Ml3Aw9U24sqq2jmBGqVCsl4L5Qj1mlLrK7lWNEMZEiQ2a4UwZRrUyVKdVxYxE-Jvkpm6MHSGgji43JM3dklzBduW1zOo2aWFk1rvjM0/s1600/article-2610494-1D44AFAF00000578-300_472x621.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="472" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjePhqC-6oGuu-0Olwz41jhAZ976OGTnueftgaQ9Ml3Aw9U24sqq2jmBGqVCsl4L5Qj1mlLrK7lWNEMZEiQ2a4UwZRrUyVKdVxYxE-Jvkpm6MHSGgji43JM3dklzBduW1zOo2aWFk1rvjM0/s320/article-2610494-1D44AFAF00000578-300_472x621.jpg" width="243" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Christina Broom - Museum of London Collection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Christina Broom was credited as being "the UK's first female
press photographer" and yet, despite her many achievements, her incredible
life and work remain relatively unknown. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Historically
she has been seen as an eccentric amateur, which has meant her work hasn’t seen
the light of day in quite the way it should have done,”</i> says Anna Sparham,
who has curated a large exhibition of Broom’s photography, at the Museum of
London.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Christina’s maiden name was Livingston and her parents were Scottish,
although she was born at 8 King's Road, Chelsea, London, the seventh of eight
children on 28 December 1862. Her father was Alexander Livingston, a master
bootmaker and her mother was Margaret Fair Livingston. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Her parents were well-off, but She must have rather exaggerated
their worth, because when Christina told her fiancee, Albert, that she was not
quite the heiress he thought she was, he asked her not to tell his mother. Christina’s
brother Robert had already squandered much of the family inheritance at the
gaming tables in Monaco, and her only income was the rent from a small house on
nearby Oakley Street, which Oscar Wilde let from her to house his mother in –
Broom would later testify at his trial.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Christina married Albert Edward Broom in 1889 and they had a
daughter Winifred Margaret, who was born 7 August 1890. In 1903 the failure of
the family ironmongery business was due to a cricketing accident which left
her husband Albert an invalid after being struck on the shin by a ball. The
injury was serious, causing necrosis of the tibia and fibulae bones. On the
advice of a friend, the Brooms opened a small stationery shop in the
middle-class suburb of Streatham. Although it never generated the income they
hoped for, it was here that Christina noticed the booming trade in postcards
which were all the rage. There were seven reliable postal deliveries a day; it
was possible to send a card to someone in the same town and receive an answer
within hours.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Hv8J7-F4yZNZpB4b7H-7NXvld2ZV7yCO8OBrPxaDbHF_qX3wF1xmmpmgwPCqGeSxo_yvEUBXgg6tihZRil0raxnDG-KY91ek1Zm-nYukkELhNUkBXSG8BJpOOTdRwoNaGpe1b0MnFjYV/s1600/article1236319079B52E2000005DC271_470x423.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Hv8J7-F4yZNZpB4b7H-7NXvld2ZV7yCO8OBrPxaDbHF_qX3wF1xmmpmgwPCqGeSxo_yvEUBXgg6tihZRil0raxnDG-KY91ek1Zm-nYukkELhNUkBXSG8BJpOOTdRwoNaGpe1b0MnFjYV/s1600/article1236319079B52E2000005DC271_470x423.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Christina Broom's Postcard Stall in London</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Forced to become the main breadwinner for her family, Christina
borrowed a box camera and taught herself the rudiments of photography when it
was still very much in its infancy. She set up a stall in the Royal Mews at Buckingham
Palace, selling postcards of photographs that she had taken. She maintained
this stall from 1904 until 1930. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Because newspapers were for the most part still unable to
reproduce photographs, postcards were also used as a means of disseminating
news, and Broom’s enterprise happened to coincide with a period of great
upheaval in British history – she captured both the Suffragette movement and the
First World War with an unusual, almost maternal intimacy.</div>
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<br /></div>
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She also turned her
lens on the more humdrum details of city life, producing many streetscapes and
informal portraits in which her sitters appear wonderfully unguarded.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Even though, by the turn of the century, photography had
passed muster as a “suitable” pastime for women, most of Broom’s female cohorts
preferred to operate from the safety of a studio, and to focus only on friends
and family. Broom lugged her camera through the city instead, jostling for
space among the male photographers of the press.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Anna Sparham says: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The
testing circumstances in which she found herself stimulated her independent and
resourceful qualities, but there were plenty of obstacles to overcome…
conquering the apparatus was only one; having the nerve and ability to take
these skills into the street, publicly projecting herself as a ‘professional
photographer’, and most significantly as a woman, was another.”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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When the family moved to a new house in Burnfoot Avenue, she
used the coal cellar as her dark room. She was assisted by her daughter
Winifred, who had left school to help and was extremely devoted for all of her life, both to the
photography<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>work and to her mother. Albert
wrote the captions for the postcards in his neat script. The postcards sold
well: in one night-time session Broom printed 1000.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61gQmWKyvRxmo-e0NBADG5XxUhhyphenhypheneG9qGT_vg_Jy2851WeVZzIj0sIEekOVot-VSWQzqcJyMaL2LJIkQuHWLIwRDqpXh_JyVuUyz9BU13NoPRt40Su9zsH55k1X9_NSs7RppU3pREEnz-/s1600/article-2610494-1D44A73200000578-663_964x570.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="964" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj61gQmWKyvRxmo-e0NBADG5XxUhhyphenhypheneG9qGT_vg_Jy2851WeVZzIj0sIEekOVot-VSWQzqcJyMaL2LJIkQuHWLIwRDqpXh_JyVuUyz9BU13NoPRt40Su9zsH55k1X9_NSs7RppU3pREEnz-/s320/article-2610494-1D44A73200000578-663_964x570.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chelsea Barracks from Museum of London Collection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Christina was appointed official photographer to the
Household Division of the Army from 1904 to 1939 and had her own darkroom in the Chelsea
Barracks; she also took photographs of local scenes, including those at Buckingham Palace, as well as The Boat Race and Suffragette marches. Her portraits
included leading suffragettes such as Emmeline Pankhurst and Emily
Wilding Davidson. Although Broom’s photography is immersed in an Edwardian era
of grandeur and tradition, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it also
conveys and acknowledges change.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzrLhGtO1RNfXVZYd6eUS_-qtI-AyUXsvP5TDYkb1UgecgLlH3AZ-zuezPlOS7yOzxblZPMk1-VLS1Oo3Ywfe6QX8xWPIBYq0707CmTPZdMK2t0bE6Jf2lFh09xImzYNYPaGp8_P3XR-c/s1600/article-2610494-1D44B07100000578-139_964x695.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="964" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlzrLhGtO1RNfXVZYd6eUS_-qtI-AyUXsvP5TDYkb1UgecgLlH3AZ-zuezPlOS7yOzxblZPMk1-VLS1Oo3Ywfe6QX8xWPIBYq0707CmTPZdMK2t0bE6Jf2lFh09xImzYNYPaGp8_P3XR-c/s320/article-2610494-1D44B07100000578-139_964x695.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Suffragettes - Museum of London Collection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is in her coverage
of the suffragette movement that we glimpse most of her character. Although she
always sought to retain a respectable impartiality in her work, here we sense a
fascination and a growing appreciation. In its bright, early days the ideas
must have chimed particularly with Christina’s own struggles.</div>
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When Albert Broom died in 1912, Christina and Winifred moved
to Munster Road, Fulham where she took the professional name of Mrs Albert
Broom. Her daughter Winnie became a VAD nurse during the First World War.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGE7PQCxqHFmVJLUrM0Ftx2VdF3CKD1bPADnpTDlxl9AfXlLdvJW8VZIZxqZ18AmOoox1N9wVK8JVwIbHmpqyesinhNq-tY6c_3u19RZQixgn-hvp6u2RhpQGXTpw_KN2TpYyEp-qqTtfp/s1600/article-2610494-1D44AAB300000578-202_964x569.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="964" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGE7PQCxqHFmVJLUrM0Ftx2VdF3CKD1bPADnpTDlxl9AfXlLdvJW8VZIZxqZ18AmOoox1N9wVK8JVwIbHmpqyesinhNq-tY6c_3u19RZQixgn-hvp6u2RhpQGXTpw_KN2TpYyEp-qqTtfp/s320/article-2610494-1D44AAB300000578-202_964x569.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courtesy of Museum of London </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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By 1915 Broom had become firmly established, selling
photographs to many newspapers and magazines which featured the images of her
soldier friends. Her er wartime photographs cover a huge range of subject
matter from Soldiers leaving to for the front, right through to those returning wounded. She also took a rare shor of Rudyard Kipling's son John who was killed
in 1915 aged 18.</div>
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Her portraits were purchased in the hundreds by soldiers who
sent them home to their families; she did more for conscription, Field Marshall
Frederick Roberts said, than his prayers for new recruits ever had. He was so
impressed by Broom’s work that he recommended her to the King.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdzzlM-qWgGQhBwJZ5x8lydRmf4juCeqN7KlqsZExwV3CJOIrWLJ8SP2QXik2dCCKPmRFArZ6rTRX_jPM4D3nyNob4RUCww4RdyObg1TaXJ9xlGKWqkGaTZ3UTxZ-M1CAouX6oigDN-3B/s1600/article-2610494-1D44AD1800000578-846_964x609.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="609" data-original-width="964" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdzzlM-qWgGQhBwJZ5x8lydRmf4juCeqN7KlqsZExwV3CJOIrWLJ8SP2QXik2dCCKPmRFArZ6rTRX_jPM4D3nyNob4RUCww4RdyObg1TaXJ9xlGKWqkGaTZ3UTxZ-M1CAouX6oigDN-3B/s320/article-2610494-1D44AD1800000578-846_964x609.jpg" width="320" /></a>She attended a tea party at Buckingham Palace held for
wounded soldiers in 1916 and her meetings with King George V, both before,
during and after the war, would prove fruitful for her career as a press photographer. The increasingly close
relationship she enjoyed with the royal family led to some of her most impressive
scoops.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQsTAs2s_QCiy4w-RD18drBuNoOGJESMI74akKLioLblbtpWOqCkjux50-EqfR4FENHAVX7O0a6aokNaNt1wWG3MT9ln_1_UKicWFChdjzqQtJaInQb7l4sXJNy_brx3joo6oBcmUhnWsZ/s1600/18-Soldiers-Suffragettes-2-MuseumOfLondon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="564" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQsTAs2s_QCiy4w-RD18drBuNoOGJESMI74akKLioLblbtpWOqCkjux50-EqfR4FENHAVX7O0a6aokNaNt1wWG3MT9ln_1_UKicWFChdjzqQtJaInQb7l4sXJNy_brx3joo6oBcmUhnWsZ/s320/18-Soldiers-Suffragettes-2-MuseumOfLondon.jpg" width="320" /></a>She was allowed great privileges and had special access to major royal events
and occasions. Broom was given an exclusive commission with the Prince
of Wales and produced a lovely portrait of the young prince.</div>
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Broom was the only person allowed in to see King Edward VII
when he died and was lying in state. She was allowed into Westminster Abbey to
photograph him at 4am in the morning. In the 1920s and 1930s her work was
featured in top publications such as the Illustrated London News, The Tatler, The
Sphere, and Country Life.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmk6_1yxSXD4Grb7pR_W9qmgiOmVu_WrJ7IGsQ9XDj9qAp6396XI1gkY59HX6cmviopxmah5ljqbM0d60JNugCzWbOyuKcqQDZ6Kbbf3J3J-6FBdt-yhZT_TvOh9APU6tOBIpXmbC6SUdJ/s1600/article-2610494-1D44A69D00000578-276_964x674.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="964" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmk6_1yxSXD4Grb7pR_W9qmgiOmVu_WrJ7IGsQ9XDj9qAp6396XI1gkY59HX6cmviopxmah5ljqbM0d60JNugCzWbOyuKcqQDZ6Kbbf3J3J-6FBdt-yhZT_TvOh9APU6tOBIpXmbC6SUdJ/s320/article-2610494-1D44A69D00000578-276_964x674.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Christina Broom's Portrait of Pankhurst - Museum of London</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Letters and journals from the time point to Broom being
accepted and respected by many of her male peers. One of the royal
photographers, Ernest Brooks, gave Broom a few tips. In one note he wrote: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I am extremely sorry for you having so much
worry… Hope you will soon be all right. It warrants a good nerve I know.”</i></div>
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The physical strain of carrying around 40 pounds worth of
camera equipment across London caught up with Broom, and eventually she
was confined to a wheelchair. However, if Broom found herself with crippling back pain,
her daughter Winfred would push her to the barracks or the Royal Mews in her
wheelchair, so that she was still able to use her camera. By the Thirties, she
had closed her stall selling postcards and begun to spend more time in Margate,
where she and Winnie liked to fish. </div>
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Christina Broom died on 5 June 1939 and was buried in Fulham
old cemetery. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi45Let7u09UPhKWoK6HlDs5YU8ED6dHFttivPYe80BQlNXTaLwj6cO-b9bgMQpCRrnzPh9Wk1Nc_mXtOw9bCm_LK0H1b_bbuCF5ZoX_NPbjFL3A_TlS_KR1HW-i6ttb7675zzPBGLyxp7P/s1600/article-2610494-1D44A65600000578-538_964x652.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="964" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi45Let7u09UPhKWoK6HlDs5YU8ED6dHFttivPYe80BQlNXTaLwj6cO-b9bgMQpCRrnzPh9Wk1Nc_mXtOw9bCm_LK0H1b_bbuCF5ZoX_NPbjFL3A_TlS_KR1HW-i6ttb7675zzPBGLyxp7P/s320/article-2610494-1D44A65600000578-538_964x652.jpg" width="320" /></a>With the outbreak of the 2nd World War, restrictions on military photography had tightened
considerably, and, despite her best efforts, Winnie found she could no longer
continue running the family business. She eventually retired in Margate, where she died in
1973, but not before Queen Mary had personally recommended she save her
mother’s plates for the nation. Winifred was instrumental in safeguarding
Christina's negatives by having them housed in various public institutions and
museums. </div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBpn-dXB5lk1afocjkKBv48jSKGSbYoNykf8CgHL2SU-Ie5U7xNiH6VJdOp8beq1EtX2IoAfUYg1Nr1bDuACTpWITHEbiVZDfNdFladRctdxIgty5NNJRCSlhdlMEhPSdJqYuWY4SJ1egB/s1600/article-2610494-1D44AC7500000578-657_964x605.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="964" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBpn-dXB5lk1afocjkKBv48jSKGSbYoNykf8CgHL2SU-Ie5U7xNiH6VJdOp8beq1EtX2IoAfUYg1Nr1bDuACTpWITHEbiVZDfNdFladRctdxIgty5NNJRCSlhdlMEhPSdJqYuWY4SJ1egB/s320/article-2610494-1D44AC7500000578-657_964x605.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Collections of Christina Broom’s photographs are held at the
Museum of London, the National Portrait Gallery, the Imperial War Museum,
London, the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, the Royal Maritime Museum,
Greenwich, the Guards Museum, London; the Royal Borough of Kensington and
Chelsea Local Studies Library; the Hammersmith and Fulham Archive and the National
Army Museum; Maidstone Art Gallery, Kent; and the Harry Ransom Center and the
Gernsheim Collection, University of Texas, both at Austin, Texas </div>
<br />
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On 17 December 2009 a collection of some 2,000 of her
photographs, mainly of military subjects, was to be offered for sale by auction
at Sotheby's in London. The collection was expected to make up to £35,000. It
failed to sell and was acquired privately by the Museum of London. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In June 2015, the museum opened an exhibition
of her photographs entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Soldiers and
Suffragettes</i>.</div>
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Anna Sparham for the Museum of London said: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiaJwRJ3UO0Nt633fTZHYs6G4mn0nxzAMTxCksSD4_ZxXnB8ydEji8AE9meQ9A6PgWQoLsDPZdY_EbfPRfnYGijhSGEaWbVlTJBLzrwGmYWCgYfvMImimThGEmrkCPOo1oJcMbDWoa-3Ge/s1600/article-2610494-1D44AE0200000578-303_470x728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="470" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiaJwRJ3UO0Nt633fTZHYs6G4mn0nxzAMTxCksSD4_ZxXnB8ydEji8AE9meQ9A6PgWQoLsDPZdY_EbfPRfnYGijhSGEaWbVlTJBLzrwGmYWCgYfvMImimThGEmrkCPOo1oJcMbDWoa-3Ge/s320/article-2610494-1D44AE0200000578-303_470x728.jpg" width="206" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Bearing in mind she's
this small-framed lady working in this quite often male-dominated environment,
she has this ability to really pull people together to form lovely compositions.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'She seizes their
attention and you always get a sense of her relationship with her subjects,
whether that's the suffragettes or powerful soldiers going off to war.'</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Broom, would have
needed to be quite the character herself, as well as determined, as she pursued
a career that was a far cry from the trajectory expected of a woman at the
beginning of the 20th Century.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Christina would have
had to have been quite a determined lady,she is described as quite formidable
and I think to embrace the world of photography, which within her world was
fairly unique, it would have been quite a brave thing to do.'</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">VIDEO ON CHRISTINA BROOM FROM THE MUSEUM OF LONDON </i></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/29_KQ8SLtyQ/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/29_KQ8SLtyQ?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-75733273891086803722018-04-30T07:00:00.000+01:002018-04-30T07:00:17.942+01:00The Amazing Mabel Stark - Tiger Trainer & Big Cat Tamer<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAb3CGNQR9IXUiueg5L6-cGHM4xlugWHLAbAchGB7aUmM8m990zwBw6A8f7bZ-gBqWCLjVGwKQNQbyUHDQtdYTVkLD7044xEVQDBmUlDj5a0zoG5mLYEN9zyilUGDiwUxW6bkzmenhk1S/s1600/195694_310x459.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="310" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCAb3CGNQR9IXUiueg5L6-cGHM4xlugWHLAbAchGB7aUmM8m990zwBw6A8f7bZ-gBqWCLjVGwKQNQbyUHDQtdYTVkLD7044xEVQDBmUlDj5a0zoG5mLYEN9zyilUGDiwUxW6bkzmenhk1S/s320/195694_310x459.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A brilliant new documentary film entitled <i>Mabel, Mabel,
Tiger Trainer </i>directed by Leslie Zemeckis premiered in 2017. We added the film
trailer to our website in 2018 (on right sidebar) so we could help spread the
word about this amazing woman.
Lesley Zemeckis has done a sterling job in bringing Mabel’s incredible life
story to the big screen. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mabel Stark, whose real name was Mary Haynie was a renowned
tiger trainer of the 1920s and was one of the world's first women to take up
this thrilling but very dangerous occupation, which she did from 1911 right through to 1968. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Mabel Stark" entered the world on December 10, 1889 in Kentucky. She was one
of seven children born to Lela and Hardy Haynie. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Her</span> parents were farmers and they died
within two years of each other, so that by the age of 17, Stark and her
siblings were orphaned. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She spent a short period of time living with her aunt in Princeton.
She then travelled to Louisville and became a nurse at St. Mary's Hospital.
Soon after that, she left Louisville and her history becomes difficult to trace. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Her Circus friends contend that she worked in carnivals as a
"dancer". Like many circus performers, Stark did not
hesitate to enrich the truth to create an interesting story. She even once told
an interviewer that she was born to a wealthy Canadian.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn60YOeEKnrJPHrFHw53KVE3q-X6A3Ou6JygiD9SM_g7z6GNHQy_t6Nk-ItuCJA97adwBoWvWved1XjmMUXOwQVOcnnMSoPdAemMpjeGyqqgOIOW5kbI-XR666wUgS9i8XRfOxw3zBEcf0/s1600/mabel-in-als-circus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn60YOeEKnrJPHrFHw53KVE3q-X6A3Ou6JygiD9SM_g7z6GNHQy_t6Nk-ItuCJA97adwBoWvWved1XjmMUXOwQVOcnnMSoPdAemMpjeGyqqgOIOW5kbI-XR666wUgS9i8XRfOxw3zBEcf0/s1600/mabel-in-als-circus.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1911
she was working with the Al G. Barnes Circus based in Culver City, California, where she met
animal trainer Al Sands. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>She worked for
a brief time there as a "high school" horseback rider, but her dream job was to work with the big cats. She began work with Louis Roth, a famous "cat man"
who she would later marry. Roth advocated training big cats by rewarding them
with meat, as opposed to beating them as earlier trainers did.
Roth used the carrot instead of the stick. Stark's first big
cat performance was with two lions and two tigers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soon, she became a tiger
trainer in the ring. At first, they had her work a "balloon act"
which had her "riding" a lion on a platform and then pressing a pedal
to release fireworks at some point in the act. But by 1916, she was presenting
the show's major tiger act.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy770lMNcPruelanbScDEZJ88tQbZzic9tvwmvr9QuM8dgxGanq5g8dIThHybWj5hC_2ort7RmgXN3URvirHABqljw-puYu9VzNZsLk44-ODroQstf4q68BQievrGFwq24nN32MAZZ6Rpe/s1600/6d45535a2e6de180a1f7cec10bee2098.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1599" data-original-width="1279" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy770lMNcPruelanbScDEZJ88tQbZzic9tvwmvr9QuM8dgxGanq5g8dIThHybWj5hC_2ort7RmgXN3URvirHABqljw-puYu9VzNZsLk44-ODroQstf4q68BQievrGFwq24nN32MAZZ6Rpe/s320/6d45535a2e6de180a1f7cec10bee2098.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 18 February 1916, Stark was severely mauled by a lion
named Louie while rehearsing for the Pacific Electric exhibit of the National
Orange Show in San Bernardino, California. Stark's husband, Louis Roth, fired
blank cartridges from a revolver into the face of the lion amid the screams of
his wife and spectators who had gathered to watch the rehearsal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lion seized
Stark's left arm into its mouth and rolled over a number of times. Roth had
also been mauled earlier that same day by a lion. He suffered deep
injuries to his arm before firing blanks into the animal's open jaws. Mabel
was dragged unconscious from the cage and rushed to a hospital where she
was treated for a mauled and broken arm. This was Stark's third mauling in as
many years. In 1914, while in Detroit, Michigan, she was attacked by her
leopards during a parade, and during the winter of 1915 she was again attacked in
Venice, California.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTkVgX2Y_Cy-RH5FdwnL5VAXy0J9odTvqwigrOf9zkopf6NcIpR3k-cWWXY91RnUSgCY4AaiGNWLIUK0mbTSobv5KN13ZiHE6XHzlx0s0lHADDQiZCzALe4A2wKSGa_lOIKVHQByarTeYh/s1600/ct-ae-mabel-stark-tiger-tamer-kogan-sidewalks-0318.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTkVgX2Y_Cy-RH5FdwnL5VAXy0J9odTvqwigrOf9zkopf6NcIpR3k-cWWXY91RnUSgCY4AaiGNWLIUK0mbTSobv5KN13ZiHE6XHzlx0s0lHADDQiZCzALe4A2wKSGa_lOIKVHQByarTeYh/s320/ct-ae-mabel-stark-tiger-tamer-kogan-sidewalks-0318.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She adopted a sickly tiger cub named Rajah and raised
him to perform a famous wrestling act with her. She accomplished this by romping
and playing with the cub at the beach and actually keeping him as a pet in her
apartment. According to Stark's autobiography:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Rajah would run straight toward me. Up
he went on his hind legs, his forefeet around my neck. We turned around once or
twice, I threw him to the ground, and we rolled three or four times. I opened
his mouth and put my face inside, then jumped to my feet".</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMFVon1ZHOCyynLtnBPI7oww4EvgqhshQhDKBGGcMP7gJ44-mB_HavTp8OGs2bfN01RuvkITS12SQisyGmk2w4upqIMlWQfCB9RLM7u5g02TvXHpWfCyVFDSWLic0-Xqj7l-6LdfQIlo-9/s1600/88012329_1500321615.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1403" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMFVon1ZHOCyynLtnBPI7oww4EvgqhshQhDKBGGcMP7gJ44-mB_HavTp8OGs2bfN01RuvkITS12SQisyGmk2w4upqIMlWQfCB9RLM7u5g02TvXHpWfCyVFDSWLic0-Xqj7l-6LdfQIlo-9/s320/88012329_1500321615.jpg" width="280" /></a></div>
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Rajah became instrumental in making Stark a star. She
admitted years later that Rajah was actually relieving himself sexually during
this wrestling act, which looks very much like a vicious attack to anyone not
familiar with tiger behaviour. Stark started wearing a white uniform at this
time so that the audience would not see tiger semen. The white costume became
her signature, which she used for the rest of her career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was approached by, and joined, the Ringling Bros. and
Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1922, where she performed in Madison Square
Garden with snarling tigers and a black panther. By the end of that season, of
the six wild animal acts featured with the circus, Mabel Stark's was clearly
the greatest success. In 1923, she starred in the Ringling centre ring, but two
years later the circus banned all wild animal acts. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By then Stark had divorced Roth and was a star act. She
married the circus's accountant Albert Ewing, who was embezzling funds from
Ringling. They divorced when the crime was uncovered, but Stark believed she
was being punished for her husband's sins when the circus cut all big cat acts
in 1925. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCS0eqpwGKx3n_PQq3P4vfLE6BJttx82_z-Zf7yZbLvgxAjMYroqThS4ovTduKxRbzQhubQ5npEMzo7EAQqEAe7P6eAlvPSS3NdRM9Pk_pMfXgOYcLwfdgLyX7zbarTymgCrCo8ZrmU5FB/s1600/570starkposes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="570" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCS0eqpwGKx3n_PQq3P4vfLE6BJttx82_z-Zf7yZbLvgxAjMYroqThS4ovTduKxRbzQhubQ5npEMzo7EAQqEAe7P6eAlvPSS3NdRM9Pk_pMfXgOYcLwfdgLyX7zbarTymgCrCo8ZrmU5FB/s320/570starkposes.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Ringling chiefs claimed that the cage took too long to
assemble and tear down during a performance. Stark was still under contract,
though, and was assigned to a horse act. Her tigers were kept on in the
circus's menagerie, which was supervised by Art Rooney. Mabel later claimed
that she married her first husbands for practical reasons, but she fell in love
with Rooney. They soon married, which surprised other circus employees because
Rooney wore makeup and nail polish, and they assumed he was not the marrying
kind. Rooney died soon after under circumstances that were not recorded.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9myZfOtCHJWSxmX9Ct5Z5neYsn1qLQ8xnYB8efiwU12mBlMcsFJ2at9GdVPatp0cbbslGZFbjr7eZK25P45m4GdZPhc1khOMrkZrXZl_rFJpsjrnEx9kss1X0bDN9Vm8sSl-nVRNFqQ3/s1600/620mabel-starkjungleland1967.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="620" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_9myZfOtCHJWSxmX9Ct5Z5neYsn1qLQ8xnYB8efiwU12mBlMcsFJ2at9GdVPatp0cbbslGZFbjr7eZK25P45m4GdZPhc1khOMrkZrXZl_rFJpsjrnEx9kss1X0bDN9Vm8sSl-nVRNFqQ3/s320/620mabel-starkjungleland1967.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>After a sojourn to
Europe where she performed in a circus, she came back to the U.S. in 1928 and
began work with the John Robinson Show. The circus train was late getting to
the venue in Bangor, Maine, the tigers were getting wet in the rain, and there
was no time to feed them before the show. Normally, a cat act would be delayed
or cancelled for this reason. But Stark let the show go on. Two hungry tigers
named Sheik and Zoo mauled her during the show. Stark's own description of the
incident was:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Sheik was right behind me, and caught
me in the left thigh, tearing a two-inch gash that cut through to the bone and
almost severed my left leg just above the knee. . .I could feel blood pouring
into both my boots, but I was determined to go through with the act. . .(Zoo)
jumped from his pedestal and seized my right leg, jerking me to the ground. As
I fell, Sheik struck out with one paw, catching the side of my head, almost
scalping me. . .Zoo gave a deep growl and bit my leg again. He gave it a shake,
and planting both forefeet with his claws deep in my flesh, started to chew. .
.I wondered into how many pieces I would be torn. . .Most of all I was
concerned for the audience. . .I knew it would be a horrible sight if my body was
torn apart before their eyes. And all my tigers would be branded as murderers
and sentenced to spend the rest of their lives in narrow cages instead of being
allowed the freedom of the big arena and the pleasure of working. That thought
gave me strength to fight."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3WgM6v1p3q_FBdlSfbtrlbsy55WiTR0RG4UkLHkRhar3m9i4y4_zWYrUJhTIzDoCtyS0uJnDFvAzLOcsPWP4akQkmjKtFsHBuyiApdTNIERATJWj37Vyq6kNFFut-FlA9mm35rlOJ2QZ/s1600/68323f47440dbccdda7b3afc7755d716.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3WgM6v1p3q_FBdlSfbtrlbsy55WiTR0RG4UkLHkRhar3m9i4y4_zWYrUJhTIzDoCtyS0uJnDFvAzLOcsPWP4akQkmjKtFsHBuyiApdTNIERATJWj37Vyq6kNFFut-FlA9mm35rlOJ2QZ/s320/68323f47440dbccdda7b3afc7755d716.jpg" width="320" /></a>She would suffer a wound that almost severed her leg, along with face
lacerations, a hole in her shoulder, a torn deltoid muscle and a host of other
injuries. Stark managed to leave the cage with the help of another
trainer, Terrell Jacobs, and insisted on changing out of her blood-soaked
stage clothing before going to the hospital. Doctors sewed muscles and skin
back together with 378 stitches, but they did not expect her to survive. She was
back to work within a few weeks, swathed in bandages and walking with a cane,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>although the injuries troubled her and she was
in and out of hospitals several times over the next two years for further
muscle repair. When she was mauled, she blamed herself, or other
factors, but never the tigers. She loved them and respected them, but also said
there was no such thing as a <i>"tame tiger."</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stark announced her retirement a couple of times, but always
returned to performing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She performed with the Sells-Floto Circus in 1929 and then
rejoined Barnes, after it had been sold to Ringling, in 1930 and stayed there
until it was absorbed into Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey during the
season of 1938. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlCEWPjv6MXgnM0xtqJRFibNr-3G9aI2OuMUGADLUqcwiBxhCIZQNDk0_rhNCVUgEtHQCA-d93GWSsGxEOJ6VvDPAGyF6_C2MDMkkFrcluGGxJbSdokMAiUX70XiHFnDVBItd8DeGTdor/s1600/726mablestark_maewest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="726" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAlCEWPjv6MXgnM0xtqJRFibNr-3G9aI2OuMUGADLUqcwiBxhCIZQNDk0_rhNCVUgEtHQCA-d93GWSsGxEOJ6VvDPAGyF6_C2MDMkkFrcluGGxJbSdokMAiUX70XiHFnDVBItd8DeGTdor/s320/726mablestark_maewest.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mabel with Mae West in 1933</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1932 she and her tiger act was filmed for the Paramount
Pictures motion picture<i> King of the Jungle </i>(1933). In the film Stark is
seen putting her tigers through their paces when fire erupts in the big top. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She also worked as a stunt double in the lion-taming scenes
for Mae West in the 1933 film <i>I'm No Angel</i>, which West wrote, possibly inspired
by Stark's career. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hollywood work introduced Stark to Louis Goebel's
Jungleland, in Thousand Oaks, California, a facility that housed trained animals
for movies. She returned to California and finished her career at the Jungleland
Compound.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She toured with some small circuses and lived in Japan where she performed her
circus act in the 1950s. Stark also appeared on television in the 1960’s - she did a stint
as one of the guests with an unusual occupation on What's My Line?, the popular
Sunday Night CBS-TV program.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1968 Jungleland was sold to a new owner who disliked
Stark and fired her. Soon after she left, one of her tigers escaped and was
shot. Stark was angry and hurt about the animal's destruction and felt that she
could have safely secured the tiger if the owners had asked for her assistance.
Three months later, she killed herself by an overdose of barbiturates.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the last pages of
her autobiography, Hold That Tiger, Stark writes:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The chute door opens as I crack my whip and
shout, 'Let them come,' Out slink the striped cats, snarling and roaring,
leaping at each other or at me. It's a matchless thrill, and life without it is
not worthwhile to me."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDr6m3Sz6I2YPCjKPN_xMgOvpnregwww58prXJwdERQFGvqm3vXEP1O9wqVVy5CmThbTDA6nQSQuryFYSNmA0yX8o5bhothcXvicl63rxVoymA70uLskvRkmY59wMCiYRH1YkU9MSmT0GR/s1600/161234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="315" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDr6m3Sz6I2YPCjKPN_xMgOvpnregwww58prXJwdERQFGvqm3vXEP1O9wqVVy5CmThbTDA6nQSQuryFYSNmA0yX8o5bhothcXvicl63rxVoymA70uLskvRkmY59wMCiYRH1YkU9MSmT0GR/s320/161234.jpg" width="212" /></a>She died on April 20, 1968 and was found dead by her
housekeeper. According to her 1938 autobiography <i>Hold That Tiger</i>, Stark would
have preferred to “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">die at the hands of a
tiger than by any other means.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2001 a fictionalized biography of Stark's life by author
Robert Hough, entitled <i>The Final Confession of Mabel Stark </i>was published. The
story is based in 1968, the same year that Stark committed suicide. The screenplay was optioned by
director Sam Mendes with the hopes of making a film starring his wife Kate
Winslet, however no production schedule has yet been announced. Apparently Winslet,
has been interested in playing the role of Mabel Stark since 2003.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the meantime if you want to find out more about the real Mabel Stark read
her autobiography and watch the fantastic new documentary Mabel Mabel Tiger Trainer. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b> <a class="yt-simple-endpoint style-scope yt-formatted-string" href="https://www.youtube.com/redirect?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmabeltigermovie.com&v=u5kXqxyTGzk&event=video_description&redir_token=Jn2Lp0Ro5KyT699VpOokM7TM0NF8MTUyNTEyMDU1OEAxNTI1MDM0MTU4">http://mabeltigermovie.com</a></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/u5kXqxyTGzk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u5kXqxyTGzk?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-53357624144641566152018-04-29T18:33:00.000+01:002018-04-29T19:08:56.691+01:00 The Extraordinary Life of Mrs Violet Van Der Elst:<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtSsoVkP7gjOyWGJdbtj3YSgTmFCZ5cz1Q4AJiZFyWwyF1hce_0zTWRG5GjyolNfglerD9fwHisYh_ZLlpnw0ihX5oHaE5MazdqIMVunHKeh2zr3iADh26N6gVXjcQMK_DVRLjmNSmuLM/s1600/van-der-Elst-Violet_crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKtSsoVkP7gjOyWGJdbtj3YSgTmFCZ5cz1Q4AJiZFyWwyF1hce_0zTWRG5GjyolNfglerD9fwHisYh_ZLlpnw0ihX5oHaE5MazdqIMVunHKeh2zr3iADh26N6gVXjcQMK_DVRLjmNSmuLM/s320/van-der-Elst-Violet_crop.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET VAN DER ELST</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>Violet Van Der Elst was an ordinary working class girl from Feltham, near Staines in West London who
became a successful, and very wealthy, business tycoon in the early 20th Century. </b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>She used much of her self-made fortune to help fund various political and philanthropic causes and was an outspoken social
reformer, who was well-known for campaigning against the death sentence. </b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She led a very eccentric lifestyle and lived in a lavish country house which she renovated and filled with all forms of art and furniture. A great lover of culture, she was also an occultist book collector, a writer, publisher, and a musical composer.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET THE WRITER</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Today her life story is not very well known and her many achievements have faded into obscurity - so on that basis, she seems to be a perfect subject for her very own potted biography here.In her heyday Mrs Van Der Elst was regarded as one of the
most colourful eccentrics of the 20th Century but she was born Violet Anne Dodge on 4 January 1882 in Feltham,
Middlesex, England, to working class parents John and
Louisa Dodge. </div>
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Although she stated that her father was a coal merchant, census records actually show him to be an Agricultural Worker in 1871, a Garden Labourer in 1881 / 1891 and a labourer in a Timber Yard in 1901. On her maternal side, Violet claimed to be the descendant of an
Elizabethan seadog named Sir Guy Goundry, who was killed raiding Cadiz, in
Spain. Her mother’s maiden name was Gundry, but my own research into her
mother's ancestry has not shed any light on the elusive Sir Guy at this point! It would not be out of character for Violet to "embellish" some of her life-story, as we shall discover. </div>
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Violet came from a large Victorian family and was the second youngest child. John and Louisa Dodge's first two children had died in infancy in 1867 and 1868. Violet's older sister Rosa Mabel was born in 1870, followed by Edward John in 1872, Samuel Robert in 1875, Lillian Florence in 1877, Charles William in 1879, Violet herself in 1882 and Ella Louise in 1887. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET'S FAMOUS CAR</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Violet's older brother Edward Dodge decided that his future lay in the Army. He joined the Rifle Brigade in 1890 when he was 18. His Army records describe him as being 5ft 3 inches tall, with blue eyes, brown fair complexion and eyebrows that met in the middle. After two years training in England, Edward was then posted overseas to East India, Hong Kong and Singapore. He spent another year back in England and married Sarah Boyman on 7th August 1899 in Feltham. </div>
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He was called up again on the 28th November 1899. He served out in South Africa fighting in the Boer War during the Relief of Ladysmith. He was killed in Action on 29th February 1900 at Pieter's Hill aged 27. He was the first of Violet's siblings to pass away. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Violet first job was as a scullery maid, then she had very brief
stage career. In 1903, when she was 21, Violet married 34 year old Henry Herbert Arthur Nathan, a civil engineer from Wanstead, Essex, who was known as "Harry". </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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In 1910 her father John passed away, followed by her brother Samuel in 1915. Samuel Dodge had been a bakers boy who then became a Pastry Cook, His first wife Fanny died just a year after they were married. Violet lost her brother Charles in 1922, then her mother died in 1923, and her sister Ella died in 1925. It is no wonder with so many deaths in her family that Violet later became fascinated with spiritualism. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFlwcatk5ArrSVbauQRFUt_NYD0z58-R8APknBFe3q5x9fw6s1FfIIMjQtcxqgKhNd4DSUv9rL524oDiu9dQN1wwHYvolMRFfg8d3G5sjh0yTysYf8XahahMhTu27gUwCBFEhTCi1hZaN7/s1600/4686022542_a326ea0c2c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="406" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFlwcatk5ArrSVbauQRFUt_NYD0z58-R8APknBFe3q5x9fw6s1FfIIMjQtcxqgKhNd4DSUv9rL524oDiu9dQN1wwHYvolMRFfg8d3G5sjh0yTysYf8XahahMhTu27gUwCBFEhTCi1hZaN7/s320/4686022542_a326ea0c2c.jpg" width="259" /></a>Not one to sit back and be a contented housewife, Violet had began making and selling her own cosmetics, creams and lotions - using her kitchen to manufacture her products. She ended up founding a company that developed the first brush-less shaving cream for men. It was called "Shavex" and today the brand is worth millions. <br />
<br />
Subsequently Violet became a very successful business woman and was especially
concerned with the marketing of all her products. She personally oversaw every
single detail of any advertisements that were created . <br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As an employer and boss she was always a force to be reckoned with. Violet sacked her aristocratic young secretary Lord Edward Montagu
for embezzlement, after he had been arrested. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qTtOztAZN1La8gGjBBAfNaz9iJJFtxfwkFQc-VZCxjO2QZ5_rE7opfuCwb5uJauuG5ZlJ4ZNR2BJtD4_z1N5FkkgcbOrrNzkBH028laBwcOd9HMxQttzIbu0BFwP9aoaE3e7MiyLYZhH/s1600/images2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7qTtOztAZN1La8gGjBBAfNaz9iJJFtxfwkFQc-VZCxjO2QZ5_rE7opfuCwb5uJauuG5ZlJ4ZNR2BJtD4_z1N5FkkgcbOrrNzkBH028laBwcOd9HMxQttzIbu0BFwP9aoaE3e7MiyLYZhH/s1600/images2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ADVERT FOR SHAVEX</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She replaced him with 19-year-old New Zealander Ray Winston, whom she
sacked and reinstated on a daily basis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Four months after her first husband died on 15 November
1927, she married Jean Julien Romain Van der Elst, a Belgian who had been
working for her as a manager but who was also a painter, traveller and composer. In 1934 he too died suddenly and it was in his memory that she dedicated the rest of her life to campaigning for the
abolition of capital punishment.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
She gained publicity from her vocal campaigns against
capital punishment, and was a regular sight outside courtrooms, prisons and
places of execution, stepping out of her chauffeur-driven Rolls to protest, chanting,
“Abolish capital punishment” and These men must not hang,” into a microphone.,
while the planes she'd hired to pull black banners saying “Stop the Death
Sentence” flew overhead.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An imposing figure, weighing 15 stone and always dressed in
black, Violet’s highly visual and well organised protests also saw her gather hordes
of sandwich-men on the ground, all accompanied by a brass band playing the Dead
March in Saul.<br />
</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET GETTING ARRESTED</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She employed direct action tactics such as leading the crowd
in song and breaking through police cordons. These were not only designed to
engage and include the crowd that was present, but also to grab the attention
of newspaper readers and the press. Her approach to campaigning made deliberate
use of spectacle and, coupled with her direct action techniques, can be
understood as a form of post-suffragette militancy.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Violet set up her own newspaper called Humanity, and
published evidence which she believed proved that condemned people were
innocent. She was often arrested or taken to court for slander. She is commonly
regarded as the woman who fought the hardest for the abolition of capital
punishment in Britain.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having amassed a huge personal fortune through her businesses
she purchased Harlaxton Manor, in Lincolnshire in October 1937. She rescued the
1830s building when she bought it for £90,000 after seeing an advertisement in
Country Life Magazine. It had become derelict and faced being demolished. It
had been rumoured that the Duke of Windsor had tried to acquire it, while his
Grandfather, Edward V11, had also tried to buy it as a summer palace.<br />
</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GRANTHAM CASTLE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She renamed it Grantham Castle and restored the interior,
filling it with antique furniture from Buckingham Palace and Rufford Abbey, adding
the large marble fireplace in the front entrance hall, and the Great Hall’s
crystal chandelier which she claimed was the largest in the world. When she
moved in, she also introduced electricity to the manor and added many new
bathrooms. She opened the house to the public, collected a library of
over 4000 books, many of which were rare occult volumes, and filled the Grand
Hall with statues. Her favourite was a bust of Napoleon dressed as Julius
Caesar.<br />
</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GRANTHAM CASTLE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She kept her second husband’s ashes in an urn on the ledge
of a stained-glass window in the Great Hall and often attempted to contact his
spirit during séances performed in Grantham Castle. Mrs. Van der Elst had a
number of psychics who she consulted over the years. She was discerning about
whom she let in and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>could pick out a
fake after just one session.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She hid money under carpets to test her maids’ honesty and banned
shooting on the 427-acre estate - despite having a passion for wearing Russian
sables.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET & HER DOG AT GRANTHAM CASTLE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Mrs Van der Elst became disillusioned with the Manor after
it was requisitioned for the war effort, when the War Agricultural Committee
ploughed up 100 hectares of parkland. She said: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I felt part
of me was taken away.”</i></div>
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She had based the Women’s Peace Legion at Grantham Castle,
and took out advertisements in national papers claiming women could end war for
all time.</div>
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</div>
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<br />
<br />
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</div>
She spent much of the Second World War living at her
Kensington flat, as the military took over Harlaxton Manor. There she showed
extreme bravery, putting out incendiary bombs with buckets of water and driving
through a blitz to deliver blankets to the needy and the homeless.<br />
</div>
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She entered politics and stood three times, unsuccessfully,
as a candidate to be a Member of Parliament. Firstly she fought for the Putney
constituency at the 1935 General Election as an Independent, coming third. Then
she stood for the Southwark Central constituency in the 1940 by-election as the
National Government candidate, coming third. And lastly, she fought for the
Hornchurch constituency at the 1945 General election as an Independent, coming
fourth.<br />
</div>
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She was also a prolific music composer, publishing (through
her own company) more than 200 pieces, despite being unable to read or write a
single note of music. She employed professional musicians to do that for her.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MRS VAN DER ELST'S BOOK</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
She wrote the book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On
the Gallows</i> in 1937 as part of her efforts to eradicate the death penalty.
In the same year she published a collection of 13 ghost stories, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Torture Chamber and Other Stories </i>though
her own company Dodge Publishing. These books are incredibly rare nowadays and 1<sup>st</sup>editions of them sell on Ebay for between $70 -$400 upwards.The biography of her life written by Charles Gattey is also a very rare book - something no doubt that she would have loved.<br />
<br />
As part of her campaign work, Violet fought to keep Ruth Ellis and Charlotte Bryant from being executed - to no avail. After Bryant was hanged, Violet helped find her children a suitable orphanage, and set up a fund to help children who had lost parents because of the death penalty. You can read Charlotte Bryant's story here on the blog.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjGXP-mohxzRY-jjCc9zLouamc3bMbz4y8D1ZaFVfxn2709VgQqGDDm8jjAZEd1PU7HeQBeegJUWmvLinazuQiFh2S8DE9Wf4btvHAhRry0OeeYjyWzPw8s9Qs-gP4ZFYET_6aClGH5JqJ/s1600/IMG_0964.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjGXP-mohxzRY-jjCc9zLouamc3bMbz4y8D1ZaFVfxn2709VgQqGDDm8jjAZEd1PU7HeQBeegJUWmvLinazuQiFh2S8DE9Wf4btvHAhRry0OeeYjyWzPw8s9Qs-gP4ZFYET_6aClGH5JqJ/s320/IMG_0964.JPG" width="240" /></a>Mrs. Van der Elst was a great fan of Shakespeare’s tragedies
and could quote them word for word.<br />
<br />
She had a great love for art and for painting
and gave a lot of her money to orphanages and to the poor.</div>
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Her social campaigning, charitable acts, eccentric
behaviour, and unsuccessful political career did much to reduce her fortune.
She was forced her to sell Grantham Castle in 1948 to the Jesuits for a mere £70,000.
It is now the UK campus of The University of Evansville, Indiana.<br />
</div>
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Violet moved into to her flat in in Campden Hill Square, Knightsbridge,
London, in 1959. She died alone and forgotten in a nursing home in Ticehurst,
Sussex, on 30 April 1966, aged 84. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
wealth was reduced to just ₤15,528, but she had lived long enough to have seen the
abolition of capital punishment for murder in Britain the previous year.</div>
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<br />
In the 2005 film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pierrepoint,</i>
she is played by actress Ann Bell.</div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-57138578409626669312018-04-29T03:09:00.000+01:002018-04-29T03:09:57.326+01:00Mary Russell: The Flying Duchess, Nurse & Animal Lover of Woburn<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrgXAmfJokuoFZUNl12nNRA5OQCLVz-LrJkz5waiW7UY20xUbnwCDDq9eTeZ22Msqx0ABbVdxQO2_BKAvij4JIEODYdHoLpI4gy7jaKHqZEzevs4yN4_us5TofRUCPIv7YDxh_ArMEaE3p/s1600/Mary.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="636" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrgXAmfJokuoFZUNl12nNRA5OQCLVz-LrJkz5waiW7UY20xUbnwCDDq9eTeZ22Msqx0ABbVdxQO2_BKAvij4JIEODYdHoLpI4gy7jaKHqZEzevs4yN4_us5TofRUCPIv7YDxh_ArMEaE3p/s320/Mary.png" width="286" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MISS MARY DU CAURROY TRIBE</td></tr>
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Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford, was a renowned ornithologist, cat breeder and animal lover. She also set up hospitals and worked as a Nurse during the First
World War. Late in her life, she took up aviation, and made
record breaking flights to both Karachi and Cape Town.</div>
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Born Mary Du Caurroy Tribe on 26 September 1865 at Stockbridge, Hampshire, she
was the daughter of Walter Harry Tribe, Anglican Archdeacon of Lahore and his
wife, Sophie Lander.</div>
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Mary spent her childhood in England living with an aunt. She
was educated along with her sister at Cheltenham Ladies College then left school at
sixteen to join her parents in India.</div>
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The freedom of the lifestyle after Victorian England
delighted her: she rode astride when there was no-one to see her, and wandered for miles across India on horseback. She became skilled with the gun and was
one of the best shots in the hunting expeditions organized at Lahore. She
played tennis and cricket, and attended spectacular balls or “durbars”. </div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1uoHSII6Sxacii0VlKHzxc1lNt10Hto6aKwonZPmPxhGNtKnASNaxtO7tNpWxqsqvLSANLO_nXIermIJwoEIC1Q94xbv-Ko09Kc-jI3dnTI-6cYHCv3MgFcAV6TRLAcDwC3w9ejj01izT/s1600/husband+hebrand+russell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1uoHSII6Sxacii0VlKHzxc1lNt10Hto6aKwonZPmPxhGNtKnASNaxtO7tNpWxqsqvLSANLO_nXIermIJwoEIC1Q94xbv-Ko09Kc-jI3dnTI-6cYHCv3MgFcAV6TRLAcDwC3w9ejj01izT/s1600/husband+hebrand+russell.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford</td></tr>
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She fell in love with a young army officer but that first
romance did not last. She then moved with her family to Simla in the heart of the
British Raj, and was invited to a party at Government House where she met
her future husband, Lord Herbrand Russell, who
was seven years her senior.</div>
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After a brief separation, during which Herbrand wrote Mary a
series of charming love letters, their love grew deeper. Their engagement soon followed and was announced at a Viceregal
Ball at Simla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An eyewitness recalled
the scene: </div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"As we entered the long, narrow room where we danced, at the end
of the dais stood Lord and Lady Dufferin, and by them were Miss Mary Tribe and
Lord Herbrand. Before we were told, we could all guess what had happened. The
natural and striking beauty of Miss Tribe was enhanced by happiness, and we all
of us, for the most part serving and living in India, rejoiced in her happiness
and felt proud of her."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9OwDHEDGs8Csxv0fEYvsfvFIamEDKsTBhONjrGFJU5CS5uA3f-S-FvYtml2c_tAvIaAT5fruVJErn9JPT9vGLrjO9_oS3G5rzgT5e_M0udQqd5LK7XKgvB4IRZ3n5QItZDIk5LsJHMrNQ/s1600/Mayr1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="453" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9OwDHEDGs8Csxv0fEYvsfvFIamEDKsTBhONjrGFJU5CS5uA3f-S-FvYtml2c_tAvIaAT5fruVJErn9JPT9vGLrjO9_oS3G5rzgT5e_M0udQqd5LK7XKgvB4IRZ3n5QItZDIk5LsJHMrNQ/s320/Mayr1.png" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary in her younger years.</td></tr>
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Although Herbrand was well received within Mary’s family, the
Duke & Duchess of Bedford, more commonly known as "The Icebergs"
within the family, did not approve of Mary. As far as they were concerned, she was only an Archdeacon’s
daughter and was somewhat below their social class. </div>
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Despite this, the couple were married on January 31, 1888 in
Barrackpore, with the wedding breakfast hosted under a famous banyan tree in
the garden there. A honeymoon tour through India, Egypt and on the continent
followed, before returning to England. After returning from India, they lived at first in Scotland
and it was here that their only child, Hastings William Sackville Russell, -later the 12th Duke of Bedford - was born on December 21, 1888. It seems to
have been a traumatic birth, possibly followed by post-natal depression. Mary was
either left unable to bear more children or, having produced the required male
heir, she decided not to risk any further pregnancies.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuhEHHtQpghbUSuHJRn8y5c2radRFYj6YD_jOzcSqQBiUmkLZJW8zk7RpTnaQO1q3g9kLM9Dy-OQncljivo_ihOmhPkBUCdUPaLBvNzYaiDv3rjYVoEneyd86b1oMR6F3ilAv1O2zUDxhW/s1600/hastings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuhEHHtQpghbUSuHJRn8y5c2radRFYj6YD_jOzcSqQBiUmkLZJW8zk7RpTnaQO1q3g9kLM9Dy-OQncljivo_ihOmhPkBUCdUPaLBvNzYaiDv3rjYVoEneyd86b1oMR6F3ilAv1O2zUDxhW/s320/hastings.jpg" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hastings Russell,12th Duke of Bedford</td></tr>
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Hastings had governesses and tutors, and was close to his father. Mary seems to have had little chance to develop a
proper relationship with her son, because Herbrand and his father, Francis,
appear to have excluded her from her son's early upbringing. Hastings and Herbrand later
had a major falling out when Hastings became a pacifist rather than follow in
his father’s military footsteps. Mary's relationship with her son was the
only conspicuous failure of her lifetime.</div>
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Deprived of playing the role of Mother, she turned instead
to a series of different activities, each undertaken with such single minded
determination that she excelled at all of them. Mary became the finest woman
shot in England, with only a handful of men in front of her. Shooting and
fishing were high on her list of favourite recreations. Her shooting record for
one day was 200 pheasants, while on another occasion she landed eighteen salmon
weighing 200 pounds.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ0RuFK94FjUsBOY4K1Yx40_-seho4U9255j69VhZ_f7DSn-7cJqlQQKTP7QMBZu9wkcJ2LanWSbLxlTyIkawKvmYmqu7I9KmCLlVsQHc2mzbx8BskG2mw05aCjG7v4xzRhTZBk7t3L99X/s1600/flying_duchess_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ0RuFK94FjUsBOY4K1Yx40_-seho4U9255j69VhZ_f7DSn-7cJqlQQKTP7QMBZu9wkcJ2LanWSbLxlTyIkawKvmYmqu7I9KmCLlVsQHc2mzbx8BskG2mw05aCjG7v4xzRhTZBk7t3L99X/s320/flying_duchess_500.jpg" width="274" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary in her canoe</td></tr>
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Mary loved nature and being outdoors. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She climbed mountains, canoed alone down
rivers and sailed to remote and inaccessible places. She skated superbly, took
spectacular photographs and painted beautifully. She was a highly skilled
mechanic and also made her own radios.</div>
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She founded a boys' bird watching club
and could train animals to do almost anything, with the exception of her spoiled
but adored Pekingese, Che Foo. She trained one of the Duke’s horses to shake
hands and bow, and also to drop, roll over and feign death.</div>
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The Duchess was an avid collector of birds. One of her
prized pets was a rare rescued swan named Sabina, who ferociously attacked any
one that ventured near her pond. She was no match for Mary Russell. The Duchess
wrote in her diary<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, “I made a stand and
gave Sabina to understand that in my case at least such behaviour could not be
tolerated.”</i> </div>
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Sabina followed the Duchess around asking for kisses and Mary could even
pick her up. She haunted the terrace in front of the house, watching for the
Duchess. A male swan was drafted into service as a
mate for her. Sabina tolerated him, but her first love was always the Duchess.</div>
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Mary became an ornithologist of international renown and
took a particular interest in bird migration. Between 1909 and 1914 she spent
much time on Fair Isle, often in the company of William Eagle Clarke. Her
journal, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Bird-watcher's Diary</i>, was
privately published in 1938 after her death.</div>
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Although she did not publish any scientific work, she was
very capable of doing so. She often visited the British Museum’s Natural
History Department where she discoursed with experts. She passed on her
interest in ornithology to her son, who kept and bred Australian parrots.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh1c6SDMi6YhFEvQjeg19c2w01_7KpDnjpxnvZ47NRIMyTw8CCDr_ai-xgsVq0MBVakmshuenNs21azCEoqn3mRJhrqeDC-ftgN5Tt-iDYBzdV9vY-fGFMMRGIPsHc6QKf3fiYPHXjaLNU/s1600/abbey_home_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="640" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh1c6SDMi6YhFEvQjeg19c2w01_7KpDnjpxnvZ47NRIMyTw8CCDr_ai-xgsVq0MBVakmshuenNs21azCEoqn3mRJhrqeDC-ftgN5Tt-iDYBzdV9vY-fGFMMRGIPsHc6QKf3fiYPHXjaLNU/s320/abbey_home_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Woburn Abbey</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In March 1893, Herbrand Russell had inherited his childless
brother's titles. The Dukedom brought with it Woburn Abbey, seat of the Dukes
of Bedford for over 300 years. The family also owned Russell Square, Bedford
Square, the larger portion of Bloomsbury and the whole of Covent Garden in
London.</div>
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At Woburn Abbey a footman dressed in rose coloured
livery stood behind every chair at meals and so many staff were employed in the
house and on the estate that they had their own football and cricket leagues
and played inter-departmental matches.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv1GZW1pID5wdCpUTp5FBD5O0KqZRZvB11zlxY0bBU4gCXpkxFr2oB2dNvCWujU__ll3vTWapKTDASLC9LxV8QYDOJlDwiLFyhyrtJFBGd6raGOIIjaZPAmeAMoa3ryj52aWIkOsCN6g4O/s1600/woburn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv1GZW1pID5wdCpUTp5FBD5O0KqZRZvB11zlxY0bBU4gCXpkxFr2oB2dNvCWujU__ll3vTWapKTDASLC9LxV8QYDOJlDwiLFyhyrtJFBGd6raGOIIjaZPAmeAMoa3ryj52aWIkOsCN6g4O/s1600/woburn.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Woburn Abbey</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Herbrand Russell ran his empire with all the administrative
skill he had learnt in the British army and wrote a book on how to run an
estate. Although he maintained the village of Chenies for his staff and kept
rents low, they were hired by the week and were subject to very strict rules.
If dismissed, they lost their home immediately. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In her new role as duchess, Mary did only what
was required of her. Miss Green, who had come to Woburn first as governess to
Hastings, eventually assisted Herbrand in the running of the estate, remaining
at Woburn for the rest of her life.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-XUIt2UW8TYXg0AkRd_0e1hwVQ4GdEyfONi23WGPzSYaTw446b5P02uc0XSc71ojab4R9vHFy_pFR3wtQu4YognruCrn32iQ1tTHUD-aw99jy-POeaFjhfe5yj644u7AG5w3HTn0-vQrk/s1600/1693e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="650" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-XUIt2UW8TYXg0AkRd_0e1hwVQ4GdEyfONi23WGPzSYaTw446b5P02uc0XSc71ojab4R9vHFy_pFR3wtQu4YognruCrn32iQ1tTHUD-aw99jy-POeaFjhfe5yj644u7AG5w3HTn0-vQrk/s320/1693e.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
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As well as being a bird lover, The Duchess of Bedford was also a great cat fancier. In the 1890s
and early 1900s, she owned some of the finest Siamese cats in the world. For
several years she owned a cat named Goblin, as famous in its day as Lady Marcus
Beresford's "blues." She was an active member of the Ladies Kennel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Association</i> and President of the
National Cat Club. At the 1899 Ladies Kennel Association cat and dog show at
Holland House she presented two fine silver models of kittens as prizes
specially designed by her grace. She also designed a charming milk saucer with
the head of a cat in relief ornamenting the centre.</div>
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Goblin was a neutered seal point Siamese born in 1888 and is
described in The Duchess Of Bedford’s Pets, By Louis Wain in Windsor Magazine:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKYGUDQVSY3oxUekhD5XMciw9Ukssf5NCpFhMRfoGTfbjEwbM23QGoSu36mipfxNu93rJO6KGAm7VlYIHyZzZsl3Eg0zo-jqHEsWkxttIADcKcZxsyvcxPM0MfW4W9o6Kzl5ehanM_bwos/s1600/duchess-bedford-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="1600" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKYGUDQVSY3oxUekhD5XMciw9Ukssf5NCpFhMRfoGTfbjEwbM23QGoSu36mipfxNu93rJO6KGAm7VlYIHyZzZsl3Eg0zo-jqHEsWkxttIADcKcZxsyvcxPM0MfW4W9o6Kzl5ehanM_bwos/s320/duchess-bedford-6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The first impression a
stranger receives on viewing the great home of the Russell’s is a feeling of
absolute repose. Everything combines to produce this effect — the fine
unpretentious front, severe in classical massing, backed by elms and the famous
Woburn beeches of immense growth and immemorial age, the delightful park-land
lying around, the graceful deer wandering undisturbed among the- quiet glades,
all speak an atmosphere of eternal peace. Passing through the gateway, embedded
in firs and laurels, a short walk brings one close to Woburn Great House ; but
before one even enters the massive old hall, one encounters some of the many
pets to which the charming mistress of Woburn is so devoted.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0VbpVhdhBITxpo_K4phnruiTZwafMeRQvZCzl68pm_PczXo0XLEGrwIb3RiXfoNoUTBPUe-ja_I0Nhgo_7m6ffG0b3oKFTJeGFV0qJBtlxVYciKBF_6ymQpGresab9FPOuosqze2tkjdL/s1600/duchess-bedford-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1179" data-original-width="1600" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0VbpVhdhBITxpo_K4phnruiTZwafMeRQvZCzl68pm_PczXo0XLEGrwIb3RiXfoNoUTBPUe-ja_I0Nhgo_7m6ffG0b3oKFTJeGFV0qJBtlxVYciKBF_6ymQpGresab9FPOuosqze2tkjdL/s320/duchess-bedford-4.jpg" width="320" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Once indoors, we pass
down the scarlet corridors, hung with many famous family portraits, to the
Duchess of Bedford’s sitting room, which, by courtesy, is also the cats’
boudoir, and here we are introduced to a few of the more distinguished members
of a very important section of the family circle. Curled up in a cosy arm-chair
is a smug, contented-looking, long-haired, half-bred cat, who, despite his
mixed ancestry, has caught nature in her kindliest moments, and, as the result,
rejoices in a perfect wealth of silver grey fur. His name is the most
unromantic, “Tommy,” but his manners are expressive more of the Bubastian
deity, who looks down upon all cats as minioned subjects from among the mystic
gods. Perhaps in years to come — far beyond the present seven of his earthly
existence — he may pass into the realms of memory’s fantasy, as much a deity in
his own right as any earthly monument can make him, for he comes first among
his peers in his mistress’s affections, and his loss would be a sad blow to
her.</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On a fur rug a really
royal Siamese cat sits, blinking in the glow and glint of the fire. His glossy
coat is of a cream and mouse-brown colour, while his eyes are of a pale-blue
mauve. It would be difficult to find “Goblin’s” match at a show or elsewhere in
this country ; small wonder that he is a popular sprite. Yet his grave,
innocent expression of countenance is a huge fraud, for at any moment he is
ready to sacrifice the whole of his dignity at one fell swoop for a romp and a
scramble, despite the four years which he numbers.</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bogie,” a
whole-colour, very dark-brown cat, is likewise a Siamese, and a vixen into the
bargain. She has a philosophy of her own in regard to the treatment of
furniture, and will play sad havoc with silk, damask, and even “down” cushions
when she gets the chance. Consequently she is usually banished to an upper
storey, or the grass lawn, whereon to work her wicked wiles.</i><i> </i><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A famous
reddish-yellow, long-haired tabby — a mere big, overgrown baby of a cat — sits
near the fire, spooning and purring for notice, as is the way with those
unconscionable cats who crave for notoriety. Very celebrated is “Bill,” whose
donor was Lord William Beresford, and hence to all his friends and familiars he
is universally known as “Bill Beresford.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Other cats are
frequently permitted to join the house or garden party, but some, alas ! are by
nature so indigenously and irretrievably wicked that their sojourn in polite
society has to be of very limited duration. “Bigit,” for example, is on the
roll of the tabooed ; he is a sullen Siamese, who lives happily enough in
exile, where twenty-five guinea pheasants are unknown, and the larder door
balks his sportive inclinations, and where his liberties are entirely circumscribed
to the domestication of home life alone.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Before finally leaving
the cats, mention must be made of their appropriate surroundings. The walls of
their comfortable room are hung with a happy selection of pictures, among which
one specially notices Landseer’s “Head of a Retriever holding a pheasant;” a
bright treasure of perfect fur, by Madame Ronner — one of her prettiest cat
paintings ; and a large canvas of two fox terriers watching a snarling kitten.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bogie may have been an early Burmese/Chestnut Oriental type.
As well as 5 Siamese cats (including Goblin, Bigit, Bogie and Marko), she had
black-and-white shorthair (Napoleon), a half-Persian (or half-Angora) brown
tabby Longhair, a silver tabby Persian (Fritz), several longhair blue “Russian
cats” and a red Tabby Persian (Bill).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1905 she reportedly had two large
tiger cats that dozed on the fireside rug at her home in Eaton Square. She
seldom travelled anywhere without a few dainty wicker baskets, holding her
favourite cats which had their own rooms at Woburn, and also in her residences
in Scotland and London. At Woburn they had covered exercise courts arranged
with trees and shrubs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
According to an article printed in various American
Newspapers in 1901:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUK_4-B-gKvJpAuBMTwRVVAVOZvWWSCczuC8dDCS6Nqv5N3EhyUKCi6XfR6FDwuBJ9TN9qS1BVVCKRKglRyqovNpoh9DLSiYXaDUcIjzMU8oY836t_GG_6HKkvNasyV84p-K5xDN5QwWE1/s1600/duchess-bedford-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="514" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUK_4-B-gKvJpAuBMTwRVVAVOZvWWSCczuC8dDCS6Nqv5N3EhyUKCi6XfR6FDwuBJ9TN9qS1BVVCKRKglRyqovNpoh9DLSiYXaDUcIjzMU8oY836t_GG_6HKkvNasyV84p-K5xDN5QwWE1/s320/duchess-bedford-7.jpg" width="257" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“It is a question whether the Duchess likes
dogs or cats best. The dogs at Woburn live like fighting cocks, but the cats
have a most luxurious room practically given up to them. Her Grace Is president
of the society organized by Chinese Gordon’s sister-in-law, which runs in
London a remarkable boarding-house for well-to-do cats and a lodging-house for
poverty-stricken ones, and is represented by two or three exhibits at almost
every cat show that takes place. The Duchess was present at this year’s dinner
of the men who sell cats' meat in London and made a kindly little speech in
which she begged the men to be charitable to the stray cats that they
encountered on their rounds. But it is for her private zoo that the Duchess is
best known. The zoo is at Woburn, too, and in the rarity of some of its inmates
it surpasses the Zoological Gardens in London, of which the Duke of Bedford Is
presiding officer.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”Nor has the Duchess
of Bedford ever shown a cat, though, to help the fortunes of Puss, she has
given the costliest of prizes, has subscribed and helps to maintain a bond fide
Cat Home. In the movement to secure better treatment for waif and stray cats,
the Duchess also promoted and largely paid for a most successful supper some
two years ago for the cats’-meat men who were, on the occasion, so good
impressed by her Grace’s tactful remarks, her appeal to their kindlier manhood,
that we can believe what is freely stated all over the slums of London, that
since that eventful supper night the cats’-meat men have never allowed a cat on
their beat to want a bite, or a little touch of kindness. The Duchess of
Bedford is not an exhibitor from dislike of cat shows, for she realises that
these fixtures are a great protection to the cat, making Puss of such
com¬mercial value that its happiness and safety in living are assured, and she
gives her patronage to the leading exhibitions of cats.” – Boudoir Magazine,
1904</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Tatler of 13th July 1904 also mentions her cats<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">:</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The cat, Napoleon, is the latest feline
arrival at Woburn, and though he looks fat and a monarch every inch of him now
was a starved waif and stray when he was taken to Woburn by a poor woman who
wished to secure a good home for the scraggy scavenger. The duchess consented
to receive him, and Napoleon selected the Woburn stables, which he jealously
guards, and if Fritz or any other cat presents his face within sight of
Napoleon’s domains the cat emperor makes a spirited attack and routs the
intruder oft" the boundary of what he considers his exclusive sphere.
Fritz, the Persian, is the personal pet of the Duchess of Bedford. Since the
death of Goblin, who was the elect of Woburn felines, Fritz has lost the sullen
jealousy and the skulking way of entering the rooms which from fear of Goblin
pouncing on him he had in the latter’s lifetime.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In November 1927, the London Times carried an account of the
Siamese Cat Show held in Kensington in September; the best exhibit in show was
a male kitten, Marko, bred by Mrs. Ellerby and bought by the Duchess of
Bedford. King Kesho, a famous Siamese sire in the 1890s until his death in 1897
claimed descent, in part, from the Duchess of Bedford's cats.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Among other animals, the estate at Woburn included the rare
Pere David’s deer. The couple’s worn out carriage horses also found an easy
retirement there. A great number of her animal photos, taken at Woburn Abbey,
were used to illustrate <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The Living
Animals of The World.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFmhO1vzWv0QtfErynlLqceVJFkvvY4xe-uhFYg7DiGC3603d3BdQ2YF4r6Nb9P1EIfzVy1OrhwpdatGRtd9JTLJykEOpzXNScPwJskqa3oD72GbOCwA9sheaBjn4kXuqkHG_z7MtQtmo4/s1600/1900-endsleigh-devon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="1400" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFmhO1vzWv0QtfErynlLqceVJFkvvY4xe-uhFYg7DiGC3603d3BdQ2YF4r6Nb9P1EIfzVy1OrhwpdatGRtd9JTLJykEOpzXNScPwJskqa3oD72GbOCwA9sheaBjn4kXuqkHG_z7MtQtmo4/s320/1900-endsleigh-devon.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of Mary's homes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As well as Woburn, Mary was greatly fond of her Swiss
cottage known as Endsleigh, near Tavistock in Devon. Cottage is a bit of an
understatement – it was hugely expensive and set in a large estate but despite her
position, she had simple tastes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The couple were less known socially than any
other pair of their rank and it was said that the duke was a shy man, and one who
took himself most seriously. They appeared only rarely in their private box at
the Royal Opera House or at the skating rink at Knightsbridge. Unlike many of
her station, who held “at homes” and “took tea” with their peers, Mary was not
one for the high society life. She donned the tiara and trappings of a duchess only
when required for social duties.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mary was an active member of the Women's Tax Resistance
League, a group associated with the Women’s Social and Political Union that
used tax resistance to protest the disenfranchisement of women during the
British women's suffrage movement.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Interested in Medical practice, Mary started a cottage
hospital in a house on Leighton Street which had a small number of rooms and
beds. Then in 1903 she actually built the cottage hospital, which she designed
herself on Leighton Street, called Maryland, it is still there today.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ-fyuiujAfFOkCRk6zh0yAXtwsBGspNpkNNQfvDZCzaVzZf8RPwVNPsew_OiitKNol9R8LfbtGF-ffTYOx27I5n1YWkQczM6qAUclhe73IZppCjIE47gi1UJqjWek7L9ThQR3sNKIGLa3/s1600/mayr2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="640" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ-fyuiujAfFOkCRk6zh0yAXtwsBGspNpkNNQfvDZCzaVzZf8RPwVNPsew_OiitKNol9R8LfbtGF-ffTYOx27I5n1YWkQczM6qAUclhe73IZppCjIE47gi1UJqjWek7L9ThQR3sNKIGLa3/s320/mayr2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary as a Nurse during WW1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the outbreak of the First World War, Mary converted
buildings at Woburn into a second hospital, working with such speed that
the first war wounded patients were admitted within six weeks of the
declaration of War. She took over full responsibility for the administration,
while the Duke paid all the bills. Soon the hospital was being cited everywhere
as an example of how a hospital should be run. The War Office had so much
confidence in the Duchess’s hospital that wounded soldiers were sent to Woburn
directly from the Front. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not content with her administrative role, she became a
nurse of exceptional calibre. She acted as theatre sister for almost every
operation, in time she became a very accomplished theatre nurse and in some
cases did minor operations herself. She didn't expect her staff to do anything
in hospital that she wouldn't do herself. So she'd be up at 5.45 in the morning
scrubbing floors and getting the operating theatres ready for the surgeons.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2UM3iLQGb7_mo_numnRFLYbSSpY0Y03gE6EQvUtV22GQxnJv3xPP_zPEGGgItfVkpbZ71B6b5uYLvL3kZNluby3sOKyEsSDe5RHPkbEtWrLn0Dt54japYBDqilhJ0YGPo98ShFH2FQbeA/s1600/mayr3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="613" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2UM3iLQGb7_mo_numnRFLYbSSpY0Y03gE6EQvUtV22GQxnJv3xPP_zPEGGgItfVkpbZ71B6b5uYLvL3kZNluby3sOKyEsSDe5RHPkbEtWrLn0Dt54japYBDqilhJ0YGPo98ShFH2FQbeA/s320/mayr3.png" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Duchess of Bedford in later years</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was during this period, that she employed Bridon
Glendenning, who was a very competent surgeon, to run the hospital for her.
Knowing of her genuine interest in the field, he encouraged her to train in
radiography and radiology. Taking his suggestion to heart, she started to work
in the radiotherapy field, using radiotherapy to actually cure people rather
than just take photos.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In January 1918 the duchess was awarded the Royal Red Cross
in the second Associate grade, for her services to wartime nursing at Woburn Auxiliary
Hospital. She was later appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British
Empire in 1928 and was also Dame of Grace of the Order of Saint John (DGStJ)
and a Fellow of the Linnean Society of the Imperial College (FLS)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggaDKdvWHrNcvut3AJuE02lm9jeGkClacZSA76gM205uJJa60Upuwc7qy6IuA0bWlBGDOGm-kffmIhpGOkwdmH91wxkmNId5QcyS3qFqMd2xAhwOwXsHhYwLn2ehSgJUcMRPSzQuBVul5-/s1600/378528188_dbd87f129a_1__original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="382" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggaDKdvWHrNcvut3AJuE02lm9jeGkClacZSA76gM205uJJa60Upuwc7qy6IuA0bWlBGDOGm-kffmIhpGOkwdmH91wxkmNId5QcyS3qFqMd2xAhwOwXsHhYwLn2ehSgJUcMRPSzQuBVul5-/s320/378528188_dbd87f129a_1__original.jpg" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Duchess of Bedfod in flying outfit</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the 1920’s, at the age of 63, the Duchess became
interested in aviation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She claimed it gave
her some relief from her constant tinnitus, although she eventually became
totally deaf. She was more than twice the age of most of those flying at the
time but she found the exhilaration and the danger totally intoxicating. She
turned a paddock at Woburn Abbey into a landing field and did her errands to
nearby towns by plane.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 2 August 1929, she departed on a record-breaking flight
of 10,000 miles from Lympne Airport to Karachi returning to Croydon Airport in
eight days. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was accompanied in her
single-engine Fokker F.VII Princess Xenia -which she renamed "The
Spider" for its tenacity - by her personal pilot Captain C. D. Barnard and
mechanic Robert Little. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 8 April 1930 she made her first solo flight, in her
DH.60G Moth (G-AAAO). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcqA_3-rBEeibEi1SrTv_4TuLYJg8-zbawoxjKUrDqMVllpHDbQfjNyGFdlbTd4nI6SltTBduzzk3UmVZR6vYMjw_BZfcoVC0Xi6Vyh_netLaQXU34zvvqUh-3RWlqMMFBT7lDMjOmk_yV/s1600/bedford_lomax_750.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="640" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcqA_3-rBEeibEi1SrTv_4TuLYJg8-zbawoxjKUrDqMVllpHDbQfjNyGFdlbTd4nI6SltTBduzzk3UmVZR6vYMjw_BZfcoVC0Xi6Vyh_netLaQXU34zvvqUh-3RWlqMMFBT7lDMjOmk_yV/s320/bedford_lomax_750.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary, with Barnard and Little</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On 10 April 1930 she embarked on a record-breaking flight
from Lympne Airport to Cape Town, in "The Spider", flying 9,000 miles
in 91 hours and twenty minutes over 10 days, again with Barnard and Little.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL-y0kqS7QmizkXkQUiI58mWidAcAofS8z-0nc7G5rOn5iYILT-xz2DckTdkIR9NpzI77tWrkI58cQPBT7dI4Pq0Cfe3uvzVG783o9tddiT8ep33b2boH3B7mEUW6uDeZVogsD36jjtu_I/s1600/duchess-bedford-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="1400" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL-y0kqS7QmizkXkQUiI58mWidAcAofS8z-0nc7G5rOn5iYILT-xz2DckTdkIR9NpzI77tWrkI58cQPBT7dI4Pq0Cfe3uvzVG783o9tddiT8ep33b2boH3B7mEUW6uDeZVogsD36jjtu_I/s320/duchess-bedford-1.jpg" width="320" /></a>Barnard was keen to break records in the air and had little
difficulty in persuading the Duchess to support and accompany him on these
attempts. He took an almost perverse delight in encountering, and sometimes
seeming to create, terrifying situations. He would run out of petrol in places
where landing appeared impossible, be overcome in the air, together with Mary
and the engineer, by carbon monoxide fumes or encourage Mary to lean out of the
open door of the plane to photograph Gibraltar, just as they were being sucked
into a tornado. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In those days flying was in its infancy so they'd have to
stop off to refuel on runways made </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDWr_ewzuWVxRHle66jBz3RLPYz0vBZFrcSvOppNa_MpiOJ78enETxCqTRe0JpkyKNXUOzfAYkXgWhwJqrZ28kXSXkdFVTEnx0HkYThZ1caJBI-fo4NeO0qh_sfIZUgxUFZJQ3Mvg8l9Tc/s1600/duchess-bedford-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="758" data-original-width="1400" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDWr_ewzuWVxRHle66jBz3RLPYz0vBZFrcSvOppNa_MpiOJ78enETxCqTRe0JpkyKNXUOzfAYkXgWhwJqrZ28kXSXkdFVTEnx0HkYThZ1caJBI-fo4NeO0qh_sfIZUgxUFZJQ3Mvg8l9Tc/s320/duchess-bedford-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
of sand. They'd be out in the middle
of nowhere and if something went wrong they'd have to wait days for a part. Her trip to Cape Town had been interrupted by a broken oil line that forced
her to land at Sofia, Bulgaria. On one of her
flights they'd been flying over a desert area and it was only when they landed
that they realized they had two bullet holes in the aircraft. They hadn't
realized at the time that they'd been shot at by people on the ground.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1934 - and again in 1935 – this time with her new co-pilot
F/Lt R. C. Preston in a de Havilland Puss Moth G-ABOC, the Duchess made
extensive flights from England to the Western Sahara and Northern Nigeria.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Flight Lt. Preston was the pilot who plotted the course for
her last flight. She had done 199 hours and four minutes and she had to do
another 56 minutes of flying to reach her 200 hours of flying time. The duchess
was concerned they would not renew her pilot's license because of her deafness
and because she was, by then, 71.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVYmuMdh4_ZI3-TQXKNny2nZDnYzyeg3IrGMnRJLG8dExzSwVukFnzIslhqCuVxLBNWyKF5MqIfoLR81kqZFGzggK9gGrnUBqSOuyq64jhiyaSIuWJjV-4oXz3cpVOvRCtwt7OGIcFmHt/s1600/MaryRussellBedford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVYmuMdh4_ZI3-TQXKNny2nZDnYzyeg3IrGMnRJLG8dExzSwVukFnzIslhqCuVxLBNWyKF5MqIfoLR81kqZFGzggK9gGrnUBqSOuyq64jhiyaSIuWJjV-4oXz3cpVOvRCtwt7OGIcFmHt/s1600/MaryRussellBedford.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Flying Duchess</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In March 1937 - three months before Amelia Earhart's death -
the Duchess left Woburn Abbey in a DH.60GIII Moth Major (G-ACUR) , heading
towards Cambridgeshire. She had sufficient fuel for 3 hours of flying and
intended to fly over the flooded River Ouse area.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>She had set out on a
dark afternoon, in weather conditions which were deteriorating rapidly. Soon
after she took off, a snow storm came up. The navigation system she was using
had caused problems for other pilots even without the bad visibility conditions
of that day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When she hadn't returned
after an hour and a half the duke became very concerned and contacted the chief
of Bedfordshire police who put out calls to neighbouring constabularies.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Although she knew the terrain well, it was feared she may
have been disoriented by the wide floods or tried to set down on a flooded
field. Police searched Monks woods, 13 miles from Peterborough where a
gamekeeper had seen a low-flying plane. He quickly lost sight of it due to the
blinding snow and he heard the engine stop. He believed the plane had come
down, though he didn’t hear a crash.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On March 25, 1937 fishermen dragged up a wooden strut in
their nets. Flight Lieut. Preston and officials of the de Havilland firm did
not believe it was part of the Duchess’s Moth plane. Royal Air Force planes
joined the search over the fenlands of East Anglia, criss-crossing the terrain.
On the slim chance she was afloat at sea, and the government radio ordered all
nearby ships to be on the lookout.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizK6heQCbfCnnLeK7DRpVxFsoX70gjzRdw9al_wAkxmV4CJwoSI2pBDiblzPND8hgy3sIx8QUsn34Ipc7HFpV8I8dtgGyYgkb4P37ImqgEydmnJ_A9H_dLyp-2YcoiHXQzOmqbHDdOx8JZ/s1600/img_1407.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizK6heQCbfCnnLeK7DRpVxFsoX70gjzRdw9al_wAkxmV4CJwoSI2pBDiblzPND8hgy3sIx8QUsn34Ipc7HFpV8I8dtgGyYgkb4P37ImqgEydmnJ_A9H_dLyp-2YcoiHXQzOmqbHDdOx8JZ/s320/img_1407.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Nearly 100 Royal Air
Force Planes and 2000 searchers on the ground failed to find any trace of her.
Police dragged the lakes on the Duke’s 20,000 acre estate in case the plane had
come down in the grounds. Although she knew the terrain well, even her husband,
who answered all phone calls personally from his bedroom at Woburn Abbey,
accepted that she had lost her way while flying through a snowstorm over
flooded fenland. </div>
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On March 26th, hope of her survival was abandoned. On March
29th, another piece of wood washed up near Hunstanton, Norfolk, but it was not
from her plane.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Finally, on April
2nd, 1937 an aeroplane strut washed up at great Yarmouth was definitely
identified as coming from her plane. On 14th May, a body of a woman in a flying
suit was found in the English Channel, by a train ferry, five miles out from
Dover, but Flight Lieut. Preston said there was no chance of the body being the
Duchess - there were quite a few daring female aviators
lost over the sea in those early years.</div>
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The theory was that she had flown out over the coast by
mistake, ran out of fuel and went down in the North Sea off Great Yarmouth - but there
was also some speculation that it could have been suicide. She had been ill
about 10 days previously and had been subject to fits of dizziness, according
to a friend. She was also worried, too, about the future of the hospital, as
the duke was becoming aware of limitations on his spending power.</div>
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Her body was never recovered and her beloved husband died
just three years after.
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<br /></div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-1486013464226674652018-04-20T01:39:00.000+01:002018-04-20T13:55:58.846+01:00Women on Titanic: The Stories from Steerage<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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On Titanic in 1st class over a third of the men, almost
all of the women and all but one of the children survived. In second it was less than 10
per cent of the men, 84 per cent of the women and all the children. But in 3<sup>rd</sup>
Class or Steerage only 12 per cent of the men, 55 per cent of the women and
less than one in three of the children survived. Interrogating the figures
shows that - despite the strict "women and children first" policy - a
greater proportion of first class men survived, than of third class women and
children.</div>
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From the reading detailed eyewitness accounts from Steerage passengers, it appears that they were “locked away” down on the
lower decks and had far less chance to get to the lifeboats in time than the 2<sup>nd</sup>
and 1<sup>st</sup> class passengers did. </div>
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<br /></div>
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A steerage passenger called Mr
Buckley, argued against this, saying that: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"The passengers in third class had as much
chance as the first and second class passengers. More of the first class
passengers survived because their cabins were closer to the lifeboats and many
of the emigrants in third class died because their poor English meant they did
not understand what was happening."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdnbzX6ov6LGTr1IUyDmce5ZadbvOkvW1g-Ou4rHV7F21saC8LS-nyhV5Ifz_SjQ_CnDXyCdybkIiG5ahSlIVvsWg0LiWGoyg5CAYqaETF9kl2Z3_rTyaa9Yo3mhK1YaajQyBjlRrmAekM/s1600/titanic-photos-10-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="638" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdnbzX6ov6LGTr1IUyDmce5ZadbvOkvW1g-Ou4rHV7F21saC8LS-nyhV5Ifz_SjQ_CnDXyCdybkIiG5ahSlIVvsWg0LiWGoyg5CAYqaETF9kl2Z3_rTyaa9Yo3mhK1YaajQyBjlRrmAekM/s320/titanic-photos-10-638.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Other evidence states that there were many physical
barriers between steerage and the rest of the ship, and that most of them
stayed locked up for quite sometime after the iceberg had been hit. There were no lifts - only stairs in 3rd class, In addition some third-class passengers were denied initial access
to the life boats by sailors who forbade them to enter the first-class area.
These included three Irish girls, and - curiously - Mr Buckley himself.<br />
<br />
Third class passengers were
primarily immigrants moving to the United States and Canada for a better
life.<br />
<br />
Third class consisted of diverse groups of nationalities and
ethnic groups, although the largest number of passengers were British,
Irish, European or Scandinavian. Other countries represented included Finland,
Sweden, Bulgaria, Croatia, Russia, Lebanon, Japan, Syria and Hong Kong.<br />
<br />
There were around 120 Irish passengers on the Titanic. Most of them did not
make it. However, Anna Kelly who had gone up on deck to investigate
what had happened, survived in lifeboat 16. She later became a nun.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-y9qFLntuSghQ8dGC_LyxxffIpxnwpH4hLwtcyzhZK8uFoCAYuVovJhTC01T4gexJ88Igw0rVa-CjNPoPnZ4HxuPXsLxtccRQIEcBAdFhYIRHtQlN3n8F0GWN6_I_xCZuwOMqDq50mi7s/s1600/635957263492976300--2-Titanic-Third-class-cabin-family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="534" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-y9qFLntuSghQ8dGC_LyxxffIpxnwpH4hLwtcyzhZK8uFoCAYuVovJhTC01T4gexJ88Igw0rVa-CjNPoPnZ4HxuPXsLxtccRQIEcBAdFhYIRHtQlN3n8F0GWN6_I_xCZuwOMqDq50mi7s/s320/635957263492976300--2-Titanic-Third-class-cabin-family.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3rd Class Bunk</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
There were 63 Finnish passengers on the Titanic of whom only 20
survived. Mathilda Backstr was travelling to New York with her husband
and brothers. She survived in one of the last lifeboats to leave –
collapsible D. Her husband and brothers all died.<br />
<br />
There were about 26 Swedish passengers on board the Titanic of whom most
were traveling third class. Many did not reach their destination. Mrs
Hjalmar Sandstr, (Agnes Charlotta Bengtsson ) was travelling with her
two daughters. They all survived the disaster in lifeboat 13.<br />
<br />
Passengers ranged from large family groups, those traveling alone, and single mothers traveling
with their children - most of whom were going to join their husbands who were
already settled in their new homeland.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A third class ticket ranged from seven to forty pounds, and children’s tickets were three pounds.. Depending on their port of departure, some tickets
also included the price for rail travel.<br />
<br />
Third class also had
automatic flushing toilets, while first class did not. The reason being
most <i>“third class passengers were unfamiliar with indoor plumbing
and may not remember {or understand} the need to flush the toilets
themselves”. </i>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb49GsSjSxfqx83BAE539h13fGOOpmecWihZkz1REnj9DZWxf4H5iuZPYPYWwGIYdJe9FODfCuHkT6Ws5Py5TCeLa8D86cndCYNLazpAknakWJRtDtV8lnrFpnCOnIrLGUkR742GhcMyNi/s1600/third.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="500" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb49GsSjSxfqx83BAE539h13fGOOpmecWihZkz1REnj9DZWxf4H5iuZPYPYWwGIYdJe9FODfCuHkT6Ws5Py5TCeLa8D86cndCYNLazpAknakWJRtDtV8lnrFpnCOnIrLGUkR742GhcMyNi/s320/third.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3rd class ticket holders on Steerage Deck</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Third class life was a lot simpler than what the first and second class
passengers were enjoying. Third class passengers had a simple berth
which was shared with other passengers, along with a smoking room and
general room.<br />
Third class passengers had to make their own fun. Children would
have played on deck and it is
very possible that impromptu dances took place in the evenings.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUOtKommO0gesiw2XrIPuFfw-ZOd5QXq9j3wsEZWfC7ziDB4ng6YllUHDuD7654IHCvBd2EIWoOfRuGCLWwNPRZk3dlJYm01dc2uJinc8lVD5hvgqi-dctHLsU4T31xzMykKO96y_IgLTF/s1600/titanic-food-menu-first-second-third-class-passengers-fb.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUOtKommO0gesiw2XrIPuFfw-ZOd5QXq9j3wsEZWfC7ziDB4ng6YllUHDuD7654IHCvBd2EIWoOfRuGCLWwNPRZk3dlJYm01dc2uJinc8lVD5hvgqi-dctHLsU4T31xzMykKO96y_IgLTF/s320/titanic-food-menu-first-second-third-class-passengers-fb.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3rd Class Breakfast Menu</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Meals on the <i>Titanic</i> were very simple for the Third Class passengers,
but were good compared to what these passengers might be familiar with elsewhere on land.<br />
<br />
Third class had breakfast, and a 2 course meal that was served at Lunchtime. The menu
found for the night of the sinking consisted of soup, roasted pork, two
or three vegetables, pudding and biscuits. Looking at the menu it
seems this is the midday meal - compared to the large meals being served in
the evening for the First Class and Second Class.
Third class would enjoy tea and biscuits mid afternoon. Later in the evening coffee was served with a soup and some
biscuits.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWR-pnbkpCANEpI34DKaNQaGhfxfhVhTeTWydPaNBC6ZDh94wv9p4vUoJp3fXmW9_MMALJUSnBWKV65ZaKCLq-fHam4p7saCjJ4rtSweFLDujFKl6dzl4gEZbWu8A3_YEbWlrUEVGdn8-/s1600/article-2538327-1A9DD36F00000578-820_470x426.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="470" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWR-pnbkpCANEpI34DKaNQaGhfxfhVhTeTWydPaNBC6ZDh94wv9p4vUoJp3fXmW9_MMALJUSnBWKV65ZaKCLq-fHam4p7saCjJ4rtSweFLDujFKl6dzl4gEZbWu8A3_YEbWlrUEVGdn8-/s320/article-2538327-1A9DD36F00000578-820_470x426.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3rd Class Health Inspections before boarding Titanic</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Before boarding the vessel Third Class Passengers were given a
health inspection to check for disease, lice and other infections. <br />
<br />
Third class was the group hardest hit by the disaster and
experiencing the greatest loss of life. <br />
<br />
Sadly there were some families that were completely wiped out in the sinking.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here are the more detailed stories of some of the 3rd class women and their families</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elin Hakkarainen
& Hekla Hirvonen </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hdsHnbRMvsRZxHanyrWplhnGkQOOAE8csh_CQG_lWU9W_k_PUMr1ojU1oiq_AwnFPbyqFfOVZcjjZxRz2eAF1tPJVWzcfwGpQGGMLWjOvfDMP5yto04C6XITWSKKt0coHZe0coEVat_7/s1600/hakkarainen_em2_h.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hdsHnbRMvsRZxHanyrWplhnGkQOOAE8csh_CQG_lWU9W_k_PUMr1ojU1oiq_AwnFPbyqFfOVZcjjZxRz2eAF1tPJVWzcfwGpQGGMLWjOvfDMP5yto04C6XITWSKKt0coHZe0coEVat_7/s320/hakkarainen_em2_h.jpg" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ELIN (FAR LEFT)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Jane Nummi, says her mother-in-law Elin Hakkarainen Nummi, a
Titanic survivor, talked to her only once about the sinking of the ship. When
Elin finished, Nummi recalled<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, "She folded her hands on her lap and said,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'that’s all I'll tell you and never again.' "</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Elin and Pekka Hakkarainen were newlyweds from Finland who
were emigrating to America when they boarded the Titanic. They had each
previously lived in the United States but had gone back to Finland and met
there.<br />
<br />
Their return to America would be their honeymoon after they had married
in January. They originally planned to sail on the Mauretania, but changed their
passage to the Titanic, and boarded in Southampton, as third-class passengers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We could hardly
believe that in two more days we would be landing in America. Originally, my
husband and I planned on making the trip on board the Mauretania, but we
decided to wait a few months so we could make the crossing aboard the luxury
liner Titanic. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYMuJl2fJYdGxwqxAfHuCAZHCA5T1gIef4InziuDfdedZAN2UVDmG5BRW3RhzFjlNvgV1AyQc1ls3LD7WcMrrEI3QuX920HZze8p7oZGNo1cAWB5IsESkhtUWA0c6saUcETVI5sxuo6ghg/s1600/16002591_131767704396.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYMuJl2fJYdGxwqxAfHuCAZHCA5T1gIef4InziuDfdedZAN2UVDmG5BRW3RhzFjlNvgV1AyQc1ls3LD7WcMrrEI3QuX920HZze8p7oZGNo1cAWB5IsESkhtUWA0c6saUcETVI5sxuo6ghg/s1600/16002591_131767704396.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ELIN & PEKKO </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Married just a few
months, Pekko and I decided to leave Finland and start a new life in America.
Although we were booked as third class, we still enjoyed many “extras” on board
and had quite a time in our little group. After a couple of days at sea we
settled into a routine: attending church services after breakfast, strolling
the decks, and during the evening playing games in the third-class general
room.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We would leave the
game room very late in the evening, and the night of April 14th was no
exception.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just after we returned to our cabin and
settled in, Pekko reached to turn out the light when we heard a scraping sound
and felt the ship shudder. A few moments later the throb of the engines
stopped. Pekko jumped out of bed, slipped into his clothes, and said, “I’m
going to see what has happened.” Not thinking too much of all this, I dozed
off. But after an hour or so, the murmuring of other passengers in the hall
awakened me. I noticed Pekko was still gone, and when I tried to step out of
the bed, the cabin was tilted at an angle.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Soon there was a hard
and very fast knock at the door, and one of my friends from Finland dashed in
to say the ship had struck something and was sinking. “Where is Pekko?” she
asked. “He went to see why the ship had stopped. I don’t know where he is now.”
“How did he get out of the passageway?” she continued. “All the doors are
locked!” I was confused; I didn’t know what to do next. After a few moments I
grabbed my purse and life jacket and ran out to the passageway. The door was
locked! All of the doors were locked.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Elin wanted the purse, because it contained her wedding
photograph. She had left her room wearing only a nightgown.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Finally a ship’s
steward came and gathered a small group of us together and guided us, “Come,
there is another way to get to the upper deck.” On the upper deck, it was
rather quiet — almost eerie. The deck on the ship’s bow was already under
water, and the loud sound of the steam escaping from the funnels had settled
down. The lifeboats were guarded by the ship’s officers standing in semicircles
around each one. Soon I was motioned towards a lifeboat, but I still was
scanning the listing deck looking for my husband.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I do not know if there was much panic on board before I got on deck, she
although I remember much confusion when I was put into the lifeboat and almost
lost my balance and fell out.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Titanic was
painted plain white and was easily seen from my lifeboat, as it rose by the
stern and slipped with a roar into the sea a little more than an half hour after
colliding with the iceberg. There was a sailor in our boat --- clad only in a
T-shirt and shorts --- saying he couldn't stand the cold much longer and a
mother who had left her seven children asleep in their cabin.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I could see those
still on board lined up against the ship's rails on the decks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was no panic at that time, and it is
true, they were all singing, 'Nearer My God to Thee' as they stood there
watching the lifeboats move away from the doomed ship and waited for death to
overtake them.</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> I can never forget
those screams as the ship started to go under.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHHC5VlTcTj33Y-yUMji_tlfk6XxCcbzkDuyNRXNQWU-wCaag2pNFoRust8UcE7xq0yKQoOd1qwL6QcDO0vz2QqmngK4SfIbOExMFIJQL4oJYc1mp1kVXTXS15IwZE8Crsa1eBsPI9pIbr/s1600/hakkarainen_em.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHHC5VlTcTj33Y-yUMji_tlfk6XxCcbzkDuyNRXNQWU-wCaag2pNFoRust8UcE7xq0yKQoOd1qwL6QcDO0vz2QqmngK4SfIbOExMFIJQL4oJYc1mp1kVXTXS15IwZE8Crsa1eBsPI9pIbr/s1600/hakkarainen_em.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ELIN</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We rowed away quickly,
watching our ship slide beneath the surface of the water. The cries of those in
the water were horrible — I remember calling over and over, “Pekko, Pekko, I am
here; come this way.” It was cold on the lifeboat, and I wasn’t wearing warm
clothes. I didn’t know if I was falling asleep or freezing to death, but I
drifted into unconsciousness. "</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Later, we thought we could
see another ship lights in the distance and we cried for help but it passed by
us and we turned our boat around and tried to follow it."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Soon after, it was
daylight, and we could see another ship in the distance — we would be
rescued…and made warm. Once aboard the Carpathia, the passengers and crew did
their best to console us. We were given clothes, food, and hot coffee. But with
all we were given, I was still lacking. I slowly realized the last words I
might ever hear from my husband were, “I’m going to see what has happened.” I
remember standing at the railing for hours, looking out to the open sea and
hoping upon hope that I would discover just one more lifeboat</i>.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> He was the best man that ever was, and I
knew I would never find another like him."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs. Hakkarainen’s monetary compensation for the loss of her
luggage, belongings, and her beloved husband was $125. Her only keepsakes were
the small wedding picture from her purse and a blanket from the Carpathia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLO08GkN1agcWFEWbtZ2p_qXSJnXX8HTKoBzzePkUo4YE9UldrGkd3JttyynBjb8neEnsvGTkqj2KmrPpT8UqaAb_PlqyZjeo0quGgn0bJMiTbM4ugLziEaCZxEwaeJT5hzCd5Y5STrxJ2/s1600/perhe_hirvonen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="661" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLO08GkN1agcWFEWbtZ2p_qXSJnXX8HTKoBzzePkUo4YE9UldrGkd3JttyynBjb8neEnsvGTkqj2KmrPpT8UqaAb_PlqyZjeo0quGgn0bJMiTbM4ugLziEaCZxEwaeJT5hzCd5Y5STrxJ2/s320/perhe_hirvonen.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Helka Hirvonen & Family</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Helka Hirvonen, a well-educated Finnish woman who was the
last woman to be placed in the last life boat to leave the side of the big
vessel, related her story to a newspaper man at her home at Monessen, USA, and
mentioned Ellin Hakkarainen, who had lost all and was now thrown destitute upon
the mercy of friends. Mrs.Hirvonen was taking care of her temporarily.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs. Hirvonen said 3rd Class lives were lost because of the women's
inability to comprehend orders shouted by officers to the third cabin
passengers. In her own words, Mrs. Hirvonen said:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Most of the
third cabin passengers were awakened I guess about Mid-night on that last
Sunday. Grabbing whatever clothing they could they rushed forth. They were met
by officers of the ship who said: 'Get back to you places; there's nothing
wrong,' All went back. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">However the was considerable excitement. Sometime later
- I don't know just how long - it seemed that the big steamer was tilting. Then
there was another rush for the promenade deck. The officers couldn't drive us
back after that. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">After some time there came a shouted order for the women to come up
on another deck. Some of us understood and started.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnOjnY-oTzqJf_12w_6jwiYW-utGOHQzo-hRGAcoBXN3KK5b8Au_vZdPzoPmJ6gqJdGjyI5wy6hyBkdOZ_dudLl0hI9kpS6hcXIe2_Ssaq3s0076BK25TZk-cLeACocnMolj-biyG1JKFY/s1600/panula_aaakuva.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="706" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnOjnY-oTzqJf_12w_6jwiYW-utGOHQzo-hRGAcoBXN3KK5b8Au_vZdPzoPmJ6gqJdGjyI5wy6hyBkdOZ_dudLl0hI9kpS6hcXIe2_Ssaq3s0076BK25TZk-cLeACocnMolj-biyG1JKFY/s320/panula_aaakuva.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MR AND MRS PANULA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">There was great
confusion and a babble of tongues. Many of the third cabin passengers could not
understand English and didn't know what was being shouted to them. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The rest of
us were too badly frightened and excited I suppose to help them much, and as a
result half of the women and children and a majority of the men did not get
away from the steerage at all. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">One of the last persons I saw before leaving was
Mrs. John Panula, I knew her well. She was so much confused that, poor woman,
she hardly knew which way to turn. She was one of the last to come on deck. I presume she was
trying to collect her family. None of them escaped. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">All this time it seemed to
me I could hear a piano playing up on another deck. Finally when I got to the
deck I could see people being put in life boats. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Two or three men when they
found out they couldn't get off the doomed steamer until after the women,
subsequently <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>robed themselves in women's
clothing. I saw a man disappear from my side. A few seconds later he reappeared
with a boy whom he had dressed in girl's clothing. The boy was saved. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I was the
last woman to be given a place in the last life boat. I was very carefully
picked up because I had my baby with me. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mrs Elin. Hakkarainen was seized by
the neck and foot, I believe, and tossed in a life boat. She fainted. Her
husband bade her fond goodbye. He intended to get into a lifeboat but heroically
gave way to others.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDdi-288j1sW9-D21B_oosYk8fMlCnG2nE8fklvCRPbJudT1V2hppFc6n-TIxePKa0_l_puasip8aD1xMPmMJRQGBXvuBZH2-Y9BgTOrZDtOQHuOcoQ8fF8WDVVAOT4VtS_RkCbMj1Upma/s1600/titanic_article_valley_ind_quart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="505" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDdi-288j1sW9-D21B_oosYk8fMlCnG2nE8fklvCRPbJudT1V2hppFc6n-TIxePKa0_l_puasip8aD1xMPmMJRQGBXvuBZH2-Y9BgTOrZDtOQHuOcoQ8fF8WDVVAOT4VtS_RkCbMj1Upma/s320/titanic_article_valley_ind_quart.jpg" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NEWSPAPER ARTICLE </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I suppose we had been
away from the Titanic 20 minutes when it went down. I saw it plainly. When it
took its final dive, people were leaping from all sides into the water. Some of
them were saved. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">When our life boat left the Titanic's side it was only about
half filled. It wasn't long however, until we had picked up enough to
completely fill it. My brother was found on a raft after we had been six and a
half hours at sea.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I saw those
millionaires on the deck, but I could not distinguish any of them, because they
had simply been pointed out to me before and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was not familiar with their figures. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">They were
helping place women in lifeboats. I was in the boat with the managing director
of the steamship company, J. Bruce Ismay, although at the time I didn't know
it. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The iceberg looked to me to be sort of triangular shaped. It seemed the
Titanic was in about the middle of it."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs. Hirvonen and party were met in New York City by Peter
Hirvonen, her husband, who was a prosperous tin mill worker. Mrs Panula whom Mrs Hirvonen mentioned as being confused and frightened, was one of the many 3rd class female passengers who died on Titanic. </div>
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</div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9qPg07t1-uiCdgyyb6t-SXvmwuCYPIbdzmyhbrX6iCUfrVTiY9mMneF2KCJX5yEy1K7qUDmJNxPAi4NJJ7xhsEntqVYrBFGuEPEBWp1jTNFOBLv3ju9HueUAACFUlXOYZB1xDWsXeihtl/s1600/AnnaTurja.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9qPg07t1-uiCdgyyb6t-SXvmwuCYPIbdzmyhbrX6iCUfrVTiY9mMneF2KCJX5yEy1K7qUDmJNxPAi4NJJ7xhsEntqVYrBFGuEPEBWp1jTNFOBLv3ju9HueUAACFUlXOYZB1xDWsXeihtl/s1600/AnnaTurja.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anna Turja</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Anna Sophia Turja</b></u></div>
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Finnish Survivor Anna Sophia Turja was one of 21
children in her large extended family. Her half-sister, Maria, was married and
living in Ohio, USA. After a visit to Finland, Maria and her husband,
John Lundi, enticed Anna to come to America.<br />
<br />
John invited her to come work for
him at his shop in Ashtabula, and he purchased a $58 third-class ticket for her
passage on the Titanic.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anna was 18 years old and alone when she boarded the Titanic
in Southampton, England. To her the ship was a beautiful ship — a floating city
— <i>“just like a town, lacking nothing.” </i>There were swimming pools, concert halls
and libraries. With all its shops and attractions, the main deck was indeed
bigger than the main street in her home town.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQ6BFQVg9W9hNkiLMojsx2vMtIrnGP20cO97zIcY8OiAmFJXQqLS-oxtZLqK6uUmgxCr6mB2blgHI8bBsjo42bEoUTCwQF01RJUFoPmyRggiMjViLnxBFLZzuLUKSsIsiBB4AC37ty60D/s1600/titanic-survivor-turja.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="178" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQ6BFQVg9W9hNkiLMojsx2vMtIrnGP20cO97zIcY8OiAmFJXQqLS-oxtZLqK6uUmgxCr6mB2blgHI8bBsjo42bEoUTCwQF01RJUFoPmyRggiMjViLnxBFLZzuLUKSsIsiBB4AC37ty60D/s320/titanic-survivor-turja.jpg" width="113" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anna Turja</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The third class accommodations were beautiful to Anna. The
atmosphere was quite lively with a lot of talking, singing, and fellowship. It
has been said that third class on the Titanic was as good as first class on
many other ships of the day.</div>
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<br /></div>
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There were two double bunk beds in her room, one on either
side of the room. She had two roommates on board who were also Finnish women,
one of whom took the young Anna Turja under her wing. She was traveling with
her brother, but in steerage class in those days the men’s cabins were in the
front part of the ship, the women’s in the rear. The other woman also had a
young baby.</div>
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Late Sunday night, April 14, as Anna was settling down for
the night, she felt a shudder and a shake. Shortly afterwards, her roommate’s
brother knocked on the door and told them that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“something was wrong,”</i> that they should wear warm clothing and put
on their life jackets <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“or you’ll find
yourselves at the bottom of the ocean.”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Their little group dressed and headed for the upper decks.
At one point, a crew member tried to keep them down — ordered them back — but
they refused to obey, and he didn’t argue with them. She clearly remembers,
however, that the doors were closed and chained shut behind them to prevent
others from coming up.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Her group continued up to the top deck <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“where it will be safer,”</i> they said. She found it too cold up
there, however, so she went back down to what turned out to be the boat deck.
She was intrigued by all of the activity there and by the music being played by
the band, though she didn’t know the names of the tunes. She remembers the band
coming out of a room they had been playing in and the doors being locked after
everyone had gotten out.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It was on deck that she met the Panula family, also from
Finland. Mrs. Panula was traveling with her five children to meet Mr. Panula
who was waiting for them in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Panula had recently lost a
teen-aged child by drowning back in Finland. On the deck of the Titanic that
night Anna remembered her lamenting, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Must
we all die by water?”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anna also remembered seeing the lights of another ship from
the deck. According to most historians, this ship would most likely have been
the SS Californian, which tragically had shut down its wireless for the night,
and so did not respond to the Titanic’s plight.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anna believed the claim of the ship being unsinkable, and
she and many other immigrants on board didn’t fully understand what was going
on around her because she did not know the language. She had been so enjoying
the “concert,” as the band’s music seemed to her, that she says she <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“would have gone to the bottom of the ocean
listening to that music if a sailor hadn’t picked me up and put me into a
lifeboat.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She believed her lifeboat to be the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“next to the last lifeboat.” </i>one of two of the four collapsible
boats that the Titanic carried–Collapsibles C and D being the only ones to have
launched successfully. The Red Cross report and Encyclopedia Titanica state
that she was in lifeboat #15.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The lifeboat was fully loaded when it was launched; so full,
in fact, that as she rested her hand on the edge, her “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fingers got wet up to the knuckles.”</i> They immediately rowed away
from the ship, fearing that they would get sucked down with it when it went
under. She was very impressed with the sailors’ training. She was sure that the
boat would have capsized had it not been for their expertise. As the lights went out and the ship finally went under, she
heard loud explosions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Her most haunting memory was that of the screams and cries
of dying people in the icy water. 1500 people died on the Titanic, and their
cries continued for what seemed like hours. Every time she got to this part of the
story she would start crying. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“They were
in the water, and we couldn’t help them,”</i> she would say sadly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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They were in the lifeboats for what she figured to be eight
hours. Though the night was a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“brilliant,
bright night,”</i> they had to burn any scraps that they could find — hats,
coats, paper, money, or anything else that wouldn’t cause a flash fire — so
that the boats could see each other and stay together in the darkness.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On board the rescue ship, the Carpathia, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the people were wonderful. They gave up
their blankets and coats, anything that could help.” </i>She kept looking for
her roommates, but she never saw either of them again. The entire Panula family
was also later confirmed lost.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On their arrival in New York, the survivors did not have to
go through Ellis Island, as all other immigrants did in those days. Instead,
they were taken straight to New York Hospital, and then sent on their way. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Because of the language problem, she was literally tagged in
New York and put on a train to Ashtabula, Ohio. She was greeted by crowds at
many of the train stops, including in Ashtabula, as she was somewhat of a
celebrity by this time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Somehow, her name turned up on a “lost passengers” list, and
her family in Finland didn’t know that she was alive until they received a
letter from her 5 or 6 weeks later.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Soon after she got to Ashtabula, she met Emil Lundi, John’s
brother. They fell in love and got married. They were together until 1952,
raising seven children.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In May of 1953, Anna was a special guest when the movie
“Titanic” starring Barbara Stanwyck and Clifton Webb opened at the new theater
in Ashtabula. It was the first movie she had ever seen–her first introduction
to the magic of Hollywood. After the film was over, reporters asked her if she
thought the film was realistic. With tears in her eyes she replied “If they
were close enough to take those pictures, why didn’t anyone help us?” Family
members tried to explain to her that it was a Hollywood re-creation. She just
kept saying, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“No, no…”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Over the years she was interviewed regularly by local
newspapers on the April anniversary of the sinking, but she turned down appearances
on TV Shows partly because of her age,
her physical condition, and the language problem. She also refused to join in
any lawsuits over the loss. She felt that she didn’t need to go after money:
she had her life, and that was compensation enough.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Every year on the anniversary she would sit her seven
children down to tell them the story again. The phrase she would always close
with, and repeated throughout her life was,<br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I
can never understand why God would have spared a poor Finnish girl when all
those rich people drowned.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anna Sophia Turja Lundi died in Long Beach, California, in
1982 at the age of 89.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpM22vQ2iiUFQF0ZYYenRimRa7YkxyCMZGM3WdBEqe7-wdKaliZr0_BSW7W9-lXQ20wDNyRgtJWMHtkzg7xfQdwVPoki3xWBbnaXE6X2lbdMm8pPAhdGsqm41wsdSrjEUeCp6liiDi4-Lm/s1600/frank-goldsmith-emily-illman-survivor-titanicjpg-f2ad9e3cbe7da206.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="683" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpM22vQ2iiUFQF0ZYYenRimRa7YkxyCMZGM3WdBEqe7-wdKaliZr0_BSW7W9-lXQ20wDNyRgtJWMHtkzg7xfQdwVPoki3xWBbnaXE6X2lbdMm8pPAhdGsqm41wsdSrjEUeCp6liiDi4-Lm/s320/frank-goldsmith-emily-illman-survivor-titanicjpg-f2ad9e3cbe7da206.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">EMILY & FRANK GOLDSMITH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Emily Goldsmith & her
Family</b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Emily Goldsmith’s son, Frank John William Goldsmith, Jr. was
a young third-class passenger of the RMS Titanic and a survivor of the sinking
in 1912. He later wrote a book about his experiences titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Echoes In the Night: Memories of a Titanic
Survivor</i> (1991) which featured in the documentary, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Titanic: The Legend Lives On</i> (1994). Frank Goldsmith Jr. was born in Strood, Kent and he was the
eldest child Emily and her husband Frank.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Emily and her family boarded the RMS Titanic in Southampton
as third-class passengers, en route to Detroit, Michigan. Her husband, a tool
maker, was bringing his bag of tools with him; these were stored in the ship's
hold.<br />
<br />
Accompanying them were Thomas Theobald, Frank Sr.'s friend, and Alfred
Rush, the son of a family friend.<br />
<br />
Alf Rush commemorated his 16th birthday on 14
April on board the ship, celebrating his transformation from a boy to a man as
he no longer had to wear shorts, but was now to wear long pants.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The young Frank Goldsmith spent his time on board the ship
playing with a group of English-speaking third-class boys who were about his
age: Willie Coutts, Harold Goodwin, William Johnston, Albert and George Rice,
and James and Walter van Billiard. They climbed the baggage cranes and wandered
down to the boiler rooms to watch the stokers and firemen at work. Of these
boys, only Frank Goldsmith and Coutts would survive the sinking.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91OJRCLwbcPPDWDRw70UYSu5M5nutMjIn57FlRIRFkqfpN_IE9y1JOPcQML3xIWSWv85OtiT0ECnbrUAo4iblel51luJcTRoWxW0W9dl8Sh3CrbzNnXSdBLk8PISrh3odWmm6muVOGeuW/s1600/8208269_131767571875.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91OJRCLwbcPPDWDRw70UYSu5M5nutMjIn57FlRIRFkqfpN_IE9y1JOPcQML3xIWSWv85OtiT0ECnbrUAo4iblel51luJcTRoWxW0W9dl8Sh3CrbzNnXSdBLk8PISrh3odWmm6muVOGeuW/s1600/8208269_131767571875.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FRANK'S PASSPORT PHOTO</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the ship struck the iceberg late in the evening of 14
April 1912, Frank Sr. woke Emily and his son and together with Tom Theobold and Alfred
Rush, they made their way to the forward end of the boat deck, where
Collapsible C was being loaded. There was a ring of crewmen standing around it,
letting only women and children pass through. Franks Goldsmith wrote of the
experience<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My Mother & I
then were permitted through the gateway, The crewman in charge reached out
to grasp the arm of Alfred Rush to pull him through because he must have felt
that the lad was not much older than me. He was not very tall for his
age. He jerked his arm out of the sailor's
hand and with his head held high, said, 'No! I'm staying here with
the men.' At age 16, he died a hero."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdhqnZhI_9xktsLwTY48XctR8mXoLvAUEXEul_nDKP_8jHjh_BvgRUrQJpu9l6AZFQ7UvvH5BY2hw8k9AsB4_Gox2U9DoYUDCQJi7EaacwP-tYpOk7YCGZaJVgEWXjXV_BeB8oI8NEKop/s1600/14138466_131767525641.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdhqnZhI_9xktsLwTY48XctR8mXoLvAUEXEul_nDKP_8jHjh_BvgRUrQJpu9l6AZFQ7UvvH5BY2hw8k9AsB4_Gox2U9DoYUDCQJi7EaacwP-tYpOk7YCGZaJVgEWXjXV_BeB8oI8NEKop/s1600/14138466_131767525641.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">EMILY'S PASSPORT PHOTO</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tom Theobold gave Emily Goldsmith his wedding ring, asking if
she would give it to his wife if he did not survive.<br />
<br />
Franks Goldsmith later
recalled: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My dad reached down and
patted me on the shoulder and said, 'So long, Frankie, I’ll see you later.' He
didn’t and he may have known he wouldn’t.</i>"<br />
<br />
Mr Goldsmith. TomTheobold,
and Alf Rush all died in the sinking. Of the three, only Theobold's body was
recovered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Emily and Frank Junior were rescued by the RMS Carpathia in
Collapsible C.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
As the Carpathia
headed to New York City, in order to get Frank's mind off the sinking, Emily Goldsmith
entrusted him into the care of a surviving Titanic fireman, Samuel Collins.
While Emily Goldsmith was busy sewing clothes from blankets for women and
children who had left the ship in only nightclothes, Frank accompanied Collins
down to visit Carpathia's stokers. They offered to make him an honorary seaman
by having him drink a mixture of water, vinegar, and a whole raw egg. He
proudly swallowed it in one go, and from then on, considered himself as a
member of the ship's crew. Goldsmith remembered fireman Collins telling him, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Don’t cry, Frankie, your dad will
probably be in New York before you are."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo4vZ0WbWZemgTnSF_mTbPiPYT_2KMxaEmX9lVO7Nw4wYN6lctKQE78bszcJiVy218UYpcYFmx0-hi-a9RNWa8jsQMIU2o1k9WEsEmcjQ-F5h_R4WwNvBecJlAaP8WXf2gR53YXC1_pH5d/s1600/titanic-survivor-frank-goldsmith-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo4vZ0WbWZemgTnSF_mTbPiPYT_2KMxaEmX9lVO7Nw4wYN6lctKQE78bszcJiVy218UYpcYFmx0-hi-a9RNWa8jsQMIU2o1k9WEsEmcjQ-F5h_R4WwNvBecJlAaP8WXf2gR53YXC1_pH5d/s1600/titanic-survivor-frank-goldsmith-1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FRANK AND EMILY GOLDSMITH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After arriving in New York, Emily and her son were housed by
the Salvation Army, which provided train fare to reach their relatives in
Detroit. They moved to a home near the newly opened Navin Field, home of the
Detroit Tigers. Every time the crowd cheered during a home run, the sound
reminded young Frank of the screams of the dying passengers and crew in the
water just after the ship sank; as a result, he never took his <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>own children to baseball games.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frank Goldsmith still held on to the hope of his father's
survival. It took him months to understand that his father was really dead, and
for years afterward, he used to tell himself, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I think another ship must have picked him up and one day he will
come walking right through that door and say, 'Hello, Frankie.'"</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFyVmZjXhkjUZvWqr7JrF1Dse6AudEzjVWnYpivU95xIw7YFU8KK01mOR0e0lXrx-8i7WgPa_6kuHHsdFbcEqhQE9Nfh31vmtOyoqey23_t_WX3DnZRKwU4zZcCFsSmz0kOpR_s72-lda6/s1600/titanic-survivor-frank-goldsmith-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="480" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFyVmZjXhkjUZvWqr7JrF1Dse6AudEzjVWnYpivU95xIw7YFU8KK01mOR0e0lXrx-8i7WgPa_6kuHHsdFbcEqhQE9Nfh31vmtOyoqey23_t_WX3DnZRKwU4zZcCFsSmz0kOpR_s72-lda6/s320/titanic-survivor-frank-goldsmith-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Frank Goldsmith married Victoria Agnes Lawrence and they had three
sons. During World War II, Goldsmith served as a civilian photographer for the
U.S. Army Air Corps. After the war, he brought his family to Ashland, Ohio and
later opened a photography supply store in nearby Mansfield.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Goldsmith's autobiography entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Echoes in the Night: Memories of a Titanic Survivor,</i> published by the
Titanic Historical Society is one of the few books about the sinking written by
a third-class passenger.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>The Goodwin Family</b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frederick and Augusta Goodwin had six children - Lillian, Charles, William, Jessie, Harold and .Sidney who was born on 9 September 1910 in Melksham, Wiltshire, England. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS2xsqePcG61S-wTPdzV3DXLJMwBjoaEoKpowOX-975Y3MiwLr5RVgMHkuo8ouYaNHgAbnmdjorlI3SxW5ev2fORqMN6Gi7XHsVsc234nej5BeMKvbwsVQYEaj5bYaoLLch8AG12JcqzAU/s1600/the-andersson-family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiS2xsqePcG61S-wTPdzV3DXLJMwBjoaEoKpowOX-975Y3MiwLr5RVgMHkuo8ouYaNHgAbnmdjorlI3SxW5ev2fORqMN6Gi7XHsVsc234nej5BeMKvbwsVQYEaj5bYaoLLch8AG12JcqzAU/s1600/the-andersson-family.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GOODWIN FAMILY (MINUS SIDNEY)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Frederick's brother, Thomas, had already left England and was living in Niagara Falls, New York. Thomas wrote to Frederick, telling him about the opening of a power station there. It has been speculated that the famed Schoellkopf Hydroelectric Power Station
(Station A), due to open in 1912, would have been his employer had he
lived.<br />
<br />
Frederick, a compositor, packed up his wife and six children to
prepare for the move. They booked third-class passage on the S.S. <i>New York</i> out of Southampton, but due to a coal strike that year the vessel's passage was delayed, and they were transferred to the RMS <i>Titanic</i>.<sup> </sup>They boarded the <i>Titanic</i> in Southampton as third-class passengers.<br />
<br />
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</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnudrlAkNcsbgJ1sMxZ4KqU5ymPDyzVfsqmWEBdIXqnyKTPpVie2EQZ8oVibYQTYDJVIB9L6EP_xJJsbsjO1O81k7ZFkrToBuWqq4p90AIZDdYHMbQH-JoE1dFxubgsQyczIdm-FP-Nx8n/s1600/225px-Sidney_Goodwin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="225" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnudrlAkNcsbgJ1sMxZ4KqU5ymPDyzVfsqmWEBdIXqnyKTPpVie2EQZ8oVibYQTYDJVIB9L6EP_xJJsbsjO1O81k7ZFkrToBuWqq4p90AIZDdYHMbQH-JoE1dFxubgsQyczIdm-FP-Nx8n/s320/225px-Sidney_Goodwin.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SIDNEY GOODWIN - THE LOST CHILD</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Not much is known about the Goodwins' activities during the voyage,
except that they may have been separated by sex in opposite ends of the
ship, Frederick and his older sons in the bow, and Augusta with Sidney
and the girls in the stern. Harold Goodwin also met up with and spent some time with Frank Goldsmith, who survived.<br />
<br />
By the time the Goodwins received a warning about the collision with
the iceberg, all the lifeboats had been launched. The entire family
perished in the sinking.<br />
<br />
In his book, <i>The Night Lives On</i>, historian Walter Lord devoted a chapter <i>"What Happened to the Goodwins?"</i> to the family, using the fact that they were English to challenge the White Star Line's implication that such high numbers of third-class passengers perished because they could not understand the English language.<br />
<br />
<br />
The body of a fair-haired toddler was the fourth pulled from the ocean by the recovery ship CS <i>Mackay-Bennett</i>, on 17 April 1912. The description read:<br />
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<dl><dd><b>NO. 4 - MALE - ESTIMATED AGE, 2 - HAIR, FAIR.</b></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><b>CLOTHING</b> - Grey coat with fur on collar and cuffs; brown
serge frock; petticoat; flannel garment; pink woolen singlet; brown
shoes and stockings.</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><b>No marks whatever.</b></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><b>PROBABLY THIRD CLASS</b></dd></dl>
</blockquote>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8zOnKMUTzXDIGgtNiWbv8mEMCHdrTxEPNwRk5szCurfQw7yYKPzZSYdpmeNTTmZvc8VKdlbOryhyphenhyphenKefom9khl1IZ1JWnHd7rh9kEbeHeR9v8kItp11e5pvQzmSBDZHkM-D4O_IM64O0mo/s1600/Unknown_Titanic_Child.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="255" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8zOnKMUTzXDIGgtNiWbv8mEMCHdrTxEPNwRk5szCurfQw7yYKPzZSYdpmeNTTmZvc8VKdlbOryhyphenhyphenKefom9khl1IZ1JWnHd7rh9kEbeHeR9v8kItp11e5pvQzmSBDZHkM-D4O_IM64O0mo/s320/Unknown_Titanic_Child.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MEMORIAL TO UNKNOWN CHILD</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The sailors aboard the <i>Mackay-Bennett</i>, who were very shocked
by the discovery of the unknown boy's body, paid for a monument, and he
was buried on 4 May 1912 with a copper pendant placed in his coffin by
recovery sailors that read "Our Babe".
Before 2002 (when he was first, though mistakenly, identified through
DNA testing), he was known simply as "The Unknown Child". His body,
identified as that of a child around two years old, was initially
believed to be that of either a two-year-old Swedish boy, Gösta Pålsson; or a two-year-old Irish boy, Eugene Rice, two other fair-haired toddlers who perished in the sinking.<br />
<br />
The American PBS television series <i>Secrets of the Dead</i> initially identified the body as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eino_Viljami_Panula" title="Eino Viljami Panula">Eino Viljami Panula</a>, a 13-month-old Finnish baby, based on DNA testing of three teeth and a small, weathered bone.<sup> </sup>However, with improved DNA testing available in 2007, Canadian researchers at Lakehead <br />
University in Thunder Bay tested the child's HVS1, a type of mitochondrial DNA molecule, and it did not match the Panula family.
DNA extracted from the exhumed remains and DNA provided by a surviving
maternal relative helped positively match the remains to Sidney Goodwin, and the
re-identification was announced on 30 July 2007.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSBH3pAhs_PrMRY02Yn5f8AQf-2Sl7kHPOxK90xHv3SButdWxBbvKH1E3dzJypi88CVxfh9zCj_Xso-k_nHDOC9l0fNxVmzE1abotAl-2a9vbGModwrKwNiIMrRd3C_ru2fiinUP1iD-/s1600/Final_resting_place_of_Sidney_Leslie_Goodwin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="330" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSBH3pAhs_PrMRY02Yn5f8AQf-2Sl7kHPOxK90xHv3SButdWxBbvKH1E3dzJypi88CVxfh9zCj_Xso-k_nHDOC9l0fNxVmzE1abotAl-2a9vbGModwrKwNiIMrRd3C_ru2fiinUP1iD-/s320/Final_resting_place_of_Sidney_Leslie_Goodwin.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SIDNEY GOODWIN'S GRAVE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Although the bodies of two other children, both older boys, were
recovered, it was Sidney who came to be a symbol of all the children
lost in the sinking.<br />
<br />
He is buried in Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and a marker was recently added to the memorial with his name and dates of birth and death. A pair of his shoes were donated to Halifax's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in 2002 by the descendants of a Halifax police officer who guarded the bodies and clothing of <i>Titanic</i> victims.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sidney Goodwin is the only member of his family whose body has been recovered and subsequently identified.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Annie Sage & her Family </b></u><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8CcDmO3tYdYMg9eEvAGf8kPiRlh-Frp7_MvzaZY3cF6A9HMwAqiAtym1sH771jYfD5_57nTDV3WGD1UL73uPUMuYCj-H1iE0CTPuoD_beX-pzEwT_9Oo_PDRCfmaf1oIZpE_St2OKB6z_/s1600/the-sage-family.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8CcDmO3tYdYMg9eEvAGf8kPiRlh-Frp7_MvzaZY3cF6A9HMwAqiAtym1sH771jYfD5_57nTDV3WGD1UL73uPUMuYCj-H1iE0CTPuoD_beX-pzEwT_9Oo_PDRCfmaf1oIZpE_St2OKB6z_/s1600/the-sage-family.jpg" /></a></div>
Annie
Elizabeth Cazaly married John George Sage on 2nd November 1890. The Cazaly family were originally Huguenot refugees,
and had been settled in the London area for many years.<br />
<br />
Annie and John's first
child, Stella Anne, was born in 1891, followed by George John in 1892,
Douglas Bullen in 1894, Frederick 1895, Dorothy Florence on 13th October
1897, Anthony William in1899 and Elizabeth Ada on 9th November 1901.By
September 1904 the family had settled in Freebridge where another
daughter, Constance Gladys, was born.The family was rounded off in early
1907 by the birth of a further son, Thomas Henry.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ3P4GN8B8INKqaZhafz6HcBbevUQG6dFZx6aHzcI66asRRrlTRJI3lD-mOKgroRlf5nsS5ku0Bl4VUmGEl9JTeWFhP4IUQ92phUu-3W3nNFCz-boQyxkA_GvqzfR-QRSpDqVtDeAmtFjK/s1600/Gladston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="856" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ3P4GN8B8INKqaZhafz6HcBbevUQG6dFZx6aHzcI66asRRrlTRJI3lD-mOKgroRlf5nsS5ku0Bl4VUmGEl9JTeWFhP4IUQ92phUu-3W3nNFCz-boQyxkA_GvqzfR-QRSpDqVtDeAmtFjK/s320/Gladston.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GLADSTONE STREET PETERBOROUGH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
For nine years John had been landlord of the ''New Inn'', North Wotton,
near King's Lynn in Norfolk, where he was a popular and jovial host.
Leaving there in October 1908 he occupied the ''Bentinck Arms'' in West
Lynn for a further nine months before moving to Peterborough with his
wife and their children, Upon their arrival in Peterborough, the family
ran a bakers shop and off licence at 237 Gladstone Street. The family remained
at the shop for eleven months before selling to a new owner and moving a
few doors away to a private residence, number 246 Gladstone Street.<br />
<br />
During the summer months of 1911 John Sage and his eldest son, George,
left Peterborough and set sail for Canada, where they obtained positions
as cooks and later inspectors for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Whilst
in the employment of the CPR they visited Florida where John was so
impressed by both the countryside and climate, that he decided to uproot
his family and bring them to America.<br />
<br />
A plot of land was purchased in
Jacksonville, Florida, for use as a fruit cultivation farm, and the
thousand pound ''nest egg'' which Annie Sage had managed to save from
the results of their various ventures, went towards engaging a local
builder to erect a farmhouse for the family's occupation.<br />
<br />
During the latter part of 1911 John Sage returned to England. His cabin
on board ship was shared by another Peterborough man, Mr. Topley, who
was later to say what a good sailor John had been during an Atlantic
storm and that he was in all ways a <i>''Thoroughly fine fellow''.</i> George
Sage remained in Florida to ensure that all was going according to plan
with the building project, and followed his father home a couple of
months later.<br />
<br />
The Sage boys and younger daughters were eagerly looking forward to a
change of lifestyle in the New World, and the adventures of a sea
crossing. But the Sage's eldest daughter, Stella, was loathe to leave
her many friends behind, and only agreed to accompany the rest of the
family provided that her father promised to pay her return fare to
England in the event that she did not like the new country.<br />
<br />
Annie Sage didn't welcome the move either; after years of moving around she
finally felt settled in Peterborough. She told many friends and
neighbours that she was apprehensive about the voyage and was sure that
something was going to happen. Preying on her mind was an incident that
had happened a couple of years previously when her daughter, Dolly, had
fallen into the well in the backyard of their home in Gladstone Street.
Fortunately, her hair was so long and thick that next door neighbour,
Tom Gibbs, was able to seize her tresses and pull her out. According to
East Coast folklore a person who had once been rescued from drowning
would eventually meet their fate in the same manner.<br />
<br />
Friends tried to
persuade her that it was just superstition and she eventually relented.<br />
<br />
During the days before the voyage Annie Sage busied herself with the
packing. The family piano and several chairs of sentimental value had
already been dispatched by cargo ship, as the nucleus of the new home
which, as fate would determine, was never to be. The three iron sheep
which had graced Annie's hearth were divided between neighbours, Mrs.
Gibbs and Mrs., Jordan, whilst family photographs and souvenirs were
tearfully given to other friends and neighbours.<br />
<br />
It was originally
intended that the family would travel on the SS Philadelphia on the day
after Good Friday, but the sailing was cancelled owing to the coal
strike and they thought themselves lucky to be able to secure passage on
the new White Star liner Titanic.<br />
<br />
Finally the day of departure arrived
and the Sage family gathered on the platform of Peterborough station.
John Sage joked with friends who had come to see the family off, that he
would send them a sample of the Pecan nuts which he intended growing on
his farm. The train which was due to leave Peterborough at 3.52 pm did
not arrive from the North until almost 5.00 pm which enabled their
friends to take a longer farewell.<br />
<br />
Amongst these friends were neighbours, Tom Gibbs and Mr. Cracknell, Mr.
and Mrs. Todd of 188 Walpole Street and a number of youths from the
''Great Northern Hotel'' where George Sage and his brothers Douglas and
Frederick had at one time been employed. As the train bound for
Southampton pulled away from the station there was much cheering and
waving of handkerchiefs from those both on board and on the platform.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiTkQFot9b4jZWlHMGqSPIjQhfM1Gq-ve8t5iiOpFWZKB6QwJ-hXbsENDNzTO4kMXiT5nwF88bGDtox6rmjnnUlKnJR-FgcvEnUtL5Xnew4NRulPyHr7HyTdzvbKa0YYyrRdCUmm2vty_R/s1600/article-2284933-12D6CB3E000005DC-818_964x612.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="964" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiTkQFot9b4jZWlHMGqSPIjQhfM1Gq-ve8t5iiOpFWZKB6QwJ-hXbsENDNzTO4kMXiT5nwF88bGDtox6rmjnnUlKnJR-FgcvEnUtL5Xnew4NRulPyHr7HyTdzvbKa0YYyrRdCUmm2vty_R/s320/article-2284933-12D6CB3E000005DC-818_964x612.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC LEAVES SOUTHAMPTON APRIL 1912</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The rest, of course, is history. Exactly what became of the family there
is no-one left to tell, what is known is that the family did at least
reach the boat deck, as Stella got into a lifeboat only to jump out
again when she discovered that the rest of the family could not go with
her.<br />
<br />
On April 22nd young William Sage's body was recovered from the Atlantic
by the cable steamer SS Mackay Bennett, his was the 67th body to be
found by the vessel and was listed thus: Number 67. Male, Estimated age
14. Hair medium. Clothing: grey suit (knickers), striped shirt, black
boots and stockings. No marks on body or clothing. Third Class Ticket,
Will Sage on Ticket List No. 20 berth 126. William's remains were
committed to the sea again on the same day.<br />
<br />
As news of the disaster reached Peterborough it was thought that one of
the survivors may have been three-year-old Thomas and a collection was
instigated to enable a relative to go to New York and retrieve the
little boy. The child, however, turned out to be the son of a tailor
from Nice and so hope of any of the Sage's being amongst the rescued was
dashed. Stella Sage's close friend, Mrs. Todd of Peterborough, received
a postcard with a Queenstown postmark which read:- <i>'</i><br />
<br />
<i>'Dear Mrs. Todd,
just a postcard of the boat. I am not seasick yet and hope I shall not
be. Will write a long letter while on the boat. Cheer up, I'm coming
back soon. With love Stella. </i><br />
<br />
A strange coincidence happened on Sunday,
14 April: Mr. Todd who was a member of St Barnabus' Church, where the
Sage family worshiped, requested that the hymn 'Eternal Father Strong
to Save' might be sung during the evening service, his request was
granted and was rendered within an hour or so of the Titanic striking
the iceberg.<br />
<br />
John Sage's estate was settled in Peterborough, administration was
granted on 25 May 1912 to Mary Ann Perrin, one of his sisters . His effects in England amounted to £347.9.0d<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>The well-put together 13 min video below tells the story of Titanic and one female 3rd class survivor from the Lebanon - Shawneene George. </b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NNZFHaHY5XI/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NNZFHaHY5XI?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>In the short video below, Author John Welshman tells the story of Hanna another 3rd class female passenger from the Middle East:</b></div>
<br />
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2sInge3AA0s/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2sInge3AA0s?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b> " 3rd Class 1912" a poem about a third class passenger's struggle onboard Titanic the night of the sinking.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2lx6rKTTczc/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2lx6rKTTczc?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-44258643317095210022018-04-18T04:19:00.000+01:002018-04-18T05:46:02.024+01:00Charlotte and Marjorie Collyer - The BritishTitanic Surviors who lost everything<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngE_e5MJVp84Fu-2q-EfR1l-Z0xysm-QyI_Z1Uh5AxNm37TkqvyLFShtY8N3gQAMjjaDqM2jZGxknSxeqszNrNRCZw2AByz48TY9u3JBD-bFxLdNl4u_uMHsBMaIbmFgcvUA6QIPvs7uH/s1600/charlotte-collyer-marjorie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngE_e5MJVp84Fu-2q-EfR1l-Z0xysm-QyI_Z1Uh5AxNm37TkqvyLFShtY8N3gQAMjjaDqM2jZGxknSxeqszNrNRCZw2AByz48TY9u3JBD-bFxLdNl4u_uMHsBMaIbmFgcvUA6QIPvs7uH/s320/charlotte-collyer-marjorie.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charlotte and Marjorie Collyer after rescue</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Collyer and her daughter Marjorie were 2nd Class English survivors of the Titanic. They not only tragically lost a beloved husband and father Harvey Collyer in the disaster - but all their worldly possessions and £5,000 in cash was also lost forever when Titanic sank. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Out of all the survivors who were photographed after the disaster - their faces show the extreme stress and the terrible trauma the women and children lived through on that fateful night, more than any other image I have seen from Titanic. Their reports are some of the most terrifying, graphic and violent and their letters home are some of the most poignant and heartbreaking.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs Harvey Collyer was born as Charlotte Caroline Tate <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Cobham, Surrey, England on 1 October 1881. She
was the eldest daughter of Allen and Louisa Tate and her father worked as a
coachman. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 1901 Charlotte had left home and was working as a
domestic cook for the Reverend Sydney Sedgwick, a Church of England clergyman
who lived at Fanfield Hill, Leatherhead. It was through the church that
Charlotte met her future husband, Harvey Collyer who was a sexton and verger.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1xvrfITlc2VYgfh1L3OkqMtWr23yk2hY4RwYBCLjtGjmlBqg2llIZJBFibGdC8b4uJUiiN3f8uHI1_lpgsxdaMEwUpvcsXitoIGN1dGhF7NCvtAeECmlqDN_WFj-TUUcAkuLgKzifWmr/s1600/collyer-family-m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="500" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb1xvrfITlc2VYgfh1L3OkqMtWr23yk2hY4RwYBCLjtGjmlBqg2llIZJBFibGdC8b4uJUiiN3f8uHI1_lpgsxdaMEwUpvcsXitoIGN1dGhF7NCvtAeECmlqDN_WFj-TUUcAkuLgKzifWmr/s320/collyer-family-m.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charlotte, Marjorie & Harvey Collyer from Encyclopedia Titanica</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harvey and Charlotte were married in St Mary and St
Nicholas' Church in Leatherhead on 5 May 1905. Harvey’s occupation was
described as a warehouseman. The couple had one child, a daughter, born in 1904
and whom they named Marjorie Lottie.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The family later moved to Bishopstoke, Hampshire, following
the Reverend Sedgwick who had moved to his new Parrish church there, St Mary's. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harvey would continue to work for the church as verger, on the church council
and as a bell ringer and he also ran a grocery store in the town. Charlotte
also continued to work at the church and the family were very well respected within
their community.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Friends of the family had gone to Payette, Idaho several
years before and made a success of the fruit farm they bought there. They wrote
glowing accounts of the climate in letters to the Collyers and advised them to
come seek their fortune in Idaho. The Collyers did not seriously consider the
proposition until Mrs Collyer began having respiratory problems and became
afflicted with tuberculosis, at which point they decided to buy a farm in the
same valley as their friends in America. Mrs Collyer later felt guilty that it
was her own health problems that eventually caused the death of her husband.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The day before
we were due to sail our neighbours made much of us, it seemed as if there must
have been hundreds who called to bid us goodbye and in the afternoon members of
the church arranged a surprise for my husband. They led him to a seat under the
old tree in the churchyard and then some went up into the belfry and, in his
honour, they rang all the chimes that they knew. It took more than an hour and
he was very pleased. Somehow it makes me a little sad. They ran the old chimes
as well as the gay ones and to me it was too much of a farewell
ceremony."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The next morning the Collyers went to Southampton, where Mr
Collyer drew from the bank the family's entire life savings -including the money from
the sale of their store in Bishopstoke. He took the money in banknotes instead
of a bank draft, and put the money in the inside breast pocket of his coat. In the
Titanic's hold were the few personal possessions that the family had kept after
the sale of their home -- which meant that EVERYTHING the Collyer’s owned, was
on board the Titanic, which they boarded under joint ticket number 31921 which
cost them £26, 5s.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harvey Collyer wrote to his parents as the ship approached
Queenstown in Ireland:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Titanic April 11th</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My dear Mum and Dad </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It don't seem possible
we are out on the briny writing to you. Well dears so far we are having a
delightful trip the weather is beautiful and the ship magnificent. We can't
describe the tables it's like a floating town. I can tell you we do swank we
shall miss it on the trains as we go third on them. You would not imagine you
were on a ship. There is hardly any motion she is so large we have not felt sick
yet we expect to get to Queenstown today so thought I would drop this with the
mails. We had a fine send off from Southampton and Mrs S and the boys with
others saw us off. We will post again at new York then when we get to Payette. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lots of love don't worry
about us. Ever your loving children</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvey, Lot &
Madge</i><br />
<br />
Charlotte describes her first impressions of Titanic:<br />
<br />
<i>We were traveling second cabin, and from our deck, which was situated
well forward, we saw the great send-off that was given to the boat. I
do not think there had ever been so large a crowd in Southampton, and I
am not surprised that it should have come together.</i><br />
<br />
<em>The Titanic was wonderful, far more splendid and huge than I
had dreamed of. The other craft in the harbor were like cockle-shells
beside her, and they, mind you, were the boats of the American and other
lines that a few years ago were thought enormous. I remember a friend
said to me, just before visitors were ordered ashore: “Aren’t you afraid
to venture on the sea?” But now it was I who was confident. “What, on
this boat!” I answered. “Even the worst storm couldn’t harm her.”</em><br />
<br />
<em>Before we left the harbor, I saw the accident to the New York,
the liner that was dragged from her moorings and swept against us in
the channel. It did not frighten anyone, as it only seemed to prove how
powerful the Titanic was.</em><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>I don’t remember very much about the first few days of the voyage. I was a bit seasick, and kept to my cabin most of the time. But on Sunday, April 14, I was up and about. At dinnertime, I was at
my place in the saloon, and enjoyed the meal, though I thought it too
heavy and rich. No effort had been spared to serve even to the second
cabin passengers on that Sunday the best dinner that money could buy.
After I had eaten, I listened to the orchestra for awhile; then, at
perhaps nine o’clock, or half-past nine, I went to my cabin. </i><br />
<br />
<i>I had just climbed into my berth when a stewardess came in. She was a
sweet woman, who had been very kind to me. I take this opportunity to
thank her; for I shall never see her again. She went down with the
Titanic.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>“Do you know where we are?” she said pleasantly. “We are in what is called The Devil’s Hole.”</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>“What does that mean?” I asked. “That it is a dangerous pert of the ocean,” she answered. “Many
accidents have happened near here. They say that icebergs drift down as
far as this. It’s getting to be very cold on deck, so perhaps there’s
ice around us now!”</i><br />
<br />
<i>She left the cabin, and I soon dropped off to sleep. Her talk about
icebergs had not frightened me; but it shows that the crew were awake to
the danger. As far as I can tell, we had not slackened our speed in the
least. It must have been a little after ten o’clock when my husband came in
and woke me up. He sat about and talked to me, for how long I do not
know, before he began to make ready to go to bed. </i><br />
<br />
<i>And then, the crash!</i><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>The sensation, to me, was as if the ship had been seized by a giant
hand and shaken once, twice; then stopped dead in its course. That is to
say, there was a long backward jerk, followed by a shorter forward one.
I was not thrown out of my berth, and my husband staggered on his feet
only slightly. We heard no strange sounds, no rending of plates and
woodwork; but we noticed that the engines had ceased running. They tried
to start the engines a few minutes later; but, after some coughing and
rumbling, there was silence once more. Our cabin was so situated that we
could follow this clearly.</i><br />
<i>My husband and I were not alarmed. He said that there must have been
some slight accident in the engine room, and at first he did not intend
to go on deck. Then he changed his mind, put on his coat and left me. I
lay quietly in my berth with my little girl, and almost fell asleep
again.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Her
husband went out to investigate and reported back, saying<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'What do you think? We've struck an iceberg - a big one - but there's
no danger. An officer told me so!'</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>I could hear the footsteps of people on the deck above my head. There
was some stamping, and queer noises as if ship’s tackle was being
pulled about.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>“Are the people frightened?” I asked quietly. “No,” he replied. “I
don’t think the shock waked up many in the second cabin, and few of
those in the saloons have troubled to go on deck. I saw five
professional gamblers playing with some of the passengers as I went by.
Their cards had been jerked off the table when the boat struck; but they
were gathering them up, and had started their game again be fore I left
the saloon.”</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>This story reassured me. If those people at their cards were not
worried, why should I be? I think my husband would have retired to his
berth without asking any more questions about the accident, but suddenly
we heard hundreds of people running along the passageway in front of
our door. They did not cry out; but the pattering of their feet reminded
me of rats scurrying through an empty room.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>I could see my face in a mirror opposite, and it had grown very
white. My husband, too, was pale; and he stammered when he spoke to me.
“We had all better go on deck, and see what’s wrong,” he said.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>I jumped out of bed, and put over my night dress a dressing gown and
then an ulster. My hair was down; but I hurriedly tied it back with a
ribbon. By this time, although the boat had not made any progress, it
seemed to have tilted forward a little. I caught up my daughter,
Marjorie, just as she was, in her nightgown, wrapped a White Star cabin
blanket around her, and started out of the door. My husband followed
immediately behind. Neither of us took any of our belongings from the
cabin; and I remember that we even left his watch lying on his pillow.
We did not doubt for an instant that we would return.</i><br />
<br />
<i>When we reached the second-cabin promenade deck, we found a great
many people there. Some officers were walking up and down, and shouting:
“There is no danger, no danger whatever!” It was a clear starlight
night, but very cold. There was not a ripple on the sea. A few of the
passengers were standing by the rail, and looking down; but I want to
say that, at that time, no one was frightened.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>My husband stepped over to an officer — it was either Fifth Officer
Harold Lowe or First Officer Murdoch — and asked him a question. I heard
him shout back:</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>“No, we have no searchlight; but we have a few rockets on board. Keep calm! There is no danger!”</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>Our party of three stood close together. I did not recognize any of
the other faces about me, probably because of the excitement. I never
went near the first-cabin promenade deck, so did not see any of the
prominent people on board.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Suddenly there was a commotion near one of the gangways, and we saw a
stoker come climbing up from below. He stopped a few feet away from us.
All the fingers of one hand had been cut off. Blood was running from
the stumps, and blood was spattered over his face and over his clothes.
The red marks showed very clearly against the coal dust with which he
was covered.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>I started over and spoke to him. I asked him if there was any danger.</i><br />
<i>
</i><em>“Dynger!” he screamed, at the top of his voice. “I should just sye
so! It’s ‘ell down below. Look at me! This boat’ll sink like a log in
ten minutes.” [Sic, in a supposed Irish dialect.]</em><br />
<br />
<em>He staggered away, and lay down, fainting, with his head on a coil of
rope. And at that moment I got my first grip of fear — awful, sickening
fear. That poor man with his bleeding hand and his speckled face,
brought up a picture of smashed engines and mangled human bodies. I hung
on to my husband’s arm, and although he was very brave and was not
trembling, I saw that his face was as white as paper. We realized that
the accident was much worse than we had supposed; but even then I, and
all the others about me of whom I have any knowledge, did not believe that the Titanic could go down.</em><br />
<br />
<i>Those in charge must have herded us toward the nearest boat deck; for
that is where I presently found myself, still clinging to my husband’s
arm, and with little Marjorie beside me. Many women were standing with
their husbands, and there was no confusion.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>Then, above the clamor of people asking questions of each other,
there came the terrible cry: “Lower the boats. Women and children
first!” Someone was shouting those last four words over and over again:
“Women and children first! Women and children first!”</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>They struck utter terror into my heart, and now they will ring in my
cars until I die. They meant my own safety; but they also meant the
greatest loss I have ever suffered — the life of my husband.</i><br />
<br />
<i>The first lifeboat was quickly filled and lowered away. Very few men
went in her, only five or six members of the crew, I should say. The
male passengers made no attempt to save themselves. I never saw such
courage, or believed it possible. How the people in the first cabin and
the steerage may have acted, I do not know; but our second-cabin men
were heroes. I want to tell that to every reader of this article.</i><br />
<br />
<i>The lowering of the second boat took more time. I think all those
women who were really afraid and eager to go had got into the first.
Those who remained were wives who did not want to leave their husbands,
or daughters who would not leave their parents. The officer in charge
was Harold Lowe. First Officer Murdoch had moved to the other end of the
deck. I was never close to him again.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Mr Lowe was very young and boyish-looking; but, somehow, he compelled
people to obey him. He rushed among the passengers and ordered the
women into the boat. Many of them followed him in a dazed kind of way;
but others stayed by their men. I could have had a seat in that second
boat; but I refused to go. It was filled at last, and disappeared over
the side with a rush.</i><br />
<br />
<i>There were two more lifeboats at that part of the deck. A man in
plain clothes was fussing about them and screaming out instructions. I
saw Fifth Officer Lowe order him away. I did not recognize him; but from
what I have read in the newspapers, it must have been Mr J Bruce Ismay,
the managing director of the line.</i><br />
<br />
<i>The third boat was about half full when a sailor caught Marjorie, my
daughter, in his arms, tore her away from me and threw her into the
boat. She was not even given a chance to tell her father good-bye! “You, too!” a man yelled close to my ear. “You’re a woman. Take a seat in that boat, or it will be too late.”</i><br />
<br />
The deck seemed to be slipping under my feet. It was leaning at a
sharp angle; for the ship was then sinking fast, bows down. I clung
desperately to my husband. I do not know what I said; but I shall always
be glad to think that I did not want to leave him.<br />
<br />
<i>A man seized me by the arm. Then, another threw both his arms about
my waist and dragged me away by main strength. I heard my husband say:
“Go, Lotty! For God’s sake, be brave, and go! I’ll get a seat in another
boat.”</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>The men who held me rushed me across the deck, and hurled me bodily
into the lifeboat. I landed on one shoulder and bruised it badly. Other
women were crowding behind me; but I stumbled to my feet and saw over
their heads my husband’s back, as he walked steadily down the deck and
disappeared among the men. His face was turned away, so that I never saw
it again; but I know that he went unafraid to his death.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i><strong><em><br /></em></strong></i>
<i>
</i><em>His last words, when he said that he would get a seat in another
boat, buoyed me up until every vestige of hope was gone. Many women were
strengthened by the same promise, or they must have gone mad and leaped
into the sea. I let myself be saved, because I believed that he, too,
would escape; but I sometimes envy those whom no earthly power could
tear from their husbands’ arms. There were several such among those
brave second cabin passengers. I saw them standing beside their loved
ones to the last; and when the roll was called the next day on board the
Carpathia, they did not answer.</em><br />
<br />
<i> The bottom of our boat slapped the ocean, as we came down with a
force that I thought must shock us all overboard. We were drenched with
ice-cold spray; but we hung on, and the men at the oars rowed us rapidly
away from the wreck.</i><br />
<br />
<i>It was then that I saw for the first time the iceberg that had done
such terrible damage. It loomed up in the clear starlight, a
bluish-white mountain quite near to us. Two other icebergs lay close
together, like twin peaks. Later, I thought, I saw three or four more;
but I cannot be sure. Loose ice was floating in the water. It was very
cold.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>We had gone perhaps half a mile when the officer ordered the men to
cease rowing. No other boats were in sight, and we did not even have a
lantern to signal with. We lay there in silence and darkness on that
utterly calm sea.</i><br />
<br />
<div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="clear: none; height: auto; text-align: left; width: 100%;">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7448227145613222" data-ad-format="auto" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; display: block; margin: auto;"><ins id="aswift_6_expand" style="background-color: transparent; border: none; display: inline-table; height: 188px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 750px;"></ins></ins><em>I shall never forget the terrible beauty of the Titanic at
that moment. She was tilted forward, head down, with her first funnel
partly under water. To me, she looked like an enormous glow worm; for
she was alight from the rising water line, clear to her stern — electric
lights blazing in every cabin, lights on all the decks and lights at
her mast heads. No sound reached us except the music of the band,
which I seemed, strange to say, to be aware of for the first time. Oh,
those brave musicians! How wonderful they were! They were playing lively
tunes, ragtime, and they kept it up to the very end. Only the engulfing
ocean had power to drown them into silence.</em></div>
<div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="clear: none; height: auto; text-align: left; width: 100%;">
<i>At that distance, it was impossible to recognize anyone on board, but
I could make out groups of men on every deck. They were standing with
arms crossed upon their chests, and with lowered heads. I am sure that
they were in prayer.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>On the boat deck that I had just left, perhaps fifty men had come
together. In the midst of them was a tall figure. This man had climbed
upon a chair, or a coil of rope, so that he was raised far above the
rest. His hands were stretched out, as if he were pronouncing a
blessing. During the day, a priest, a certain Father Byles, had held
services in the second-cabin saloon; and I think it must have been he
who stood there, leading those doomed men in prayer. The band was
playing “Nearer My God to Thee” — I could hear it distinctly. The end
was very close.</i><br />
<br />
<em>It came with a deafening roar that stunned me. Something in the very bowels of the Titanic
exploded, and millions of sparks shot up to the sky, like rockets in a
park on the night of a summer holiday. This red spurt was fan-shaped as
it went up; but the sparks descended in every direction, in the shape of
a fountain of fire. Two other explosions followed, dull and heavy, as
if below the surface.</em><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIORiRvvDQJhJFwh3fFa2IKF0eCoyL-cmdvYk_sV9yQXJnsHnX_yzl7dgenzYiPgdk66ZWiZ23ZfZp4h852nLvMDRjfwCHRxHBbT9ewwD3lzKKY1oQaXERIy-BWLAy3fhDQYwZICeGnA84/s1600/RowAway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="501" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIORiRvvDQJhJFwh3fFa2IKF0eCoyL-cmdvYk_sV9yQXJnsHnX_yzl7dgenzYiPgdk66ZWiZ23ZfZp4h852nLvMDRjfwCHRxHBbT9ewwD3lzKKY1oQaXERIy-BWLAy3fhDQYwZICeGnA84/s320/RowAway.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
<i>The
Titanic broke in two before my eyes. The fore part was already partly
under the water. It wallowed over and disappeared instantly. The stern
reared straight on end, and stood poised on the ocean for many seconds —
they seemed minutes to me.</i><br />
<i>
</i><em><strong><br /></strong></em>
<i>
</i><i>It was only then that the electric lights on board went out. Before
the darkness came, I saw hundreds of human bodies clinging to the wreck
or leaping into the water. The Titanic was like a swarming bee-hive; but
the bees were men; and they had broken their silence now. Cries more
terrible than I had ever heard rang in my ears. I turned my face away;
but looked ’round the next instant and saw the second half of the great
boat slip below the surface as easily as a pebble in a pond. I shall
always remember that last moment as the most hideous of the whole
disaster.</i><br />
<br />
<em>Many calls for help came from the floating wreckage, but Fifth
Officer Lowe told some women who asked him to go back that it would
certainly result in our being swamped. I believe that some of the boats
picked up survivors at this time; and I was told afterward by more than
one trustworthy person that Captain E J Smith of the Titanic
was washed against a collapsible boat and held on to it for a few
moments. A member of the crew assured me that he tried to pull the
Captain on board, but that he shook his head, cast himself off, and sunk
out of sight.</em><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><em>For our part, we went in search of other lifeboats that had escaped.
We found four or five, and Mr Lowe took command of the little fleet. He
ordered that the boats should be linked together with ropes, so as to
prevent any one of them from drifting away and losing itself in the
darkness. This proved to be a very good plan, and made our rescue all
the more certain when the Carpathia came.</em><br />
<br />
<i>He then, with great difficulty, distributed most of the women in our
boat among the other craft. This took perhaps half an hour. It gave him
an almost empty boat, and as soon as possible he cut loose, and we went
in search of survivors. I have no idea of the passage of time during the
balance of that awful night. Someone gave me a ship’s blanket, which
served to protect me from the bitter cold; and Marjorie had the cabin
blanket that I had wrapped around her. But we were sitting with our feet
in several inches of icy water.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>The salt spray had made us terribly thirsty, and there was no fresh
water and certainly no food of any kind on board the boat. The
sufferings of most of the women, from these various causes, was beyond
belief. The worst thing that happened to me was when I fell over, half
fainting, against one of the men at the oars. My loose hair was caught
in the rowlock, and half of it was torn out by the roots.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>I know that we rescued a large number of men from the wreckage; but I can recall clearly only two incidents.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><em>Not far from where the Titanic went down, we found a
lifeboat floating bottom up. Along its keel were lying about twenty men.
They were packed closely together, and were hanging on desperately; but
even the strongest were so badly frozen that, in a few moments more,
they must have slipped into the ocean. We took them on board, one by
one, and found that of the number, four were already corpses. The dead
men were cast into the sea. The living groveled in the bottom of our
boat, some of them babbling like maniacs.</em><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>A little farther on, we saw a floating door that must have been torn
loose when the ship went down. Lying upon it, face downward, was a small
Japanese. He had lashed himself with a rope to his frail raft, using
the broken hinges to make the knots secure. As far as we could see, he
was dead. The sea washed over him every time the door bobbed up and
down, and he was frozen stiff. He did not answer when he was hailed, and
the officer hesitated about trying to save him.</i><br />
<br />
<i>“What’s the use?” said Mr Lowe. “He’s dead, likely, and if he isn’t there’s others better worth saving than a Jap!”</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>He had actually turned our boat around; but he changed his mind and
went back. The Japanese was hauled on board, and one of the women rubbed
his chest, while others chafed his hands and feet. In less time than it
takes to tell, he opened his eyes. He spoke to us in his own tongue;
then, seeing that we did not understand, he struggled to his feet,
stretched his arms above his head, stamped his feet, and in five minutes
or so had almost recovered his strength. One of the sailors near to him
was so tired that he could hardly pull his oar. The Japanese bustled
over, pushed him from his seat, took the oar, and worked like a hero
until we were finally picked up. I saw Mr Lowe watching him in
open-mouthed surprise.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>“By jove!” muttered the officer. “I’m ashamed of what I said about
the little blighter. I’d save the likes o’ him six times over, if I got
the chance.”</i></div>
<br />
<em>After this rescue, all my memories are hazy until the Carpathia
arrived at dawn. She stopped maybe four miles away from us, and the
task of rowing over to her was one of the hardest that our poor frozen
men, and women, too, had had to face. Many women helped at the oars; and
one by one the boats crawled over the ocean to the side of the waiting
liner. They let down rope ladders to us; but the women were so weak that
it is a marvel that some of them did not lose their hold and drop back
into the water.</em><br />
<br />
<em>When it came to saving the babies and young children, the difficulty
was even greater, as no one was strong enough to risk carrying a living
burden. One of the mail clerks on the Carpathia solved the
problem. He let down empty United States mail bags. The little mites
were tumbled in, the bags locked, and so they were hauled up to safety.</em><br />
<i>
</i><i><strong><em><br /></em></strong></i>
<i>
</i><em>We all stood at last upon the deck of the Carpathia, more
than six hundred and seventy of us; and the tragedy of the scene that
followed is too deep for words. There was scarcely any one who had not
been separated from husband, child or friend. Was the lost one among
this handful of saved? We could only rush frantically from group to
group, searching the haggard faces, crying out names and endless
questions.</em><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>No survivor knows better than I the bitter cruelty of disappointment
and despair. I had a husband to search for, a husband whom, in the
greatness of my faith, I had believed would be found in one of the
boats.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><em>He was not there; and it is with these words that I can best end my story of the Titanic. There are hundreds of others who can tell, and have already told, of that sad journey on the Carpathia to New York.</em></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Following her arrival in New York on the Carpathia, Charlotte wrote a heartbreaking letter to
her mother:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_Ai1TVBNukDGXt4BQrpZDLFIjtjZ-s0tJhs0aEewxQRBL4JTV-sBdVfmBQo89dc96lnbNHHE35VfBg9NzlciuMQH6NdLFyFnL4IcRxtryddGtvW5lOsjNdSpfvs5ncuwTIb_-rdqm32p/s1600/41f89737de035045bad8d2422d755bde--titanic-underwater-modern-history.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="500" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_Ai1TVBNukDGXt4BQrpZDLFIjtjZ-s0tJhs0aEewxQRBL4JTV-sBdVfmBQo89dc96lnbNHHE35VfBg9NzlciuMQH6NdLFyFnL4IcRxtryddGtvW5lOsjNdSpfvs5ncuwTIb_-rdqm32p/s320/41f89737de035045bad8d2422d755bde--titanic-underwater-modern-history.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charlotte's Letter home after Titanic Sinking</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brooklyn, New York - Sun
April 21st</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My dear Mother and
all,</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I don't know how to
write to you or what to say, I feel I shall go mad sometimes but dear as much
as my heart aches it aches for you too for he is your son and the best that
ever lived. I had not given up hope till today that he might be found but I'm
told all boats are accounted for. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oh mother how can I live without him. I wish
I'd gone with him if they had not wrenched Madge from me I should have stayed
and gone with him. But they threw her into the boat and pulled me in too but he
was so calm and I know he would rather I lived for her little sake otherwise
she would have been an orphan. The agony of that night can never be told. Poor
mite was frozen.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> I have been ill but have been taken care of by a rich New York
doctor and feel better now. They are giving us every comfort and have collected
quite a few pounds for us and loaded us with clothes and a gentleman on Monday
is taking us to the White Star office and also to another office to get us some
money from the funds that is being raised here. Oh mother there are some good
hearts in New York, some want me to go back to England but I can't, I could
never at least not yet go over the ground where my all is sleeping.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sometimes I feel we
lived too much for each other that is why I've lost him. But mother we shall
meet him in heaven. When that band played 'Nearer My God to Thee' I know he
thought of you and me for we both loved that hymn and I feel that if I go to
Payette I'm doing what he would wish me to, so I hope to do this at the end of
next week where I shall have friends and work and I will work for his darling
as long as she needs me. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oh she is a comfort but she don't realize yet that her
daddy is in heaven. There are some dear children here who have loaded her with
lovely toys but it's when I'm alone with her she will miss him. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oh mother I haven't
a thing in the world that was his only his rings. Everything we had went down.
Will you, dear mother, send me on a last photo of us, get it copied I will pay
you later on. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mrs Hallets brother from Chicago is doing al he can for us in
fact the night we landed in New York (in our nightgowns) he had engaged a room
at a big hotel with food and every comfort waiting for us. He has been a father
to us. I will send his address on a card - perhaps you might like to
write to him some time.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">God Bless you dear
mother and help and comfort you in this awful sorrow.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Your loving child Lot.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte and Marjorie were interviewed after they arrived in New York. This is how a British Newspaper
reported young Marjorie’s chilling and haunting account of what happened:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Mrs. Tate, of Elm Villas, Leatherhead, has just received
from her daughter, Mrs. Collyer, a copy of the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</span>, containing an account of the wreck of the
Titanic, as depicted by her daughter Margery, eight years of age. It will be
remembered that Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Collyer, who are natives of Leatherhead,
left England with their little daughter on board the Titanic with a view of
making their home in the United States, where Mr. Collyer had purchased some
land with the object of starting fruit growing. Mrs. Collyer and her little
daughter were among the survivors, but Mr. Collyer went down with the ill-fated
liner. Little Margery Collyer tells her story to a representative of the paper
in the following terms:-</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HnvN2B4bEYwKx7YWWQDBh6IFH7pILrHOooWwYIhS8ElwMnO0akpqHT9X85u4kBETMQOJChqvmWmFGHW1bp73fHibtN8TgBB3LyMZwzMzs5QMiYpUlhoOI2YZtUAkelxd-V6zQ4UDxXHI/s1600/Marjorie-Collyer-Titanic-survivor-age-8-photo-loc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="949" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HnvN2B4bEYwKx7YWWQDBh6IFH7pILrHOooWwYIhS8ElwMnO0akpqHT9X85u4kBETMQOJChqvmWmFGHW1bp73fHibtN8TgBB3LyMZwzMzs5QMiYpUlhoOI2YZtUAkelxd-V6zQ4UDxXHI/s320/Marjorie-Collyer-Titanic-survivor-age-8-photo-loc.jpg" width="189" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marjorie Collyer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"It was on a
Wednesday we took the train to Southampton. Some of our friends were at the
station to see us go, and some of them saw us off on the boat, I didn't think
there was any boat in the world as big as the Titanic.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The night the
Titanic hit the iceberg I was asleep. It was about 11 o'clock. I didn't feel
the bump and the ship started to back like a train, and I heard my mother say
to my father that she guessed the works had stopped. He dressed himself and
went on deck. ''</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">" I could hear
feet on the decks. The boat seemed to have stopped. Then mother dressed me,
took me by the hand and led me upstairs. She was in her night-dress, and I
didn't have all my clothes on. I had a big dollie that I got two Christmases
before, and we were in such a hurry that I left it behind. I cried for my
dollie, but we couldn't go back.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"When we got on
deck father was there going along the decks and trying to see the iceberg. But
it had floated away. he said that some men had been playing cards when the ship
hit the ice, and that all their cards fell on the floor, but they picked them
up and went right on with the game.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The decks were
full of people. Some of them were crying. An officer said we should all put on
life preservers, and my mother put one on me, and then fastened one around
herself. Papa put one on too.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I was crying for
my doll, but nobody could go back and get her. Then someone said we should get
into a boat and two men lifted me up and put me in a boat. My father raised me
in his arms and kissed me, and then he kissed my mother. She followed me into
the boat.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The stars were
shining, and it was just like day. Some sailor put a rug around my mother to
keep her warm. There were so many in our boat that we had to sit up all the
time. Nobody could lie down. my mother was so close to one of the sailors with
the oars that sometimes the oar caught in her hair and took big pieces out of
it.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"There was one
officer in our boat who had a pistol. Some men jumped into our boat on top of
the women and crushed them and the officer said that if they didn't stop he
would shoot. Another man jumped and he shot him. My mother says I called out:
'Don't shoot!' but I don't remember it.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The sailors had
to row fast to get away from the ship. We could hear the band playing, but we
didn't see the musicians. Only, when we left, all the people on the decks were
kneeling down praying, while the band played, 'Nearer My God To Thee' When the band
finished one of the musicians, jumped into a boat with his instrument, and I
guess he got away.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">" While we were
rowing away we heard a lot of people crying, and the women in our boat asked
the officer what the noise was. He said the people on the decks were singing.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I saw the
Titanic go up in the air before she sank, and she looked ever so big.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"When we got a
little way off another boat came near us, and an officer in our boat said he
guessed he would go back to the wreck in it. I don't know who he was, but he
put some of the people from the other boat in ours, and got in that. Then he
went back with some sailors and pulled six men into the boat. "We rowed
around for seven hours. All the time I was frightened a whole lot, and
sometimes I cried. I cried hardest when I thought of my dollie back there in
the water with nobody to mind it and keep it from getting wet.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The women in the
boat just sat up and didn't say anything. We were all very tired and cold, when
we saw a big light. Somebody said it was a boat, but I thought it was just a
star. But it kept getting bigger and bigger, and then we saw that it was a
boat. Then all the sailors rowed hard.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhzY9KsqTe7FyiRTdxlM_yxN0_315XZuNcth3yjMP9ioexE1DXHoTDC3CIA9BaJusru_GBTmJL2gkPkLBsP8MQRMcXFefSmd2Z97Zz_4Apn3fNMqmLryd8aE95wBhLSPfTs3QPMgZXyUns/s1600/Charlotte-Collyer-Titanic-survivor-photo-loc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1385" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhzY9KsqTe7FyiRTdxlM_yxN0_315XZuNcth3yjMP9ioexE1DXHoTDC3CIA9BaJusru_GBTmJL2gkPkLBsP8MQRMcXFefSmd2Z97Zz_4Apn3fNMqmLryd8aE95wBhLSPfTs3QPMgZXyUns/s320/Charlotte-Collyer-Titanic-survivor-photo-loc.jpg" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CHARLOTTE COLLYER </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"We had to sleep
on the floor on the new ship, and it wasn't so nice as it was on the Titanic:
but everybody was very kind to us. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">We thought papa would be there, but the boat
he was on didn't get to the ship."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Collyer seemed certain
that some male passengers were shot by officers<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">:</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">There was a stampede
on the ship. The scenes of panic were awful. The officers drew revolvers and
waved the crowd back. I covered my eyes as I sat in the lifeboat.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Officers stood by with pistols to keep away
the men from the steerage, who on at least one occasion attempted a rush. When
occasion warranted the officers did not scruple to fire.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimS9gpWaSw05LTU8xSrURBbCL1K_XmDqXixrsAeM67rgzbSu6WYkU7E7zlXP6Mai62FwbaHB6wN6RXx3d7Ai0Vg36HrnbWtGmB1AIaHR33bNp6me4jdWQLLIV0-7QkuHSPEGe-kH3rYudm/s1600/how-i-was-saved-titanic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="130" data-original-width="600" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimS9gpWaSw05LTU8xSrURBbCL1K_XmDqXixrsAeM67rgzbSu6WYkU7E7zlXP6Mai62FwbaHB6wN6RXx3d7Ai0Vg36HrnbWtGmB1AIaHR33bNp6me4jdWQLLIV0-7QkuHSPEGe-kH3rYudm/s400/how-i-was-saved-titanic.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the article, entitled<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
“How I Was Saved From the Titanic” Mrs. Collyer wrote:</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6vVyeT3MWm93JqNj5b_QPAKexXm1QBhdcmVe4Mnze8gaa69Y6UtRaBA9T8ei54tISlotTwVLT7NU5CwpT32e9P3LqI4eY_iMefkeM91Ppn6eAiSx2-KZR2V1tH7kyr0BMLMOBHWlSJ6_t/s1600/William_McMaster_Murdoch%252C_photograph_taken_before_1911.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="292" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6vVyeT3MWm93JqNj5b_QPAKexXm1QBhdcmVe4Mnze8gaa69Y6UtRaBA9T8ei54tISlotTwVLT7NU5CwpT32e9P3LqI4eY_iMefkeM91Ppn6eAiSx2-KZR2V1tH7kyr0BMLMOBHWlSJ6_t/s320/William_McMaster_Murdoch%252C_photograph_taken_before_1911.jpg" width="204" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FIRST OFFICER MURDOCH</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I saw First Office
Murdoch place guards by the gangways, to prevent others from coming on deck. How many unhappy men were shut off in that way from their
one chance of safety I do not know; but Mr. Murdoch was probably right. He was
a masterful man, astoundingly brave and cool. I had met him the day before,
when he was inspecting the second-cabin quarters, and thought him a bull-dog of
a man who would not be afraid of anything. This proved to be true; he kept
order to the last, and died at his post. They say he shot himself. I do not
know.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since she departed Titanic in lifeboat No.14 from the port
side, there is no reason to believe she ever personally witnessed Murdoch’s
suicide, confirmed by her later saying <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“First
Officer Murdoch had moved to the other end of the deck. I was never close to
him again.” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She also described at great length Fifth officer Lowe's
use of his personal weapon during the launching of lifeboat no.14</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The boat was
practically full, and no more women were anywhere near it when Fifth Officer
Lowe jumped in and ordered it lowered. The sailors on deck had started to obey
him, when a very sad thing happened. A young lad, hardly more than a school
boy, a pink-cheeked lad, almost small enough to be counted as a child, was
standing close to the rail. He had made no attempt to force his way into the
boat, though his eyes had been fixed piteously on the Officer. Now, when he realized that he was really to be left behind, his courage failed him. With a
cry, he climbed upon the rail and leapt down into the boat. He fell among us
women, and crawled under a seat. I and another woman covered him up with our skirts.
We wanted to give the poor lad a chance; but the officer dragged him to his
feet and ordered him back upon the ship.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">He begged for his
life...but the officer drew his revolver and thrust it into his face. "I
give you just ten seconds to get back on that ship before I blow your brains
out!" he shouted.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijvpCPqJ8Ro_72AILc5uJt9GiRhVwxjfHCuZYAluInbDdN0kTNpHMNiStxv2eZJEXacgpDjFroIR9uO9Bjp9Nw8ll16dMBEro-Tbm0B3zNaZV_Tor0Gi8U-2PldCpNrXd6V47Mjp-XL450/s1600/carylowepainting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1313" data-original-width="1600" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijvpCPqJ8Ro_72AILc5uJt9GiRhVwxjfHCuZYAluInbDdN0kTNpHMNiStxv2eZJEXacgpDjFroIR9uO9Bjp9Nw8ll16dMBEro-Tbm0B3zNaZV_Tor0Gi8U-2PldCpNrXd6V47Mjp-XL450/s320/carylowepainting.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">5TH OFFICER HAROLD LOWE OF TITANIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The lad only begged
the harder, and I thought I should see him shot where he stood. But the officer
suddenly changed his tone. He lowered his revolver, and looked the boy squarely
in the eyes. "For God's sake, be a man!" he said gently. "We've
got women and children to save. We must stop at the decks lower down and take on
women and children."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The little lad
turned round and climbed back over the rail, without a word..."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"All the women
about me were sobbing; and I saw my little Marjorie take the officer's hand. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Oh, Mr. Man, don't shoot, please don't shoot the poor man!" she was saying and he spared the time to shake his head and smile."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"He screamed
another order for the boat to be lowered; but just as we were getting away, a
steerage passenger, an Italian, I think, came running the whole length of the
deck and hurled himself into the boat. He fell upon a young child, and injured
her internally. The officer seized him by the collar, and by sheer brute
strength pushed him back on to the Titanic." As we shot down toward the
sea, I caught a glimpse of this coward. He was in the hands of about a dozen
men of the second cabin. They were driving their fists into this face, and he
was bleeding from the nose and mouth." </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charlotte and Marjorie's accounts were </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so graphic that the publication they sold their stories too, did a follow up report a seven weeks later:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<i>Mrs Charlotte Collyer’s article, “How I Was Saved from the Titanic,”
printed seven weeks ago in the Semi-Monthly Magazine Section, still
holds the record of being the most graphic and most intensely human
document relating to that shocking disaster that has yet been published.
We felt that it would be so, when we first heard the story from her
lips; and on the spot we obtained from her the exclusive right to use it
for the benefit of our readers.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Other magazines and many newspapers, learning from other passengers
something of the dramatic and harrowing nature of her experiences,
sought to anticipate us. But Mrs Collyer loyally refused to listen to
them. The house where she was staying, before she went West, was
besieged by reporters and camera men. Efforts were made to interview the
servants by reporters posing as tradesmen.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>Little Marjorie was unable to play in the yard in front of the house
on account of the persistent attempts to photograph her. It was under
such disturbing conditions that this heartbreaking narrative was written
for us.</i><br />
<br />
<i>And
when it came to us, and we read it, preparatory to having it put in
type, we ourselves, who were already familiar with its main outlines and
incidents, were so moved by it — so touched by the personal note of
tragedy in it — by its unconscious revelation of devoted heroism, that
it seemed impossible not to believe that others who read it would be
affected in the same way. And we believed that, feeling that way, some,
at least, of them would desire to give substantial expression to their
sympathy for the writer and her fatherless child.</i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhqi0lV_v31sj2VI3fgTmhQggyVCeVWibGLOirurJo39TLz9Y5wqYcCh59IlZHTFmocuaGzjYDhiiH-ru6C4EQAAXq-UJHReKDGVZCl-qsPMmNr5lT-CgkWO6e79hoat-rUwnb7mepYb9S/s1600/charlotte-collyer-daughter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhqi0lV_v31sj2VI3fgTmhQggyVCeVWibGLOirurJo39TLz9Y5wqYcCh59IlZHTFmocuaGzjYDhiiH-ru6C4EQAAXq-UJHReKDGVZCl-qsPMmNr5lT-CgkWO6e79hoat-rUwnb7mepYb9S/s320/charlotte-collyer-daughter.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<i>And so we could not resist the impulse to add to her story of the
wreck an editorial note, telling of our readiness to forward to Mrs
Collyer any contributions of money that the feelings excited by reading
her account might evoke. It is absolutely contrary to our policy to make
appeals of any sort in this Section; and we were careful to make it
clear that we were not departing from that policy on this occasion. It
was to emphasize that fact that we suggested that only those who could
afford to send at least five dollars without self-sacrifice should send
at all. We believed that there were enough persons of abundant means
among our readers who would wish to express their sympathy in tangible
form, and who could do so without feeling it — who would, in fact, feel
it more of a hardship not to be permitted to do so — materially to
lighten the burden that the loss of her husband and their fortune, under
so distressing circumstances, had thrust upon the none too strong
shoulders of that brave woman.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Our confidence in this regard has been more than justified. On
account of our large edition and the requirements of careful printing,
The Semi-Monthly Magazine Section must go to press a month before the
date of issue. It is accordingly only three weeks, at the time these
words are written, since Mrs Collyer’s article appeared.</i><br />
<b><i><br /></i></b>
<i>It will, we are sure, be gratifying to our readers — whether they are
included in the list of contributors or not — to know that, up to date,
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five dollars have been received by
us for the benefit of Mrs Collyer and have been forwarded to her. It is
certainly gratifying to us; and how gratifying this generous and
spontaneous outpouring of aid and encouragement has been to Mrs Collyer
she tells you in the letter that we print on this same page.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>It will, of course, be impossible for Mrs Collyer to acknowledge
personally all the letters and checks that she has received. Many of
them came without addresses. But everyone who sent a cheek will receive
it back through the bank with Mrs Collyer’s endorsement. We print the
signature to her letter of acknowledgment in facsimile for purposes of
comparison.</i><br />
<br />
<i>On only one point can there be any possible sense of disappointment
to those who came forward so liberally to assist Mrs Collyer in her
brave determination to carry out her dead husband’s plans, and to make a
home for herself and Marjorie in the West. Mrs Collyer has been
compelled to return to the home of her parents in England. Any
disappointment that any of our readers may feel on this account is as
nothing compared with the disappointment felt by Mrs Collyer herself,
when she realized that her strength was not equal to the task that she
had set herself, and reluctantly turned her back on the country.</i><br />
<br />
<i>When Mrs Collyer landed from the Carpathia, she was
absolutely without a penny and without resources. Everything that she
and her husband possessed, with the exception of some furniture, also on
the Titanic, had been turned into money, and that money was in a wallet
carried by Mr Collyer. The money we paid for her story, however, gave
her the means to complete her journey to Payette Valley, Idaho, where
her husband had arranged to go into fruit-farming, and left her enough
for her personal expenses for some time to come.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>She found there a hearty welcome from her friends from the old
country, and every one offering kindly aid and encouragement. The owners
of the land that Mr Collyer had contracted to purchase were willing to
make every possible concession that would enable the widow to carry the
property until it should be on a self-supporting basis; and all her new
neighbors were ready to turn to and to help her place it on that basis.</i><br />
<br />
<i>It did not take long, however, for Mrs Collyer to find that not all
the help she could expect would suffice to make her task one that she
would be able to accomplish.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>There was only the bare ground to start with. The forest growth,
indeed, had been cut down, and the roots removed; but that was all.
There was no house to live in. There confronted her, then, the problems
of housing, of preparing the soil, of buying cuttings and trees from the
nurseries, of setting them out, of caring for them, and of support for
herself and her child until the trees came into bearing.</i><br />
<br />
<i>It must be remembered that it was his wife’s failing health that was
the principal consideration that led Mr Collyer to seek a home in
America. He hoped that, in a wholesome, outdoor life in a more congenial
climate, she might regain her strength. He had, of course, never
contemplated her taking up the active pioneer work of making a fruit
farm from the very beginning. He would not have dreamed her equal to it.</i><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOC_VzLkW9E64vvrJWHA9GNhb1Qo9B-Ch9K126rU0cmYI9vh39i6pvq-fE7R7H6YjFL4_iPZ2k2fy268Wbx2m-Hbt2xsYHhFzDjoX1_7LGF82Qggfwf6fDju70RJKGbd5HutIV3NWb7mGo/s1600/collyer_mc2_h1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="659" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOC_VzLkW9E64vvrJWHA9GNhb1Qo9B-Ch9K126rU0cmYI9vh39i6pvq-fE7R7H6YjFL4_iPZ2k2fy268Wbx2m-Hbt2xsYHhFzDjoX1_7LGF82Qggfwf6fDju70RJKGbd5HutIV3NWb7mGo/s320/collyer_mc2_h1.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marjorie Collyer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Mrs Collyer, however, did not lack courage. Those who have read her
article do not need to be told that. Earnestly she set to work to seek a
possible solution to each problem she had to face. Some of them did not
appear to be insuperable; but there were others that, with her lack of
money and strength, daunted even her. And her strength, none too
vigorous when she left England, had been sadly impaired, she soon found
by the exposure and the suffering she had been through. For a time, the
excitement of her terrible experiences had given her a nervous energy
that she misread as renewed vitality; but, as the excitement wore off
under the stern realities she encountered in the West, she began to
realize her physical capital had been almost as much depleted as her
financial capital.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>At last, she received unmistakable warnings that already she was
overtaxing her powers. To go on would be surely fatal. Only then did she
sadly relinquish her hopes and ambitions and decide to brave again the
perils of an ocean voyage, and to return to her own country — there to
seek among those nearest and dearest to her, rest for herself, and a
home for Marjorie.</i><br />
<br />
<i>No one, we are sure, who has sent a check, with the thought, silent
or expressed, that it might assist Mrs Collyer in making a home in
Idaho, will grudge the gift, under the circumstances just described, now
that she has had to abandon that enterprise. The tone of the letters
that, in many instances, accompanied the checks, precludes any such
possibility. They all breathed a spirit of unconditioned generosity and
helpfulness.</i><br />
<i>
</i><b><i><br /></i></b>
<i>A very great many took the trouble to thank us for the “opportunity”
we had afforded them to testify their sympathy for Mrs Collyer and their
appreciation of her heroism. More than one check was accompanied simply
by the words, quoted from the editorial note: “It is not an appeal, but
an opportunity.”</i><br />
<br />
<i>A well-known firm of lawyers sent a check for twenty-five dollars and
an offer to conduct, without charge, a suit in her behalf against the
steamship company. Not a few checks came in black-bordered envelopes,
with a few lines to indicate they were sent in loving memory of dear
ones who had passed away. One woman writes: “My son and his little
four-year old bear were saved from the wreck of the Santa Rosa less than
a year ago. In thankful appreciation of that, I am glad to send the
enclosed check.”</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>One letter says: “I am only a little baby ten months old, but I am
sure that, if I could understand, I should feel a very great sympathy
for Mrs Collyer and her little girl.”</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>Eleven little girls, from three to eleven years old, held a fair, and
sent the proceeds to Marjorie in a dear little letter, signed by all of
them, with a separate loving message from each one.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Hardly a check came without some sympathizing or appreciative or
cheering message. “May God’s blessing go with it”; “It was my birthday,
and I was made so happy by my husband and family that I felt I might
share it with this less fortunate woman”; “Her story touched a tender
chord”; “I want something to make your burden lighter”; “Cheerfully
offered, and I trust will be as cheerfully accepted”; “To help my plucky
and unfortunate fellow country woman”; “To help brighten the future for
you and little Marjorie” — these are but samples picked at random from
the hundreds of letters.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>The fund that Mrs Collyer has so unexpectedly to herself received
will enable her to start a small business and to establish a home. We
are sure that the best wishes of all her American friends go with her to
England.</i><br />
<br />
<hr />
<h5>
Letter from Mrs Collyer</h5>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<i>My Dear American Friends:</i></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<i>My heart is too full of gratitude for
all the kindness and sympathy and generous help you have showered on me
and my little daughter for me to begin to tell you even a part of what I
feel. The greatest comfort to me in my sorrow, my greatest support in
the struggle I have made to carry out my husband’s wishes and to make a
home for myself and Marjorie in this wonderful land, have been the way
that God’s love for us has been revealed to me in the loving welcome and
aid received from all the dear friends my story has made for us.</i></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<i>I do not feel able to tell you in
detail how I was at last compelled to give up my cherished plans and to
return to England. I must leave that task to another.</i></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<i>But I could not bear to have one of
you feel that I am ungrateful or unappreciative of your goodness. It is
only that the experiences I have been through have left me without the
necessary strength to make the fight alone. In my dead husband’s name,
and Marjorie’s, and from my heart, I thank you all.</i></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<i>New York, June 8, 1912</i></div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<img alt="" class="lazy alignnone size-full wp-image-8777 lazy-loaded" data-lazy-src="https://1dcem613f5v8509f13ajfcqx-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/signature-charlotte-collyer.png" data-lazy-type="image" height="113" src="https://1dcem613f5v8509f13ajfcqx-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/signature-charlotte-collyer.png" title="signature-charlotte-collyer" width="300" /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte and her daughter eventually received financial relief from both the Mansion
House Titanic Relief Fund & The American Fund:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The husband was
drowned. His wife and seven year old daughter were saved. He was a merchant in
England and had been the parish clerk in the village where they lived. They
were highly respected people in fair circumstances. The wife had contracted
tuberculosis and they were coming to this country to buy a fruit farm in Idaho,
where they hoped the climate would be beneficial. He was carrying $5,000 in
cash; this was lost, and all their household belongings. Both the widow and her
daughter suffered severely from shock and exposure. They were at first
unwilling to return to England, feeling that the husband would have wished them
to carry out his original plan. For emergent needs she was given $200 by this
Committee, and $450 by other American relief funds. After a short residence in
the West she decided to return to her family in England. Through interested
friends in New York City, a fund of $2,000 was raised, and she received $300
for a magazine article describing the disaster. She returned to England in June
and her circumstances were reported to the English Committee, which granted £50
outright and a pension of 23 shillings a week. ($200).</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Towards the end of 1914, and even though she was
slowly dying of TB Charlotte was remarried, much to the chagrin of her deceased husband's
family. Her new husband was a man from Liverpool named James Ashbrook Holme who
was a licensed victualler, and lived at The Fox and Pelican in Greyshott,
Haslemere, Surrey.</div>
<br />
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Charlotte finally succumbed to the tuberculosis which had
plagued her on 28 November 1916 aged 35. Her second husband James Holme died
less than three years later on 22 March 1919, leaving little Marjorie to be
raised by her uncle Walter Collyer, a gamekeeper and his family who lived on a
farm in West Horsley, Surrey. </div>
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Matjorie's time there is not believed to have been a happy one but
she remained there until she was married on 25 December 1927 when she wed a
London-born mechanic named Royden Bernard Bowman Dutton the son of a shipping
clerk. The couple were wed in St Mary and St Nicholas' Church in Leatherhead,
the same church Marjorie's parents had married in. Marjorie and Roy settled in
Chilworth, Surrey and they had one child who died in infancy.</div>
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Marjorie was widowed on 28 February 1943 when her husband Roy
died aged only 41. She never remarried and continued to live in Chilworth where
she worked as a doctor's receptionist. During the 1950s she corresponded with
Walter Lord during his research for <i>A Night to Remember</i> and was a special guest
at one of that book-turned-film's screenings in London alongside several other
Titanic survivors.</div>
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Suffering from frail health in later years and unable to
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Hampshire. She died there following a stroke on 26 February 1965 aged 61.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyicVeSafbYPmbyT0Q9zWHl0mnO9ej6kCr5wqE08vdEVNfCX35x2km7uJ3ipOMQH7s44nVbShdOx6rGOscwS5CfOepaw3nV-VXnDWk4AH9iyJW83hfv6FnGJu-IDOW97znQz16ckdpnr2/s1600/collyer_h_grave2_h-e1507806364200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="860" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwyicVeSafbYPmbyT0Q9zWHl0mnO9ej6kCr5wqE08vdEVNfCX35x2km7uJ3ipOMQH7s44nVbShdOx6rGOscwS5CfOepaw3nV-VXnDWk4AH9iyJW83hfv6FnGJu-IDOW97znQz16ckdpnr2/s320/collyer_h_grave2_h-e1507806364200.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
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A memorial to Harvey Collyer was erected in St Marys Church,
Bishopstoke. In the form of a magnificent notice board and umbrella stand that
is well used and looked after to this day, the inscription reads:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Sacred to the memory
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come."'</i></div>
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In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of Titanic's sinking, Charlotte's descendant Louise Heafield gave a fascinating and very poignant 25 minute interview to BBC Look South in 2012 detailing Charlotte and Marjorie Collyer's terrible experiences on the Titanic - and their lives after they were rescued and returned to England :<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
<br />The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-22808168503815535032018-04-17T23:12:00.001+01:002018-04-17T23:32:54.792+01:00Margaret Bechstein Hays & The Kidnapped "Titanic Orphans"<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93AI6Kg1DzqHGxH57dAiPGssHELVNVGiYzt-wIz6Kf_9buwgHCpgUJoazjl5V-Skn-Ox2sADR8mnShI9HnaBPalItsgwLaR3bH6t89mhWky7wo-vaNgdK2Lw4b6TqtTyN6_AWDWnlBcFX/s1600/8134720_132743721305.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="609" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93AI6Kg1DzqHGxH57dAiPGssHELVNVGiYzt-wIz6Kf_9buwgHCpgUJoazjl5V-Skn-Ox2sADR8mnShI9HnaBPalItsgwLaR3bH6t89mhWky7wo-vaNgdK2Lw4b6TqtTyN6_AWDWnlBcFX/s320/8134720_132743721305.jpg" width="194" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret Hays</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Margaret Bechstein Hays was born in New York city on 6 December 1887 and was a 1st class passenger on the RMS Titanic.
She and her dog Bebe survived the ship's sinking, escaping on lifeboat no. 7.
Following the disaster, she cared for two small children - known in the press as the
"Titanic Orphans" - in her New York City home until their distraught mother came from France and
claimed them. It transpired that they had been kidnapped by their father after a marriage breakdown, and all three had been traveling on the Titanic under assumed names, which made it much harder to trace their mother. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Margaret Bechstein Hays was 24 years old when she boarded
the Titanic at Cherbourg. She was accompanied by Olive
Earnshaw and Lily Potter who occupied first class cabin C-54.
Gilbert Tucker, a handsome 31-year-old Cornell University graduate had originally travelled with his parents and sister to Europe, but he left them to
head home earlier than planned in order to spend more time with Margaret and join
her on the Titanic. He occupied cabin C-53.</div>
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<br /></div>
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When the ship hit an iceberg on April 14, 1912, Margaret Hays and
Miss Earnshaw were in their cabin. When the engines stopped they went to Lily Potter's room,
and then went off to inquire about the situation. When they returned to Potter's room
they told her: <i>"We have hit an iceberg but the steward told us we should
not worry and should go back to bed."</i> Although Margaret Hays was not concerned,
Lily Potter was scared. They dressed and wrapped Hays' Pomeranian dog in blankets. and headed to C Deck, where Gilbert Tucker helped them collect life jackets.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYooojmf53ibW9-XwK_WHx4Q6DNYFxn4FigkOw-RFMLQGO_CquzzpW8cCgM8YpQE9j-wgSaOJbI6Do6er44O3lgJNp6CNSUWwrwMk_jzu463coMXKFh5CRKnr8O6npoNMxWpZikDSLvtvj/s1600/6e7c7b54db6a71c3fe0e5975abedac8e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYooojmf53ibW9-XwK_WHx4Q6DNYFxn4FigkOw-RFMLQGO_CquzzpW8cCgM8YpQE9j-wgSaOJbI6Do6er44O3lgJNp6CNSUWwrwMk_jzu463coMXKFh5CRKnr8O6npoNMxWpZikDSLvtvj/s320/6e7c7b54db6a71c3fe0e5975abedac8e.jpg" width="238" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bebe - Margaret Hays' Dog</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The group then went to the Boat Deck. As Margaret stood waiting and
holding her Pomeranian, James Clinch Smith passed by and jokingly
commented, <i>"Oh, I suppose we ought to put a life preserve on the little
doggie, too."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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The three women and the dog boarded lifeboat no. 7, which
was the first boat prepared. Lily stepped into the boat first, closely
followed by Olive Earnshaw and Margaret Hays, still holding her Pomeranian dog. Little did she know that a few days later she would be caring for two children, whose own tragic story was not yet known </div>
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<br /></div>
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The occupants of boat 7 were rescued early on
April 15 by the RMS Carpathia. Also on the Carpathia were two fatherless young boys who
spoke only French. Margaret spoke French fluently and was concerned that
they would be separated from one another. She volunteered to take the children
into her care until their family could be located. The boys played with Bebe, while they were on the boat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Once the two boys were settled in New York, a newspaper journalist<b> </b>named<b> </b>Nicola Greely-Smith visited the Hays home with the French Consul and interviewed Margaret Hay's father:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKDN5pnhS_AdrJQN3Q9IkzmsOKK56hH1Q34b_K0X5CwVvFuFtgjEB_y7WJroicB7psryG5a2cgERk7NbEvXLVYqs0PpuYmZ8x9_lOS0fTP7Vielko-BYOpwKmkUYqrWrnfXxi17f4T9dlj/s1600/Michel_and_Edmond_Navratil_1912.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKDN5pnhS_AdrJQN3Q9IkzmsOKK56hH1Q34b_K0X5CwVvFuFtgjEB_y7WJroicB7psryG5a2cgERk7NbEvXLVYqs0PpuYmZ8x9_lOS0fTP7Vielko-BYOpwKmkUYqrWrnfXxi17f4T9dlj/s1600/Michel_and_Edmond_Navratil_1912.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>"Of all the survivors of the Titanic those two whose impressions would
be most worth gathering remain resolutely silent. The two little waifs
whose father perished in the disaster and who gained a temporary home
with Miss Margaret Hayes, a fellow passenger on the ill fated steamer,
they are still at Miss Hayes' home at No. 304 West Eighty Third Street,
and not a word have they vouchsafed to anyone as to their names, their
relatives or any other matter which might shed a ray of light on their
antecedents or identity.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: -50.5px; position: absolute; top: 421px;">
<i><span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></i></div>
<i>
</i><i>
Under the shadow of a giant azalea they sat yesterday afternoon, each
with a brand-new boat in hand with which they entertained themselves
while the French Consul to New York strove vainly to extract some
enlightening word from the elder boy, whose age has been given as three
and a half.</i><br />
<i>
</i><i>
To every question the little curly haired chap replied with a polite and baffling "Oui" and said nothing more.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
"Do you like to play with your boat?" asked the Consul, taking the little fellow on his knee.<br />
"Oui," came the monotonous reply.<br />
"What city do you come from?"<br />
"Oui."<br />
"Do you remember the big boat that brought you away from France?"<br />
"Oui."</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXlYcZ0BB3YuZoSG1sFudWYPYvzprr-qNdyYJgH8knzsJDIUO67ie-nWnG0ZwJQLKRnc4VtE1ZpIH2TK7pU_aO6ea4Qr7rBLezoALbfa20Wg9hlUCMrlJHD7ViGWRNd7q2Szjk5zD9h2T/s1600/375px-Navratil3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="375" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcXlYcZ0BB3YuZoSG1sFudWYPYvzprr-qNdyYJgH8knzsJDIUO67ie-nWnG0ZwJQLKRnc4VtE1ZpIH2TK7pU_aO6ea4Qr7rBLezoALbfa20Wg9hlUCMrlJHD7ViGWRNd7q2Szjk5zD9h2T/s320/375px-Navratil3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<i>This time the child's assent was rather bored as though he wished to
add: "Why do you bother me with questions about that old boat when I
have this new shiny, painted, wonderful boat of tin in my hands?"</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
Probably I am the only person to whom it seemed in the least incongruous
that these two babies should be playing with brand new tin boats. The
boats obviously delight them and bring back no memory of the night of
horror which saw the younger boy tossed naked from the Titanic into a
lifeboat while the older boy followed later clad in a flannel shirt.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
</i>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7BULDZb3_y9olyACboQqpTkS12oJ1mgTVPq-3_HlPazb4PPKLyHdEtrHKLbQpAv-n8AHFvwUKAVWjmAF65YdFbO4pVh3dU6a77hSSoRoWOBSH1e1ZbvuvUbHJZM0q18OGaE5AHlruSWBX/s1600/Titanic-orphans-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1029" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7BULDZb3_y9olyACboQqpTkS12oJ1mgTVPq-3_HlPazb4PPKLyHdEtrHKLbQpAv-n8AHFvwUKAVWjmAF65YdFbO4pVh3dU6a77hSSoRoWOBSH1e1ZbvuvUbHJZM0q18OGaE5AHlruSWBX/s320/Titanic-orphans-3.jpg" width="195" /></a></i></div>
<i>That the two children are brothers is evident from their striking
resemblance to each other. There is said to be a difference of a year in
their ages, but I think the older boy is more than three and a half
years of age. If not, he is very tall for his years. Both children have
unusually beautiful chestnut brown hair which curls in loose ringlets
about their heads. Their eyes are dark. Their faces of cherubic
plumpness wear that expression of mingled melancholy and mischief so
charactristic of children of the Latin races.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
"I have read in the papers that the older boy has said his name is
Louis" the French Consul remarked, "but I can get nothing from him to
prove it. It seems more likely to me that as he answers oui-oui to
everything, he is understood to say that his name is Louis, which might
seem to have the same saound to an American. I cabled to France and will
do everything I can to find the relatives of the children, but as yet I
have gained nothing from them to aid in the search."</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i>
<i>Yet the children are by no means stupid. They are sweet,
well-mannered, gentle little fellows, and my only hope for them is that
having survived the perils of the iceberg and the open sea they may not
be adopted by some American family which was born with a gold knife in
its mouth.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
Incidentally, the question of their adoption in the event that no relatives can be found remains unsettled.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
</i>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLvurBA1mduPWrc8YnSbPrgudZAPmkQmKDTn0UNcWq8e87-TMu5h4z9qMtC9yyvdHHoCuM5YIKty4vLW_fsg-0CEhOE90-YkEZ9QdIUB5CuUxzCfzr5EKrUyqNyaBQY7AtjxNPGEA_V0UZ/s1600/article-2120129-1254A140000005DC-737_634x473.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="473" data-original-width="634" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLvurBA1mduPWrc8YnSbPrgudZAPmkQmKDTn0UNcWq8e87-TMu5h4z9qMtC9yyvdHHoCuM5YIKty4vLW_fsg-0CEhOE90-YkEZ9QdIUB5CuUxzCfzr5EKrUyqNyaBQY7AtjxNPGEA_V0UZ/s320/article-2120129-1254A140000005DC-737_634x473.jpg" width="320" /></a></i></div>
<i>"We have no intention of keeping them," remarked Miss Hays's father,
beyond the time when their relatives are found or the search for them is
given up. A Montreal family who were passengers on the Titanic are
anxious to adopt them, and my daughter says they shall have the
preference. Of course, many persons here in New York have also offered
to take them.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
</i><i>
"The published story that the children were in the same boat with my
daughter and clung to her instinctively, is a misstatement. My daughter
left in the first lifeboat and the two children followed on in later
boats. The smaller boy was tossed from the deck of the Titanic into a
lifeboat without a stitch of clothing. The older child wore only a shirt
when he was taken aboard the Carpathia. The survivors of the
Titanic on board formed a ladies' committee, and as my daughter was the
only one among them who had not suffered some personal loss through the
disaster she was asked to care for the two children, and gladly did so.
She was told that the two children had been in the second cabin of the
Titanic in the care of a man named Hoffman, but we have been unable to
get any clue to their whereabouts from the White Star line or anywhere
else.</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
"But I believe the companies exact certain definate information as to
the destination, etc., from purchasers of second cabin tickets," I said.
"Why is it not possible to get such information from the office where a
man named Hoffman purchased his ticket?"</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
"I'm sure I can't say." Mr. Hays replied grandiloquently. "I have never
travelled second cabin or steerage, so I don't know anything about such
matters."</i><br />
<br />
<i>
</i><i>
Why, oh why, can I never learn to keep my distance from the aristocracy
of West End avenue, even when it has given shelter to two charming,
well-mannered little children of the second cabin? I dont know, I'm
sure.</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wUblRxbywSUYSgIU_ZlK8FIX5DyaFQm3JKN_OmUAx2PNcN1WpQSyPBWfSg82jFh4Mw62JiEtXLJmisvXHzrfGZ5b7N7jUexwvbPvoRPfJwFu3byGmbi_NtLvFwTLCMUeOeijQIoG6Z0e/s1600/1514664715_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2wUblRxbywSUYSgIU_ZlK8FIX5DyaFQm3JKN_OmUAx2PNcN1WpQSyPBWfSg82jFh4Mw62JiEtXLJmisvXHzrfGZ5b7N7jUexwvbPvoRPfJwFu3byGmbi_NtLvFwTLCMUeOeijQIoG6Z0e/s320/1514664715_6.jpg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lawrence Beesley - Titanic Survivor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later, Titanic Passenger Lawewnce Beesley wrote about seeing the boys - whom he only knew to be called Hoffman - with their father on the Titanic and commented on the sensational story surrounding them being on the ship : </div>
<br />
<blockquote>
<div>
<i>Through the (second class library) windows there is the covered corridor,
reserved by general consent as the childrens playground, and here are playing
the two children with their father devoted to them, never absent
from them.</i> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div>
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 215.5px; position: absolute; top: 4547px;">
<i><span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></i></div>
<i>Who would have thought of the dramatic history of the happy group at
play in the corridor that afternoon? the abduction of the children in
Nice, the assumed name, the separation of father and children in a few hours,
his death and their subsequent union with their mother after a period of
doubt as to their parentage!</i> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<i>How many more similar secrets the </i>Titanic<i> revealed in the privacy
of family life, or carried down with her untold, we shall never know</i>.<br />
<div align="right">
- Lawrence Beesley, <i>The Loss of the</i>
Titanic<i>, Its Story and Its Lessons</i></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
Mr Lawrwnce Beesley visited the address at West 83<sup>rd</sup>
Street,
New York City, which was the home of Miss Hays. He confirmed that the
children were the same Hoffman
boys who were playing outside the second class library on the Titanic.
Mrs Hays said that she had made some progress communicating with the
boys in French.<br />
<br />
At the time, there was a Mr Lefebre
who was coming all the way from Iowa, in case they were his children. There was also a woman coming from Nice who wasn't called
Hoffman, and another woman coming on a liner from Liverpool - both who thought they may be their sons.<br />
<br />
Hugh Woolner, a First Class survivor gave evidence concerning the boys to the US Inquiry
on Monday, April 29, 1912. While in Collapsible D one of the boys had been fed biscuits by him.<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: -79.5px; position: absolute; top: 4915px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
<blockquote>
<div>
<i>A sailor offered me some biscuits, which I was using for feeding a small child
who had woken up and was crying. It was one of those little children for whose
parents everybody was looking; the larger of those two.</i> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<b>Senator Smith:</b> <i>Its mother was not on this boat?</i> - <i>No.</i><br />
<b>How old was that child?</b> - <i>I should think it was about five, as nearly
as I can judge.</i><br />
<b>Do you know of what nationality it was?</b> - <i>I could not quite make out.</i><br />
<b>Do you know whether it was English or American?</b> - <i>I should say it was
not either. I should think it was -</i><br />
<b>Senator Smith (interposing): I mean whether it belonged to an English parent
or American parent?</b> - <i>It looked like a French child; but it kept shouting
for its doll, and I could not make out what it said before that. It kept saying
it over and over again.</i><br />
<b>Were there two of these children in the boat? </b>- <i>I cannot tell. This is
the only one that I had anything to do with. There were several other children
in the boat. We handed them into a bag, and they were pulled up the</i> Carpathia<i>'s
side.</i><br />
<b>Have you seen them since?</b> - <i>Yes, I think I saw it once on the</i> Carpathia.
<i>It had very curly hair. Light, brownish, curly hair.</i><br />
<b>Was the child identified on the <i>Carpathia</i>?</b> - <i>Not as far as I know.</i></blockquote>
When the real story about the boys emerged it was one of kidnap and marital breakdown.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_9I0zHf6bWJJrbrwPJ0qv5GvWUtuHIxiLUl3yeGJk2170YcL8hdhS8Iy9PvuGtouKQC_oZy5vbBz0PNpmKipjGwfaskV950no5hoAk5iKoSzpABKctGipwPdlr_PXOK_WmMY_oQJL6yK/s1600/michel-navratil-thm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="75" data-original-width="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm_9I0zHf6bWJJrbrwPJ0qv5GvWUtuHIxiLUl3yeGJk2170YcL8hdhS8Iy9PvuGtouKQC_oZy5vbBz0PNpmKipjGwfaskV950no5hoAk5iKoSzpABKctGipwPdlr_PXOK_WmMY_oQJL6yK/s1600/michel-navratil-thm.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michel Navratil </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The boys father, Mr Michel Navratil had been born in Szered, Slowakia, he later moved to
Hungary and then, in 1902 went to Nice, France where he became a tailor. He married Marcelle Caretto from Italy, in London,
on 26 May 1907. They had two sons, Michel M. and Edmond Roger - known as Lolo and Momon, however, by 1912 the
business was in trouble and Michel claimed that Marcelle had been having
an affair. The couple separated, the boys going with their mother.<br />
<br />
They
went to stay with their father over the Easter weekend, but when
Marcelle came to collect them, they had disappeared. <br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 22px; position: absolute; top: 132px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
It was the recovered Titanic victims corpse in the well-cut brown suit that yielded plenty of paper clues, and led to the formal identification of Louis
M. Hoffman AKA Michel Navatil Snr. There was a receipt in the name of Hoffman from the offices of the travel agency Thomas
Cook & Company, in Monte Carlo.
<br />
<br />
It appeared that Mr Hoffman made trips there in March, the <i>Daily Mirror</i> reported on April 23 1912:</div>
<blockquote>
<i>Mr Hoffman paid several visits to the office with his children,
and appeared to be an antiquarian, specially interested in old prints.The employees there believed that he came from Bavaria, and that he was making
a tour round the world. He had been staying at Nice, at the Hotel des Voyageurs.</i></blockquote>
<br />
<div>
Navratil had decide to take the boys with him to America. After stopping
in Monte Carlo, they sailed to England where they stayed at the Charing
Cross Hotel, London. He purchased second class tickets (ticket
No.230080, £26) and boarded the <i>Titanic</i> at Southampton, the boys were booked on the ship as as Loto and Louis Hoffman. His assumed name of "Louis M.
Hoffman" was stolen from a friend who helped him and the boys to
leave France.<br />
<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 9px; position: absolute; top: 620px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
He led his fellow passengers to believe "Mrs Hoffman" was dead and
rarely let the boys out of sight. Once, he allowed himself to relax at a
card game and let one of his tablemates, Bertha Lehmann, a Swiss girl
who spoke French but no English, to watch the boys for a few hours.<br />
<br />
Mr Navratil wrote to his mother in Hungary, while on board, asking if
his sister and her husband could care for the boys; possibly as a backup
plan if they couldn't stay in America.<br />
<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 212.5px; position: absolute; top: 888px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
On the night of the sinking, Michel aided by another passenger, dressed
the boys and brought them to the boat deck. When Second Officer Charles
Lightoller ordered a locked-arms circle of crew members around
Collapsible D so that only women and children could get through,
Navratil handed the boys through the ring of men. Michel, Jr., recalled that just before
placing him in the boat, his father gave a final message<i>:</i><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXdvG9aapMRLTQ3vbPIBOlYt3b4OaFcAbXCxyZqHuuIQe5a5sYYiGMRJyaDH4Fmr6EOSs2yKiRTRD2Sb6_-JAcaRYH5HdwCxCePYJHVqCE2caKb2kzV7xudSn7Yfuh7YKz-yF3C2EJ-bwD/s1600/grave_015_thm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXdvG9aapMRLTQ3vbPIBOlYt3b4OaFcAbXCxyZqHuuIQe5a5sYYiGMRJyaDH4Fmr6EOSs2yKiRTRD2Sb6_-JAcaRYH5HdwCxCePYJHVqCE2caKb2kzV7xudSn7Yfuh7YKz-yF3C2EJ-bwD/s1600/grave_015_thm.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michel Navratil Grave</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>"My child,
when your mother comes for you, as she surely will, tell her that I
loved her dearly and still do. Tell her I expected her to follow us, so
that we might all live happily together in the peace and freedom of the
New World."</i><br />
<br />
His fathers body was recovered with a revolver in his pocket. Because he had used the Jewish surname of Hoffman on his ticket, Mr Navratil was
interred on May 15th, 1912 in the Baron de Hirsch Cemetery which was
designated for the Jewish victims.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP06aGSxWF15T06D3vQZUD1L4tkowQSkknB0vkQEQwWSC2MoMUYnGZc-6EyWEZlzSnppmJZnQHNrdlXJRoka5euCAj0PbYc57T1QPsOx8SxmswP7HhImBuVTU-r6AY9CWs-xo4hdRxI0xH/s1600/navratil_boys_oceanic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP06aGSxWF15T06D3vQZUD1L4tkowQSkknB0vkQEQwWSC2MoMUYnGZc-6EyWEZlzSnppmJZnQHNrdlXJRoka5euCAj0PbYc57T1QPsOx8SxmswP7HhImBuVTU-r6AY9CWs-xo4hdRxI0xH/s1600/navratil_boys_oceanic2.jpg" /></a><br />
Whilst the "Titanic Orphans" were being sheltered at the New York home of Margaret
Hays under the auspices of the Children's Aid society, their mother Marcelle
Navratil, recognized her boys from the many newspaper stories about
their plight and was brought over to America by the White Star Line
where she was finally reunited with her sons on May 16.<br />
<br />
The three sailed back to
France on the <i>Oceanic</i>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-UrsHkzG2lbtz8Mb8JY74vVcmn4MHiPcRYpqxUuNB53QdJikQUfmrJrAZVQUQ8S1quctgb8uqglYr8Hq8uC6si6_vepzASMCqTZoDKYYOS9HNgAInF-AK6GgetvASfo8oLabHf5pFEWFV/s1600/Reunioner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-UrsHkzG2lbtz8Mb8JY74vVcmn4MHiPcRYpqxUuNB53QdJikQUfmrJrAZVQUQ8S1quctgb8uqglYr8Hq8uC6si6_vepzASMCqTZoDKYYOS9HNgAInF-AK6GgetvASfo8oLabHf5pFEWFV/s1600/Reunioner.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">REUNITED WITH THEIR MOTHER</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhThXepFuaG9VGXBqLBWL5MbQMLKxiDE5OL4V5iMPjP5Uip1Z22MlaMYWj1FUQG12SC4novsrCe4adv8ev4koBW1IjLcro9jVDfoTFHh8jP8-GfZ7xRsoqWpdLn2TcxzhONP11v_53FeaGC/s1600/article-2120129-1254A1E6000005DC-297_634x492.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="634" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhThXepFuaG9VGXBqLBWL5MbQMLKxiDE5OL4V5iMPjP5Uip1Z22MlaMYWj1FUQG12SC4novsrCe4adv8ev4koBW1IjLcro9jVDfoTFHh8jP8-GfZ7xRsoqWpdLn2TcxzhONP11v_53FeaGC/s320/article-2120129-1254A1E6000005DC-297_634x492.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Titanic Orphans are reunited with their mother</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhThXepFuaG9VGXBqLBWL5MbQMLKxiDE5OL4V5iMPjP5Uip1Z22MlaMYWj1FUQG12SC4novsrCe4adv8ev4koBW1IjLcro9jVDfoTFHh8jP8-GfZ7xRsoqWpdLn2TcxzhONP11v_53FeaGC/s1600/article-2120129-1254A1E6000005DC-297_634x492.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Mrs Navraril then took the White Star Line to court in 1914</div>
<br />
<div class="entry-content" itemprop="articleBody">
<div class="newspaperarticle">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUsCtIYIsd3U0m_ftb-w1Tj2iONdRNfOxdEV0E2fX2MFOgr7Yd3o6CdNTAOEZZoVx4CTPyXal6G5ukQmj8_6u-XDsp4O-7QzN23Vjre0t_JDlYUuOzKxIgnv3l7SNuJPowXOHTvYiSQH7W/s1600/Titanic-orphans-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="630" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUsCtIYIsd3U0m_ftb-w1Tj2iONdRNfOxdEV0E2fX2MFOgr7Yd3o6CdNTAOEZZoVx4CTPyXal6G5ukQmj8_6u-XDsp4O-7QzN23Vjre0t_JDlYUuOzKxIgnv3l7SNuJPowXOHTvYiSQH7W/s320/Titanic-orphans-9.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
<b>Action in the French courts</b><br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 101.5px; position: absolute; top: -9px;">
<b><span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></b></div>
Nice, February 9th (1914).<br />
An action against the White Star Line arising out of the loss of the <i>Titanic</i> began today before the Civil Court here. The Plaintiff, Mme Navratil, sues for £6,000 damages for the loss of her husband. Her two children, who were also on board, were saved.<br />
<br />
The Directors of the White Star Line contended that she was not entitled
to appeal to a French court, as she was not a Frenchwoman. She
thereupon asked for an adjournment for three months to enable her to
prove that she was, and this was granted.<br />
(The <i>Times</i>, Tuesday February 10, 1914)<br />
<br />
Margaret Hays kept in regular contact with Gilbert Tucker after their
rescue but eventually chose to marry Dr. Charles Daniel Easton, a Rhode Island
physician in 1913 and the couple lived in Providence and Newport, Rhode
Island. They were the parents of two daughters.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSiPYR68Ykb9MRSsWzyw-stFLUILZKsXaszthk6-tkM0nGENaxAhAS66svQSZxiag9JNh_kUIQR5vB2pKMZcynlgovR7iTFwC7Fs5pgv_iMVkY5xCMyoK7LdLUNrLolngHuPFQw6CLvrC_/s1600/8134720_117532259829.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="886" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSiPYR68Ykb9MRSsWzyw-stFLUILZKsXaszthk6-tkM0nGENaxAhAS66svQSZxiag9JNh_kUIQR5vB2pKMZcynlgovR7iTFwC7Fs5pgv_iMVkY5xCMyoK7LdLUNrLolngHuPFQw6CLvrC_/s200/8134720_117532259829.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grave of Margaret Hays Easton</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
Margaret Bechstein Hays Easton died in Buenos Aires,
Argentina while vacationing with her daughter and granddaughter on 21 August
1956. She was buried at St. Mary's Churchyard, Portsmouth, Rhode
Island.<br />
<br />
As for the two tragic boys she had cared for, Edmond Navratil worked as interior decorator and then became an architect and builder. He was married and during World War II he fought with the French Army, was captured and
made a prisoner-of-war. He managed to escape from the camp in which he
was held, but his health had suffered and he died in the early 1950s
aged 43.<br />
<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 124.5px; position: absolute; top: 742px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
Michel Navraril later recalled the Titanic voyage in a translated interview:<br />
<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 54px; position: absolute; top: 437px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
<center>
<table style="width: 70%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><i>"A magnifacent ship!...I remember looking down the length of the hull
- the ship looked splended. My brother and I played on the forward deck
and were thrilled to be there. One morning, my father, my brother, and I
were eating eggs in the second-class dinning room. The sea was
stunning. My feeling was one of total and utter well-being."</i></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br />
He described the events on the night of the sinking:<br />
<br />
<i>"My father entered our cabin where we were sleeping. He dressed me
very warmly and took me in his arms. A stranger did the same for my
brother. When I think of it now, I am very moved. They knew they were
going to die."</i></div>
<div class="newspaperarticle">
</div>
<div class="newspaperarticle">
<i> </i><i>"I don't recall being afraid, I remember the pleasure, really, of going plop! into the life-boat. We ended up next
to the daughter of an American banker, There were vast diffrences of people's wealth on the ship,
and I realized later that if we hadn't been in second-class, we would have of
died. The people who came out alive often cheated and were aggressive, but
the honest poor didn't stand a chance."</i><br />
<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: -45px; position: absolute; top: -42px;">
<i><span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<i>"We had our back to <i>Titanic</i> and went to sleep. The next morning, I saw <i>Carpathia</i> on the horizon. I was hauled abord in a burlap bag. I thought it was extremely incorrect to be in a burlap bag!" </i></div>
<div class="newspaperarticle">
</div>
<div class="newspaperarticle">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjOFTzDmPnYWMoMW9iwzekCwTncsTYbN9kjHBCuEMdzrlXMzBLEu77GYwIieI9C0zCJlFAF2MhtjRTi1kOGrAgdJzGKE4SMoLOBAoKppVlGzyMDi5GHTq-QU1VWEGstDr051CyNBAaqf90/s1600/Michel_Navratil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjOFTzDmPnYWMoMW9iwzekCwTncsTYbN9kjHBCuEMdzrlXMzBLEu77GYwIieI9C0zCJlFAF2MhtjRTi1kOGrAgdJzGKE4SMoLOBAoKppVlGzyMDi5GHTq-QU1VWEGstDr051CyNBAaqf90/s1600/Michel_Navratil.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michel Navratil </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Michel went to university where he married a fellow student in 1933, he
went on to earn his doctorate, becoming a professor of psychology.<br />
<br />
Marcelle Caretto, the mother of Michel Jr. and Edmond, died in 1963.<br />
<br />
In
1987, he returned to the U.S. for the first time since 1912 to mark the
75th anniversary of the sinking.<br />
<br />
The last living male survivor, Michel
lived in Montpellier, near Nice France.<br />
<br />
On 27 August 1996, Mr Navratil
visited his father's grave for the first time in 84 years.<br />
<br />
Michel's daughter, Élisabeth, an opera director, wrote a book, <i>Les enfants du Titanic</i> (English: "The Children of the Titanic"; called <i>Survivors</i> in English) about the experiences of her father, grandfather, and uncle.<br />
<br />
Michel Navratil died on 30 January 2001 at the age of 92. <br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote>
<br /></blockquote>
<br />The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-55673365054802571012018-04-17T18:52:00.002+01:002018-04-17T18:52:50.402+01:00Lily May Futrelle - Survivor of the Titanic <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMXRLIfyE_cySuomP4HtklOSZ2tBFjMGHz3tuGX7MOAD3dIZuc2I-gwKK-YZE0Y0MNK3ZuFb-AA_9cbTywhyTpiASltUW45OXHiPtlngUyuAsJl3zWwHN429-PDftNnjxqgQgc1ov6uRYQ/s1600/may.futrelle.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMXRLIfyE_cySuomP4HtklOSZ2tBFjMGHz3tuGX7MOAD3dIZuc2I-gwKK-YZE0Y0MNK3ZuFb-AA_9cbTywhyTpiASltUW45OXHiPtlngUyuAsJl3zWwHN429-PDftNnjxqgQgc1ov6uRYQ/s1600/may.futrelle.1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>WRITER - LILY MAY FUTRELLE</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs Lily May Futrelle was the wife of Jacques Futrelle, a
noted author of early science-fiction type novels and also a well-known
newspaper reporter. Lily herself had just found success with her writing career,
publishing some magazine articles and novels of her own. Before sailing home on the Titanic, the couple had been travelling in Europe
for several weeks while Jacques wrote a number of magazine articles. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the
night before sailing, friends had gathered in London to celebrate Mr Futrelle's
birthday. The party did not end until 3:00am. and the Futrelle's never went
to bed that evening but packed and headed straight for Southampton to board the Titanic later that day. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T</span>his was the last written message
Jacques Futrelle ever sent from Europe to a friend in Atlanta who
received the message a few days before Futrelle sailed on Titanic:<br />
<br />
</div>
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<i>"Been all over Italy, Austria, Germany, and France. Sail for home soon. Turn down a glass for me. Futrelle."</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs Futrelle was later to lament
that <i>"if my husband HAD got drunk on his birthday, he might not have sailed, and he might be alive today. But he never
did drink much."<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></span></i><br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjxtxMExrxnBa66-luVzjA6UYf4bbW9e4Vf55x0m8m5M9q4RRpoWhw0zGaz5TU6Q_LSZP0qA1FPM7LArjMwe72YKbyo7Xarw8ZNIHgSdM_V4yswTMKexBL-Vd62rTpaCQgwHOlvLwXAutR/s1600/jacques-futrelle2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjxtxMExrxnBa66-luVzjA6UYf4bbW9e4Vf55x0m8m5M9q4RRpoWhw0zGaz5TU6Q_LSZP0qA1FPM7LArjMwe72YKbyo7Xarw8ZNIHgSdM_V4yswTMKexBL-Vd62rTpaCQgwHOlvLwXAutR/s1600/jacques-futrelle2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>JACK FUTRELLE - AUTHOR</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Jaques Futrelle had a premonition of tragedy two weeks before he and his wife
sailed. They took the precaution of sending from London to Mrs.
Futrelle's brother, John Peele, of Atlanta, powers of attorney for the
administration of their estates should anything befall them. Directions were also given as to the future care of their children. The
novelist sent a list of the banking houses where he had his money and securities.<br />
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<br /></div>
Jack Futrelle had began his career at the age of 18 when he took a job with the
Atlanta Journal. The following year he went to work for the Boston Post
but would soon after return to the Journal. Here he set up the
magazine's first sports department.<br />
<br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 164px; position: absolute; top: 330px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
He married fellow writer Lily May Peel on 17 July 1895 in her parent's home and they had two children, John and Virginia.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWP6IzHVyXoL4Fh0QSd5Hlqr9LA3TKSqmPeZg4XqWsB21OePLthLqYIN5ElgjvYkgCS_CJ9kjohf0c-a6TAepB7U8LusTFZxXWsjamBt8Vvfk_zdP9rTkZL7MGUnACFJ7Tgimj-Qqx3hr3/s1600/9781409901778.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWP6IzHVyXoL4Fh0QSd5Hlqr9LA3TKSqmPeZg4XqWsB21OePLthLqYIN5ElgjvYkgCS_CJ9kjohf0c-a6TAepB7U8LusTFZxXWsjamBt8Vvfk_zdP9rTkZL7MGUnACFJ7Tgimj-Qqx3hr3/s320/9781409901778.jpg" width="297" /></a>
Jacques then moved to the New York Herald. Soon after this, he began writing
detective stories.<br />
<br />
In 1902, Jacques accepted the position of manager of
a small repertory theater in Richmond, Virginia, where he wrote and
acted in several plays.<br />
<br />
After a two year stint with the theater, he then
took a job on the editorial staff of the <em>Boston American</em>.<br />
<br />
Around this period he had several of his stories printed in the <em>"American"</em> and began a series of stories around <i>'The Thinking
Machine' </i>- a detective character he created who would eventually appear
in over forty stories It has been suggested that his detective was an inspiration for Agatha
Christie. <br />
<br />
Jacques became a well known and respected novelist by the early 20th century
- his best known works being: <i>"The Thinking Machine"</i>, <i>"The Thinking
Machine On The Case",</i> <i>"The Diamond Master"</i> and <i>"The High Hand"</i>.<br />
<br />
Around
this time he bought a house in Scituate, razed it and built a 'Cape Cod'
style house for his wife and family.<br />
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBxrd4oCN2RMU5HYG1jY1rLaL4pedc_BawGCP1vfpLgIvCC0OSU3uiscVXXiVaTy0H5wqNPMjSyPU4qshWT9a_9nbS8SiC5_Kt5Do0hSJKnticGobembAhC0eXH48tFLPdr6BGvrS-SLQO/s1600/author_jacques_futrelle_on_boat_deck_april_11_1912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="400" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBxrd4oCN2RMU5HYG1jY1rLaL4pedc_BawGCP1vfpLgIvCC0OSU3uiscVXXiVaTy0H5wqNPMjSyPU4qshWT9a_9nbS8SiC5_Kt5Do0hSJKnticGobembAhC0eXH48tFLPdr6BGvrS-SLQO/s320/author_jacques_futrelle_on_boat_deck_april_11_1912.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jack Futrelle on the deck of Titanic - April 1912</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While at sea on their First Class journey home to America, Jacques and Lily enjoyed all the ease and luxury that Titanic had to offer. On the Ship’s final night, they shared a gourmet meal
with famous Broadway producer Henry Harris and his wife Renee. After dinner, Lily retired to bed
early to read a book. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then Titanic crashed into the fatal iceberg
iceberg. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Shortly afterwards, Jacques rushed into their stateroom, and told Lily to hurry and get
dressed so that they might make their way to the boat deck where they encountered
a group of men with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"smoke-blackened
faces"</i> standing silently in a group staring at her. She later
commented, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"they said nothing but
their eyes seemed to say, 'at least you have a chance, we have none.'"</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>
</div>
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As the lifeboats were loaded, Lily refused to leave her
husband. But as the last of the lifeboats began to fill up he told her:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“For God’s sake, go. It’s your last chance,
go!”</i> </div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHqmcO9vPwDDOqMjDK5o_mlE4NRk34Usx1jEFcSqIgrBxdZvFCdsPrk1mf9Nx_wATUblDDGypMox_3OvLkonXLYK2UALmYYRRThlH8RCgRgLZVYtlm55PbpdhuSA_LX85hlMS00tFY-DcG/s1600/Jacques_Futrelle.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHqmcO9vPwDDOqMjDK5o_mlE4NRk34Usx1jEFcSqIgrBxdZvFCdsPrk1mf9Nx_wATUblDDGypMox_3OvLkonXLYK2UALmYYRRThlH8RCgRgLZVYtlm55PbpdhuSA_LX85hlMS00tFY-DcG/s1600/Jacques_Futrelle.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A Ship’s officer forced her into a lifeboat<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. “I didn’t want to leave Jacques,”</i> Lily later recalled<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, “but he assured me that there were boats
enough for all and that he would be rescued later.” </i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tragically, that proved
untrue, and Jacques died in the disaster—his body was never recovered. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later May wondered why there were fifty-one open places
in the sixty-five man lifeboat. She later described her experience:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="entry-content" itemprop="articleBody">
<div class="newspaperarticle">
<i>There was no panic, no confusion among the passengers.</i><br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 193.5px; position: absolute; top: -9px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
<i>As soon as the slight shock came we went on deck in warm clothes and
lifebelts, and were ordered down to A deck, below the boat deck, to wait
our turn to get off...I went up on deck as the line proceeded and saw
No. 4 launched with Mrs. Astor, Mrs. Widener, Mrs. Thayer, Mrs. Ryerson,
her daughters and young son and others whom I knew... I ran back to see
my husband... I left him. That is why I came away and left him there. </i></div>
<div class="newspaperarticle">
</div>
<div class="newspaperarticle">
<i>It came my turn to get into a boat, it was the last, or next to the last
lifeboat launched. In it
were four first cabin women passengers, eight others, either second
cabin or steerage, making twelve women in all, while there were eighteen
men, one a first cabin passenger, who must have sneaked in, for there
were no men allowed there, and seventeen of the crew, none of them
oarsmen or sailors, but stewards and cooks.</i><br />
<br />
<i>After I left the ship two collapsible lifeboats were launched. In the
last one was Mrs. Henry B. Harris, wife of the theatrical manager; Mrs.
Thorn and Mrs. Hoyt, that I remember....the ship at that time had sunk
to within 15 feet of the first deck...A minute afterward Mr. Hoyt leaped
into the water, and was found by the boat after eight minutes, almost
frozen to death....then the Carpathia picked us up about 6:30 o'clock...</i><br />
<br />
Lily May Futrelle went on to give her statements in court: <i><br /></i><br />
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFNiZmtnz90zxcpjiPKrFBMT62t0LNoKmkqkjC1lpTTlteCB-ylaRyx1oApAmPBVXDu8TAt9i7kEStTWGbh2-crTkM3rUzVAJmbNlK1TBx8sbwYFn9v_iKN2PT0dC2Q5IppktNd5ecMUf/s1600/lily-futrelle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="80" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuFNiZmtnz90zxcpjiPKrFBMT62t0LNoKmkqkjC1lpTTlteCB-ylaRyx1oApAmPBVXDu8TAt9i7kEStTWGbh2-crTkM3rUzVAJmbNlK1TBx8sbwYFn9v_iKN2PT0dC2Q5IppktNd5ecMUf/s1600/lily-futrelle.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Passport Photo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<strong>MRS. FUTRELLE ON STAND</strong><br />
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 65.5px; position: absolute; top: 32px;">
<strong><span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></strong></div>
<strong>Writer's Widow Describes Separation from Husband Before the ship went down</strong><br />
<br />
More direct testimony of witnesses re: the sinking of the Titanic in
April, 1912, was heard yesterday before the Judge Julious M. Mayer in
the United States District Court to the suit brought by the White Star
Line to Have its liability limited.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>Mrs. Jacques Futrelle, whose husband, the well-known writer, perished,
was the next witness. At the time of the collision, she said, she was
reading in bed, and that her husband was on deck and went to investigate. When he
returned, Mrs. Futrelle said, her husband told her that an officer had
told him that there was absolutely no danger. Some minutes later, she
said, the stewards came around and ordered them on deck. Reaching the deck, she said the men were sent elsewhere, and this was the first
intimation that there was danger, and that she was to be separated from
her husband. While some women were getting into the lifeboats, Mrs.
Futrelle said, she went to deck A, where she found her husband with a
number of men who were smoking, walking about and chatting as if
unconscious of their danger. When the ship began to sink her husband
told her to go above and get into a boat, as it would give him a better
chance to save himself.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Lily May Futrelle was rescued, some of the Futrelle family were wrongly informed that both Jacques and Lily had survived the disaster. When Lily Futrelle returned to New York the newspapers printed the story of how she broke the tragic news to them and described to them how Jacques had died like a hero:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>New York, April 19 1912: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs. May Futrelle, whose husband, Jacques Futrelle,
the short story writer and novelist, went down with the ship, was met
here by her daughter, Miss. Virginia Futrelle, who was brought to New
York, from the convent of Notre Dame in Baltimore. Miss. Futrelle had
been told that her father had been picked up by another steamer. Mrs.
Charles Copeland of Boston, a sister of the writer, who also met Mrs.
Futrelle was under the same impression. Miss. Futrelle and Mrs. Copeland
with a party of friends awaited at a hotel the arrival of Mrs. Futrelle
from the dock.<br />
<i><br />
"I am so happy that father is safe too,"</i> declared Miss. Futrelle, as her
mother clasped her in her arms. The girl and Mrs. Copeland alone of the
party did not know that Mr. Futrelle was dead. It was some time before
Mrs. Futrelle could compose herself.<br />
<br />
<i>"Where is Jack?"</i> Mrs. Copeland asked.<br />
<br />
Mrs. Futrelle was afraid to let her daughter know the truth.<br />
<br />
<i>"Oh, he is on another ship,"</i> Mrs Futrelle replied.<br />
<br />
Mrs. Copeland then guessed at the truth and became hysterical, Miss. Futrelle also broke down.<br />
<br />
<i>" Jack died like a hero."</i> Mrs. Futrelle said, when the party became
composed. <i>"He was in the smoking room when the crash came- the noise of
the smash was terrific- and I was going to bed. I was hurled from my
feet by the impact. I hardly found myself when Jack came rushing into
the stateroom. The boat is going down, get dressed at once, he shouted.
When we reached the deck, everything was in the wildest confusion."</i><br />
<br />
<i>"Jacques is dead, but he died like a hero. That I know. Three or four
times after the crash I rushed up to him and clasped him in my arms and
begged him to get into one of the boats."</i><br />
<i><br />
"For God's sake go"</i> he fairly screamed at me as he tried to push me away
and I could see how he suffered. <i>It's your last chance, go</i>. Then one of
the ship's officers forced me into a lifeboat and I gave up all hope
that he could be saved."<br />
<br />
<i>"The screams of women and the shrill orders of the officers were drowned
intermittently by the tremendous vibrations of the Titanic's deep bass
fog horn. The behavior of the men was magnificent. They stood back
without murmuring and urged the women and children to get into the
lifeboats. A few cowards tried to scramble into the boats but they were
quickly thrown back by the others. Let me say now that the only men who
were saved were those who sneaked into the lifeboats or were plucked up
after the Titanic sunk."</i><br />
<br />
<i>"I did not want to leave Jack but he assured me that there were boats enough for all and that he would be rescued later."</i><br />
<br />
<i>"Hurry up May, your keeping the others waiting were his last words as he
lifted me into a lifeboat and kissed me goodbye. I was in one of the
last lifeboats to leave the ship. We had not put on many minutes when
the Titanic disappeared. I almost saw as I saw her sink that I could see
Jack standing where I had left him and waving at me."</i><br />
<br />
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtPdbvqq_GhCkP4xm99r9J1UDhkgScUQYXrrvOHAvjXBhF6bsWcRbIDWolxy7utb2dD370lmWNELkSAlQy8nCsiSmfN1yQE00qWp2aFHG1scJMnBOOqy4dmdu90GtQHecSMquXth2wTXmX/s1600/futrelle_jacques_may_h-300x234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtPdbvqq_GhCkP4xm99r9J1UDhkgScUQYXrrvOHAvjXBhF6bsWcRbIDWolxy7utb2dD370lmWNELkSAlQy8nCsiSmfN1yQE00qWp2aFHG1scJMnBOOqy4dmdu90GtQHecSMquXth2wTXmX/s1600/futrelle_jacques_may_h-300x234.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jack and Lily May Furtrelle and their car </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Mrs. Futrelle said that she saw the parting of Col. John Jacob Astor and
his young bride, Mrs. Astor was frantic. Her husband had to jump into
the lifeboat four times and tell her that he would be rescued later.
After the fourth time, Mrs. Futrelle said, <i>"he jumped back on the deck of
the sinking ship and the lifeboat bearing his bride made off."</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
May wrote,<i> "The last I saw of my husband, he was standing beside Colonel
John Jacob Astor. He had a cigarette in his mouth. As I watched him, he
lit a match and held it in his cupped hands before his face. By its
light I could see his eyes roam anxiously over the water. Then he
dropped his head toward his hand and lit his cigarette. I know those
hands never trembled."</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
May survived the horror of that night,
but the thoughts of Jacques standing on the deck never faded from her
mind. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYtU7WIxny539HwaebiqARmQwiVQ_-jBjVI_vJBsTBfdF5dSQLJzsXPA1tovZyaadsMfn8jyMsnZaT_4wn-04-aiWB_w-qYzTrrmwfiDTueJ-RCfxMoG9WK-uaTb9sIluvEqCmtIkicxv/s1600/futrelle_j_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLYtU7WIxny539HwaebiqARmQwiVQ_-jBjVI_vJBsTBfdF5dSQLJzsXPA1tovZyaadsMfn8jyMsnZaT_4wn-04-aiWB_w-qYzTrrmwfiDTueJ-RCfxMoG9WK-uaTb9sIluvEqCmtIkicxv/s1600/futrelle_j_04.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jacque's last work, <i>"My Lady's Garter",</i> was published posthumously
later in 1912. His wife inscribed in the book, <i>"To the heroes of the Titanic,
I dedicate this my husband's book"</i> under a photo of her late husband.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two months later Jaques Futrelle's mother passed away - some said from inconsolable grief. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jaques Futrelle is used as the protagonist in Max Allan Collins' Disaster series novel <i>The Titanic Murders</i> (1999), about two murders aboard the RMS <i>Titanic</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-39519662445177053772018-04-17T16:13:00.000+01:002018-04-17T16:13:05.912+01:00The Unsinkable Miss Violet Jessop - White Star Line Stewardess & Nurse<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPIpwtEiwBYyiXIup6O2MsLfM4MJZAcJYJo5yzcTiVD0fY0fYlULIVsKzFWK1PUqIKP5SS-Cib9SHvbtd8z7NzMccIQaFhb3KuVAG8MbOtpe9UI9YZ_Lrl6a2XV1HGXoxKnijBtNhXKG_m/s1600/Violet-Jessop-long.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="160" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPIpwtEiwBYyiXIup6O2MsLfM4MJZAcJYJo5yzcTiVD0fY0fYlULIVsKzFWK1PUqIKP5SS-Cib9SHvbtd8z7NzMccIQaFhb3KuVAG8MbOtpe9UI9YZ_Lrl6a2XV1HGXoxKnijBtNhXKG_m/s320/Violet-Jessop-long.jpg" width="116" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Violet Jessop</td></tr>
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Miss Violet Jessop was a twenty-four year old White Star Line stewardess, who was working on Titanic’s maiden voyage when it hit an iceberg in April 1912 and sunk with great loss of life. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">She survived the disaster, and was also involved in the incidents that happened to it's two sister ships Olympic and Britannic. As she had survived three maritime disasters, Miss Jessop subsequently became </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">known as "Miss Unsinkable",</span></div>
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Born and raised in Argentina, she was the oldest
child of Irish parents. Her mother, Catherine, was born of a wealthy family who ran a photographic
business and lived on fashionable Merrion Square in Dublin. William and Catherine Jessop who were married in 1886 and were blessed by the arrival of Violet in October 1887. She contracted tuberculosis as a young child and was given just a few
months to live but miraculously, she managed to make a full recovery and
survived the disease. <br />
<br />
The Jessop family lived in Mendoza, where William became
stationmaster, then a 'fuel inspector,' He died of cancer in 1903 when
aged only 41. Violet was aged just 15, and was stricken at his death.<br />
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After her father died, the family returned to England and Violet was educated in a convent school. Her mother had worked as a Stewardess for the Royal Mail so Violet decided to follow in her footsteps and also make a living for herself in this way.<br />
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The first in a long line of struggles for Violet was finding a ship that
would take her on. She was just 21 years old at the time and most women
working as stewardesses in the early 1900s were middle-aged or older. Employers
believed that her youth and good looks would be a disadvantage to her, and may cause "problems” with the other crew and passengers.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2t6Rg-DtsoF4-lfVWumHcI2oDl9f6dHQZhySReX_4OAXc-qJEESU_IzJFVLwf9NQ4UQuNGVq3sH2TnNvxA-XaArJVN7wcU4yc4CLZX5-I0Igr8O5v5gFdr4WaF8V7CoisQw0kiTra-Hpp/s1600/violet-jessop-marriage-certificate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="800" height="91" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2t6Rg-DtsoF4-lfVWumHcI2oDl9f6dHQZhySReX_4OAXc-qJEESU_IzJFVLwf9NQ4UQuNGVq3sH2TnNvxA-XaArJVN7wcU4yc4CLZX5-I0Igr8O5v5gFdr4WaF8V7CoisQw0kiTra-Hpp/s320/violet-jessop-marriage-certificate.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET'S MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Over the course of her
career, she did get at least three marriage proposals while working on
various ships - one from an incredibly wealthy first-class passenger - but she didn't accept any of them.Violet did marry another Steward - John James Lewis - much later in her life, but it was a short lived relationship. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Violet solved the problem of getting a job as a stewardess by making herself look much older and less attractive. She wore frumpy clothing and no make-up, and finally experienced interview success. After a brief stint aboard the <i>Orinoco</i>, a Royal Mail Line steamer, in 1908, she was hired by the White Star Line.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HMS OLYMPIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Violet started out on the line’s <i>Magestic</i>, switching to the <i>Olympic</i>
in 1910. Despite the long hours and minimal pay, she enjoyed working aboard the massive ship. She had
initially had some concerns about the rough weather conditions while
traveling across the Atlantic, but she liked that the
Americans treated her more like a person while she served them.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jessop had been working aboard the Olympic when it collided
with HMS Hawke in 1911.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The event was a terrible accident, but no one was seriously injured or killed in the accident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the subsequent inquiry proved a legal
and financial nightmare for the White Star Line, the fact that damage was
minimal reinforced the company’s claim that their three great liners were totally
immune to disaster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipfnvDfc8oUvi6ZyIA8jfCLagkvEJxY8KrN-3eGiNAv2_mzUS8YQD8SB30CJ4VJpmP8layCyvivTrv0CYJlQWvAtitLVhlspvlnWCIzzXDRREVl8D1v7ZvIiNdNOffvIHduevRbB_r_YKz/s1600/titanic-postcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="640" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipfnvDfc8oUvi6ZyIA8jfCLagkvEJxY8KrN-3eGiNAv2_mzUS8YQD8SB30CJ4VJpmP8layCyvivTrv0CYJlQWvAtitLVhlspvlnWCIzzXDRREVl8D1v7ZvIiNdNOffvIHduevRbB_r_YKz/s320/titanic-postcard.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC POSTCARD</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Violet was happy on the <i>Olympic </i>and didn't really want to join the <i>Titanic </i>but
was persuaded by her friends who thought it would be a 'wonderful
experience'. So Violet, 'dressed in a new ankle-length brown suit' set
out in a horse-drawn cab to join the brand new ship at her berth in
Southampton. When they arrived on board to begin work, Jessop and the other crew members were very satisfied by
their quarters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She liked to take in the fresh air on deck
before retiring for the night:<br />
<br />
<i>"If the sun did fail to shine so
brightly on the fourth day out, and if the little cold nip crept into
the air as evening set in, it only served to emphasize the warmth and
luxuriousness within."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THOMAS ANDREWS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In her memoirs, Jessop
mentions Titanic's designer Thomas Andrews and speaks of him fondly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Often during our rounds we came upon our beloved designer going
about unobtrusively with a tired face but a satisfied air. He never failed to
stop for a cheerful word, his only regret that we were 'getting further from
home.' We all knew the love he had for that Irish home of his and suspected
that he longed to get back to the peace of its atmosphere for a much needed
rest and to forget ship designing for a while."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Violet also claims to have been friends with Scottish violinist Jock Hume who played in the Orchestra. He was
one of the few people working on the ship whom she identified by name.</div>
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 15px; position: absolute; top: 944px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
In her memoirs she says that on <i>Titanic's</i> maiden voyage she
brought a copy of a translated Hebrew prayer that an old Irish woman had
given her. Upon settling down in her bunk she found that prayer and
read it, then made her roommate Elizabeth
Leather read it. It was a strangely worded prayer that Violet says was supposed
to protect her against fire and water.<br />
<br />
Violet was a devout Catholic who
carried a rosary in her apron and believed strongly in the power of
prayer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before embarking on the
Titanic, she had no way of knowing how important these symbols of her faith
might become to her as events unfolded.<br />
<br />
Violet wrote that she was <i>"comfortably drowsy"</i> in her bunk, but
not quite asleep when the collision occurred and then a member of staff came to summon her. She left everything behind - including her toothbrush - because she had no idea what was about to happen. <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>''I was ordered up on deck. Calmly, passengers
strolled about. I stood at the bulkhead with the other stewardesses, watching
the women cling to their husbands before being put into the boats with their
children. Sometime after, a ship's officer ordered us into the boat first to show some women it was safe. As the
boat was being lowered the officer called: 'Here, Miss Jessop. Look after this
baby.' And a bundle was dropped on to my lap.'</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After eight hours at sea in a lifeboat, carrying a strangers baby and keeping it safe from harm, Jessop and the infant became one of the small percentage
of Titanic passengers and crew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> that were </span>rescued
by the Carpathia. She was still holding fast to the baby she had been given,
when the mother of the child found her on board and snatched the child away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jessop stated that she was never thanked for
seeing the child safely through the disaster.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_d9KUalQm2vzWZ4L2fPmyXSDOaTcYzh7zc2otXVbf_CJOyFckitoF3rguXzuDBu8DzLbnh6c-p2SOEcXsQDfG3J0XhC-r4ActlY4Av1IeB4peEJiG_ain5uo5iVm9p28ATq7qWJVQWHV-/s1600/TITANIC+SURVIVOR+STORIES+-+VIOLET+JESSOP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="387" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_d9KUalQm2vzWZ4L2fPmyXSDOaTcYzh7zc2otXVbf_CJOyFckitoF3rguXzuDBu8DzLbnh6c-p2SOEcXsQDfG3J0XhC-r4ActlY4Av1IeB4peEJiG_ain5uo5iVm9p28ATq7qWJVQWHV-/s320/TITANIC+SURVIVOR+STORIES+-+VIOLET+JESSOP.jpg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET JESSOP AS A NURSE IN 1916</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Even after the sinking of Titanic, Jessop continued to work
for White Star. She went on to serve as a nurse on the RMS Britannic, the third
of Ismay’s trio of dream ships during World War I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Requisitioned as a hospital ship in 1915, her
name changed to HMHS Britannic which stood for His Majesty’s Hospital Ship
Britannic. On November 21, 1916, Britannic suddenly sank in the Aegean Sea
between troop tours. In an uncanny repetition of Titanic, Britannic sank in a
mere 50 minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among those rescued
was none other than Violet Jessop. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i> I leapt into the water but was sucked under the ship’s keel which struck
my head. I escaped, but years later when I went to my doctor because of
a lot of headaches, he discovered I had once sustained a fracture of
the skull!</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
She joked that she only survived because of her thick hair, which
cushioned the blow. She also stated this time she remembered to grab
her toothbrush before evacuating - unlike she did with the Titanic.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCkDT_X0gUPZSEK42mQf1Ex1rw0XznYfJblHUaBObD7Fsy2_-h6q5jtMsVOParkVy9jooXODnMRSgfUhOM51-BU6_A3apsjTutg0Dr7F4wKJHb1m4-ODYaia0SXArBKKeUletgqysDKoXa/s1600/hmhs_britannic_postcard_by_scottvisnjic-d360ea0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="1024" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCkDT_X0gUPZSEK42mQf1Ex1rw0XznYfJblHUaBObD7Fsy2_-h6q5jtMsVOParkVy9jooXODnMRSgfUhOM51-BU6_A3apsjTutg0Dr7F4wKJHb1m4-ODYaia0SXArBKKeUletgqysDKoXa/s320/hmhs_britannic_postcard_by_scottvisnjic-d360ea0.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HMHS BRITANNIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Even this latest disaster was not enough to deter Violet. After the
war, ships were becoming a more and more popular form of transport. Even
cruise ships were starting to emerge. Violet left the White Star Line
for the Red Star Line and worked on a ship doing world cruises for
several years. She did take a clerical job after World War II, but
went back to working on Royal Mail ships before she
retired at the age of 61. The rest of her life was spent gardening on land and
raising chickens.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">VIOLET JESSOP ( far right) & TITANIC SURVIVORS </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Jessop claimed to have received a telephone call, one a stormy night, from a person who asked Jessop if she saved a baby on the night that the Titanic sank.
<i>"Yes,"</i> Jessop replied. The voice then said <i>"I was that
baby,"</i> laughed, and hung up.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jessop was interviewed for <i>Woman Magazine</i> when the film <i>A Night to Remember</i> was released in 1958 and an later years she attended a Titanic Anniversary Dinner in London with other survivors of the disaster. <br />
<br />
She died of
congestive heart failure in 1971 at the age of 83. </div>
<b><br /></b>
<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 17.5px; position: absolute; top: 2089px;">
<b><span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>SHORT DRAMATIZATION OF VIOLET JESSOP'S LIFE </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>SHORT DOCUMENTARY ON THE LIFE OF VIOLET JESSOP</b></div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-43636794639559221762018-04-16T23:40:00.000+01:002018-04-17T12:41:37.459+01:00 Countess Noëlle Rothes &The Ladies of Titanic Lifeboat 8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrLg6Y4FEBCRdozm8EoJbEXbSTfSXEgi2T6V06Zs22CnJhWAVg0_YL_KSr_TDmq6bfsBtk2oLB4PNkZnBAGoRU6IMFdTlgqC0eL_xSUPNmL4NvqWQRn-2shd_7J4lDvm5Ebbp41bOLDUXQ/s1600/noelrothes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="306" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrLg6Y4FEBCRdozm8EoJbEXbSTfSXEgi2T6V06Zs22CnJhWAVg0_YL_KSr_TDmq6bfsBtk2oLB4PNkZnBAGoRU6IMFdTlgqC0eL_xSUPNmL4NvqWQRn-2shd_7J4lDvm5Ebbp41bOLDUXQ/s320/noelrothes.jpg" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Countess Noelle Rothes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Countess Noëlle Rothes was considered a real heroine of the 1912 Titanic
tragedy, helping to command her lifeboat with Able Seaman Thomas William Jones.
Noëlle and her relative Gladys Cherry handled the tiller of the boat, steering it clear of the sinking liner,
and later assisted in rowing it to the rescue ship, all the while encouraging
other survivors with calm decisiveness and optimism. The countess' maid Roberta also played her part, along with a group of female survivors. On the 106th anniversary of the Sinking of the Titanic, it is time to revisit the stories and eyewitness experiences and learn more about the women - and the men - who were saved in Lifeboat 8.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Countess Rothes embarked at Southampton with her
parents, Thomas and Clementina Dyer-Edwardes, her husband's cousin Gladys
Cherry, and her maid Roberta Maioni. Her
parents disembarked at Cherbourg.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The maid, Roberta Maioni - known as Cissy to her friends
and family - was the daughter of Louis Maioni an Italian born hotel waiter. Roberta
had been a domestic maid to Royal Navy Commander Edward Harvey and his family
at 50 Thurloe Square, Kensington, before she came into the employment of Countess
of Rothes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Roberta boarded the Titanic at Southampton on ticket number
110152 which cost £86, 10s); and was allocated cabin B79. Roberta recalled how
a large flock of seagulls followed the ship out to sea, which was considered by sailors to be a
bad omen. Once on board, she forgot the seagulls and busied herself caring for her employer, exploring the ship and making new acquaintances.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggx0ei7FWHnNwyEHOe92vsZNI9SzOY7PDsVDqFiT9xGR6GGk4VWt_7iq5wuWsDBIryNe3coIQX1Q4-R9N_BORNBwhafTajZyRSFstXzyoEufpYaj9IOITYpKh1B2FfToc8o5t9tf2UZYAa/s1600/titanic_leaves_southampton_dock_by_lusitania25-d8adhn4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="1200" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggx0ei7FWHnNwyEHOe92vsZNI9SzOY7PDsVDqFiT9xGR6GGk4VWt_7iq5wuWsDBIryNe3coIQX1Q4-R9N_BORNBwhafTajZyRSFstXzyoEufpYaj9IOITYpKh1B2FfToc8o5t9tf2UZYAa/s320/titanic_leaves_southampton_dock_by_lusitania25-d8adhn4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Titanic leaves Southampton</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Roberta and a young crewman became very fond of each other during
the duration of the voyage but his identity was never known; he gave her a White Star badge from his
uniform which she always kept with her in later life.<br />
<br />
Another acquaintance she
made was with an older man whom she did not name but who seemed to take a paternal
interest in her. The man appeared to be depressed and lonely and on the
evening of Sunday 14 April Roberta met him again in the lounge where the orchestra
were playing. He was full of foreboding and pessimism which made Roberta
feel very uncomfortable. At around 10 o'clock she excused herself for bed and ignored his
pleas for her to stay a while longer. She never saw the man again.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roberta Maioni - The Countess' Maid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Roberta was in bed when the Titanic hit the Iceberg and she felt the impact. A steward soon appeared at her door, telling her <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Miss we have struck an iceberg, but I don't
think there's any danger. Should there be I'll come back and let you know.'</i>
She returned to bed to try to get back to sleep but the same steward returned,
asking her not to be afraid but to dress and put on her life-jacket and go out
on deck.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Countess Noëlle Rothes and Gladys Cherry were originally installed in a
basic first class cabin, C-37, but it is believed they upgraded to a more
commodious suite. In an American press interview, Rothes was quoted as
saying she and Cherry occupied stateroom B-77. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The women were in their beds when the Titanic
collided with an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on the night of 14 April. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The pair was
awakened by the crash and realized the engines had stopped; they sought a steward,
who informed them the ship had stopped due to icebergs. At first, they were excited
by the news, the two women rushed up to the boat deck, where they witnessed
third class passengers playing with large chunks of ice at the bow of the ship.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There they were instructed by Captain E.J. Smith, the
Titanic's commander, to return to their cabin and don lifejackets. Everybody in
the area <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“dispersed very calmly and
slowly,”</i> according to Gladys Cherry, although Noëlle confessed they were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“stunned by the order.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgELO2EddxZcjl91xCziB-27qn7IuMNsLAL58RSUuBO22t95XMTv3cZCy9sxeSxWdTRbW2r7O7ZKDaMMdCckrC81QhLokxSbty-we_DsMvzYEHUpeOhW_Ydw5JPU87n0lcQud1no2ZsFk0H/s1600/10-Gladys+Cherry.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="305" data-original-width="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgELO2EddxZcjl91xCziB-27qn7IuMNsLAL58RSUuBO22t95XMTv3cZCy9sxeSxWdTRbW2r7O7ZKDaMMdCckrC81QhLokxSbty-we_DsMvzYEHUpeOhW_Ydw5JPU87n0lcQud1no2ZsFk0H/s1600/10-Gladys+Cherry.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gladys Cherry - Encyclopedia Titanica</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reaching their room, they found Roberta Maioni sitting in a chair,
holding a lifebelt. The young maid told them she’d just come from
E-Deck, which was beginning to flood, moreover that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“water was pouring into the racquet court.”</i> Noëlle consoled her, gave
her some brandy, and tied on her lifejacket.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gladys and Noëlle had trouble finding their own lifebelts.
These were supposed to be stowed atop the wardrobe but they weren’t there. A steward sent to help the women
duly arrived but, as the countess recalled, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the
man said he was sure wearing lifebelts was unnecessary</i> –– <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">until we told him we had been ordered to do
so.”</i> The steward finally located the belts under the women’s beds and on
his way out he urged them to dress warmly. They did so, choosing woollen suits and their heaviest furs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As they started to leave the cabin, some urge made Gladys pick up a miniature
photo of her mother: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Then I thought ‘How
silly, we shall soon be back here,’ and I put it down again.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Countess Rothes recalled<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: ‘</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The order came to be dressed and have life belts on in ten minutes.
I just had time to pour out some brandy, give Maioni some and Gladys and
myself, and hurriedly dress. We shook hands and told each other it would not be
long before we met again, as we all thought there were plenty of boats, little
knowing there were only 16.’</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In her haste to get on deck, Noëlle forgot her purse<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. “The only thing I took was a small brandy flask,
I had nothing else with me, no money at all.” </i>She may not have carried any
money or valuables with her but Noël did stop to put on the priceless string of
pearls she had worn at dinner.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Heading for the boat deck, the Noelle and Gladys held each
other by the hand as they made their way with Roberta through the crowded
C-Deck foyer. They passed Titanic’s cheery purser, Herbert McElroy, on their
way to the stairs who told them <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“It is
quite all right - Don’t hurry.” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ascending to the boat deck vestibule, the countess’ party
found it swarming with other life jacketed passengers. Only a few had ventured
out into the cold where crewmen were clearing the tarpaulins off the lifeboats
and swinging them out flush with the deck. Scattered in little groups around
the room, people discussed the situation. Others quietly awaited orders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Madeline and Jack Astor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The foyer was soon so crowded that people began filing onto
the boat deck. The three stuck close together as they went out on the starboard
side, following a group that included John Jacob Astor and his 19-year-old
bride, Madeleine. The din of escaping steam made conversation difficult, so the
women just stood and watched as the boats were uncovered. No instruction had
been given to abandon ship but it seemed inevitable as sailors ran to and fro
preparing the boats. The crush of people on deck grew increasingly concerned as
they watched the activity but there was no panic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I stood close to Mrs.
Astor,”</i> Noëlle said. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“She was waiting
under the starboard ports (of the gymnasium), and her husband got a chair for
her. She was quite calm. The last I saw of Col. Astor was when he stood by his
wife, trying to comfort her.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was still no official word from the crew as to what
was going on, and after a few more minutes of <i>“milling about and wondering,”</i>
Noëlle grew restless. Leading Gladys and Cissy through the foyer to the
portside, they found the same calm, bewildered crowd, awaiting orders from the
captain or his officers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I can’t blame
anyone,”</i> Gladys Cherry said later, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“but
there seemed no discipline on the boat.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, around 12:20 a.m., some 40 minutes after the
collision with the iceberg, Second Officer Charles Lightoller gave the command
for women and children to enter the lifeboats. Chief Officer Henry Wilde,
joined by Captain Smith himself, assisted women into No. 8. The urgency of the
situation was emphasized by the firing of the first distress rocket from
Titanic’s starboard bridge wing at about this time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Victor and Maria Penasco - Spanish Newly Weds </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A young Latin woman the niece of the prime
minister of Spain, stood crying with her maid in the shadows of Boat 8, waiting
for the return of her husband Victor who had dashed below for his bride’s jewellery.
When he came back, he tried to convince Maria, 22, to
get into the lifeboat. She refused in a flood of tears. Gladys, standing by,
recalled the <i>“terrible scene” </i>of the newlyweds’ parting. Finally Noëlle
interceded, speaking in Italian to the young couple. But the senora couldn’t be
consoled, and as Gladys remembered, the husband <i>“threw her in our arms and
asked us to take care of her.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a sailor put in a lantern, some blankets and a few
other provisions, Wilde called out that there were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“quite enough”</i> women in No. 8 to lower it. Captain Smith agreed and
took hold of the forward falls. Noticing Alfred Crawford, 41, a bedroom
steward, standing near, Smith ordered him into No. 8 to help row the boat,
instructing him to make for what looked like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“two masthead lights in the distance.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Captain Smith, scanning the deck for more crewmen, spied
Thomas Jones, a 32-year-old able seaman who had helped load Boat 8. The captain
ordered him to take charge and Jones jumped in. Noëlle heard Smith tell the
sailor about the lights on the horizon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Row straight for
those ship lights over there,”</i> Smith said, indicating their position. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Leave your passengers on board her, and
return as soon as you can.” </i>The captain spoke loudly enough that many women
in No. 8 heard the order. Crawford, Jones and others, including Noël, thought
the ship looked quite near, maybe as close as three to five miles.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Noëlle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>praised Smith
and his efforts:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Captain Smith’s whole attitude was one of
great calm and courage, and I am sure he thought that the ship whose lights we
could plainly see would pick us up, and that our lifeboats would be able to do
double duty in ferrying passengers to the help that gleamed so near.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just as Boat 8 was ready to launch, a group of steerage
women and children suddenly appeared from below decks, escorted by steward
Edward Hart, perhaps the only crew member to make a concerted effort to save
those in third class. There was some commotion among the women in Hart’s flock
when it was obvious that No. 8, already starting down its falls, would not be
able to take them on. Only one woman got in after the order to lower away ––
</div>
Tillie Taussig, 39, who had just put her teenage daughter aboard, was literally
dropped into the boat as it creaked down the side of the ship.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Noëlle remembered that the launching went <i>“quietly,”</i> Roberta Maioni shared her mistress’ confidence. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I was not at all frightened</i>,” she said.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Everybody was saying as we left the ship
that she was good for 12 hours yet.”</i> but fear
gripped Gladys: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The lowering of that boat into the darkness seemed too awful. When we
touched the water I felt we had done a foolish thing to leave that big safe
boat.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Number 8, with only an estimated 24 women and four crewmen
aboard, was the first lifeboat to clear the portside of Titanic. Riding somewhat high, its oars sloshed in the water at odd
angles and in uneven strokes as the men tried to row to saftey. The other crew members
were similarly inexperienced, except for Tom Jones, who was the only real sailor aboard.
The men did their best, though their lack of skill was criticized by several
women. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“If
you don’t stop talking through that hole in your face,” </i>a man said<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “there’ll be one less in this boat.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The first impression
I had as we left the ship was that, above all things, we must not lose our
self-control,” </i>Noël said.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “We had no
officer to take command of our boat, and Tom Jones had to
assume all the responsibility. He did it nobly, alternately cheering us with
words of encouragement, then rowing doggedly.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl9l9CUxXruWSICuMkVgflNX1tENCfQkaby9EWTXaVEbSQwO2bGca6BpEtys2dlbu5Yc11FJFff_BVEQjb8EzM7FmhYXiU0UgruquIxiJATOzCgmO8hcd99UMUk8EZTIcOz6fMu8YmSG9N/s1600/thomas-jones-able-seaman-on-the-titanic-7475835.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl9l9CUxXruWSICuMkVgflNX1tENCfQkaby9EWTXaVEbSQwO2bGca6BpEtys2dlbu5Yc11FJFff_BVEQjb8EzM7FmhYXiU0UgruquIxiJATOzCgmO8hcd99UMUk8EZTIcOz6fMu8YmSG9N/s320/thomas-jones-able-seaman-on-the-titanic-7475835.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Able Seaman Thomas William Jones </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tom Jones, later said Rothes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"had a lot to say, so I put her to steering the boat,"</i> a
roundabout compliment to her leadership abilities. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘When I saw the way she was carrying herself and heard the quiet,
determined way she spoke to the others</i>,’ he said later, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘I knew she was more of a man than any we
had on board.’</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She took charge of the tiller, steering for over an hour
before asking Gladys to take over while she stopped to comfort the young
Spanish newlywed. There she remained for the duration of the night, rowing all
the while and helping to boost the morale of other women until their lifeboat
was picked up by the RMS Carpathia early the next morning. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Throughout the night
in the lifeboat, Gladys Cherry recalled being <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"numb from the waist downwards” and</i> that the clothes she had
worn had been ruined while in the lifeboat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_FfIw07CKoibW12fJ5eUoVzBQxN_Hns6as41v7kARRljAyTQVkfCkXHvPpfcsUhW4pTaRs-Gf_RcVoGo1NfF5YlUkUnz3orbNT-GCoH_1aywULhl1XcH7Zekqp5pWIOfPDP20JJA4ga-A/s1600/ZG10h_Margaret_Swift.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_FfIw07CKoibW12fJ5eUoVzBQxN_Hns6as41v7kARRljAyTQVkfCkXHvPpfcsUhW4pTaRs-Gf_RcVoGo1NfF5YlUkUnz3orbNT-GCoH_1aywULhl1XcH7Zekqp5pWIOfPDP20JJA4ga-A/s1600/ZG10h_Margaret_Swift.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret Swift</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Countess' title held no value whatsoever in the middle of the
North Atlantic. It was Noël’s innate resourcefulness and fearlessness that
inspired the confidence of her boat mates, not her social position. It was inner strength that Tom Jones recognized in Noëlle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Separated by class, the countess and sailor
were united in courage, and together they restored order and direction on boat
8. Following Noëlle’s lead, other women volunteered to assist, and at least seven
began taking turns rowing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Let me help!”</i>sang out Margaret Swift, 46, reaching for an oar. Swift was returning from a European trip with her friend, 49-year-old
Dr. Alice Leader. Another rower was Marion Kenyon, 31, who had bid a casual farewell to her husband when
she got into Lifeboat No. 8, not realizing the danger. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“The most awful part of the whole thing,”</i> remembered Noëlle,
<i>“was seeing the rows of portholes vanishing one by one” </i>as the Titanic sunk. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgTNqz5gr_VtnDFImIb7Lx2cluLqs-sTKsfbX2AdAxIN3e_4mxN4lhp1ASkbcOZebg32YpwT4ypKoVXUIhjBABqZBMjk6s-vCDwF5DuB3RHSf6QVf5XSENb_Y9FcXKwwiJCTm75lj4YAdt/s1600/titanic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="438" data-original-width="640" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgTNqz5gr_VtnDFImIb7Lx2cluLqs-sTKsfbX2AdAxIN3e_4mxN4lhp1ASkbcOZebg32YpwT4ypKoVXUIhjBABqZBMjk6s-vCDwF5DuB3RHSf6QVf5XSENb_Y9FcXKwwiJCTm75lj4YAdt/s320/titanic.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SINKING OF THE TITANIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From such a distance it was impossible for anyone in Boat 8
to see in any detail the final moments of those left aboard the doomed liner.
In the darkness it was only by watching the portholes disappearing that Noël and
the others were able to gauge the rate of the sinking.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The horrifying sounds from Titanic jarred everyone in No. 8,
and all eyes were fixed on the ship, cloaked now in total darkness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hearing the despairing cries that echoed over
the sea, Maria Penasco, whom Noëlle had quieted before taking the tiller, lost
control of her emotions again, and began moaning loudly. The young woman’s maid
held her but she still wailed uncontrollably.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Noëlle sprang to her aid. Turning the helm over to Gladys,
she made her way to the side of the young bride. Whispering kind words, she
tried to shield Maria from the sight of the ship’s terrible end.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“Senora Penaso began to scream for her husband,”</i> Noëlle
recalled. <i>“It was too horrible. I left the tiller to my cousin and slipped down
beside her to be of what comfort I could. Poor woman! Her sobs tore our
hearts.”</i> Maria’s moans –– <i>“unspeakable in their sadness,”</i> the
countess said –– mingled with the death screams from Titanic, standing almost
on end.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“The terror of seeing that boat go down, and the fearful
shrieks of the passengers who were left was too awful,”</i> said Gladys. <i>“Then the
awful sound of all the air-tight compartments going.”</i> She compared it to the
rumble of an earthquake.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECEXurLL7L2p3vzutm-wGmCwxINC9Qu6XUQAP9a3aKFXOZakddecsnDNr96F7sDqGIuMzKeUlKIe8EgFLdAZFzK9livItqYMpr5A_BCP_YdCBr9sUAQDb8YAUlBlvTc530qSPDmLGZKAn/s1600/ken-marschall-titanic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="753" data-original-width="1130" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECEXurLL7L2p3vzutm-wGmCwxINC9Qu6XUQAP9a3aKFXOZakddecsnDNr96F7sDqGIuMzKeUlKIe8EgFLdAZFzK9livItqYMpr5A_BCP_YdCBr9sUAQDb8YAUlBlvTc530qSPDmLGZKAn/s320/ken-marschall-titanic.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FINAL MOMENTS BEFORE TITANIC SINKS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The countess, too, was shocked by the sounds, and to prevent
further hysteria in Maria, she put her hands over the desolated woman’s ears.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“When the awful end came,”</i> Noëlle told an interviewer later,
<i>“I tried my best to keep the woman from hearing the agonizing sounds of
distress. They seemed to go on forever.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To Alice Leader, tugging at her oar, the confusing picture
she had was that of the ship resurfacing. <i>“The black hulk seemed to rise out of
the water again,”</i> she said,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>“and sink a
second time.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Noëlle didn’t see the ship go down – her head was pressed to
the senora’s, and both were looking away. But Gladys saw it all. She said
Titanic went under with the roar of a “distant battle.” It was 2:20 a.m.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The sound of the ship’s destruction faded but the shrieks of
the drowning persisted. Tom Jones’ reaction was visceral. He stood up and
called out that the boat would row back and try to save some of those
struggling in the water. The response to his order was anything but what he
expected from the women, several of whom had left husbands behind. In a nearly
unanimous cry, the frightened ladies protested against going back.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Noëlle felt very differently. Supported by Gladys and an
American woman, most likely Margaret Swift, who was now rowing beside Jones,
the countess insisted it was their duty to go back and help.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But she and Jones were bitterly rebuked. Noëlle was incensed
by the other women’s attitude:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><i>Several of us ––
and Tom Jones –– wanted to row back and see if there was not some chance of
rescuing anyone that had possibly survived. But the majority in the boat ruled
that we had no right to risk their lives on the bare chance of finding anyone
alive after the final plunge. They also said the captain’s own orders had been
to row for the ship lights, and that we had no business to interfere with his
orders. Of course, that settled the matter and we rowed on.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gladys was also surprised by the reaction:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><i>I could not hear
the discussion very clearly, as I was at the tiller, but everyone forward and
the three men refused.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She added that she felt the others were so upset about the
proposed return that they <i>“would have killed us rather than go back.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jones, astounded by the majority’s decision, made his stance
clear when he shouted: <i>“Ladies, if any of us are saved, remember I wanted to go
back. I would rather drown with them than leave them.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With the cries of the dying filling everyone’s ears, Boat 8
dutifully resumed its chase of the elusive lights. Lost in thought, nobody
talked. After about half an hour the cries faded and in their place fell a
terrible stillness.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“The silence of a lonely sea dropped down,”</i> Noëlle said. <i>“The
indescribable loneliness, the ghastliness of our feelings, never can be told.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The countess remained with Maria Penasco for the time being,
then relieved Gladys at the tiller for a while before taking her turn at an oar
beside Emma Bucknell, the 59-year-old widow of Bucknell University’s namesake,
William Bucknell. Noëlle’s rowing partner was one of those who had disagreed
with her about returning to help people in the water but Emma was a team player
at the oars; she rowed all night and had blisters on her hands to prove it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite the earlier clash, the women in Boat 8 were of the
same community spirit and, with few exceptions, they worked together well.
Marie Young later commended the self-control of her boat mates –– true <i>“20th
century women,”</i> she called them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJj3xwohOP_onL_vqx2FWtdNqRcCrJ2L-IjuC9LHGxgGXVC3t9zWfEd0lnPSUo8rUmaiOHGmEcwFD81xyGFj2N_vmbWa5yNUeuoUQB8-Cf0BY5Eb7hUZYSL7s3xhiBiCTQi20fNYX7_WI/s1600/pears_t2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="400" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJj3xwohOP_onL_vqx2FWtdNqRcCrJ2L-IjuC9LHGxgGXVC3t9zWfEd0lnPSUo8rUmaiOHGmEcwFD81xyGFj2N_vmbWa5yNUeuoUQB8-Cf0BY5Eb7hUZYSL7s3xhiBiCTQi20fNYX7_WI/s320/pears_t2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edith Pears - Survivor on Lifeboat 8</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Those at the oars included 22-year-old Edith Pears, wife of
the grandson of the founder of the Pears soap company. Saved with her aunt and
two cousins, Caroline Bonnell, 30, also rowed. So did Ruth Taussig, 18, and
Mary Holverson, 35. These women didn’t know it yet, but each had just lost
husbands, fathers or other male relations. Also rowing were Alice Leader, Marion Kenyon, and the
energetic Margaret Swift, whom Noëlle said remained at her oar all night::</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><i>Mrs. Swift did
yeoman service. She rowed for five hours with Tom Jones without taking a rest.
Really she was magnificent, not only in her attitude but in the whole souled
way in which she worked.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Even those who weren’t rowing did their bit. One lady held
the lantern to help people maneuver in the dark as they relieved each other at
the oars. Even fretful Ella White got into the act, counting strokes for the
rowers. From time to time, she couldn’t resist swinging her electric cane to
illuminate the scene, and no one bothered to complain.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCCBtJUzcSct674u8PxkggsistW9QDZerEYPo2Y12lm7dlq-HNfQ5TFjaTB3rhmzRts_HnComtsWuSqJKVQsvXvi6-_8VMXsUvpp9mYPAk4MIxQwjdtlyiSenHuVyBjeim-UM24zkRdbNG/s1600/leader_af.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCCBtJUzcSct674u8PxkggsistW9QDZerEYPo2Y12lm7dlq-HNfQ5TFjaTB3rhmzRts_HnComtsWuSqJKVQsvXvi6-_8VMXsUvpp9mYPAk4MIxQwjdtlyiSenHuVyBjeim-UM24zkRdbNG/s1600/leader_af.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Alice Leader</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The women were glad to row –– to keep their spirits up and
to keep warm. Many wore only negligees and robes under their coats. One woman
looked ready for a ball in her evening dress and high heel slippers. Another
was barefoot, with just a sweater over her nightclothes. Alice Leader had on a
blue serge tailored suit and hat, covered by a lightweight cloth motoring
cloak. Caroline Bonnell wore three coats while Ruth Taussig discarded her extra
wrap. Gladys’ thick suit and full-length fur cape weren’t enough insulation,
and her <i>“stockings were all ripped.” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Noëlle rowed next to Emma Bucknell, the latter turned round to find her maid rowing beside , Roberta Maioni and the sight filled her with pride. Noëlle meantime called out
reports on the distant lights to Jones; they would flicker every once in a
while, or seem to move, and she wanted him to know in the event that a change
in course was necessary. Seeing the faint outline of icebergs around the boat,
she also guided Gladys in her steering, suggesting which we way to go to avoid
them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For all their efforts, the glimmering lights were no nearer
than they had seemed when Boat 8 started for them. At one point both running
lights of the weird vessel were seen, indicating its bow had swung to face the
lifeboat. Noëlle and Alfred Crawford saw the red and green lights distinctly, but
only for a moment or two, and they disappeared.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During this time, an hour after Titanic’s sinking, Gladys
handled the tiller while Noëlle rowed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gladys was at the tiller for more than half the time, having taken
over from Noëlle just before the ship sank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But this fact doesn’t diminish Noëlle’s leadership. Along with steering
for the first hour or so, she did her share of rowing and, as has been shown,
she even acted as lookout.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was almost unofficial skipper, her example of grace and
calm inspiring those around her to forget their fear and take an active part in
managing the boat. Jones was in physical command of Boat 8 but Noëlle was the
motivational heart of the work accomplished that night. Without her morale
boosting and volunteer spirit, it seems unlikely that the nervous, privileged
ladies in No. 8 would have rallied so enthusiastically to the side of the young
sailor and his motley crew of stewards and kitchen help.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jones was the first to see the new light appearing in the
south and called out to Noëlle, asking if she could see it. She looked but
couldn’t make anything out. Then, as No. 8 crested a wave, Noëlle clearly saw a
brilliant light, speeding across the horizon, and she replied in the
affirmative. With that, Jones announced to the others there was a ship coming
on full steam. Gladys immediately swung the boat around.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“Suddenly we saw the lights of a steamer.,”</i> she recalled,
<i>“and we turned and began rowing towards her.”</i> It wasn’t an easy task because of the waves. <i>“That awful
time until we got to her I shall never forget,”</i> continued Gladys, <i>“It was
beginning to get rough and very difficult to steer.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Boat 8 had quite a way to go. Because it had pursued the
mystery lights for over two hours, it was one of the farthest of the 20
scattered lifeboats from the approaching rescue ship; Crawford thought they were
as much as two miles away.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the
Carpathia was sighted, cheers went up and several in their boat started to sing
the Philip Bliss hymn <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Pull for the
Shore."</i> Afterwards, Noël suggested <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Lead,
Kindly Light": "Lead, kindly light, amid the encircling gloom/Lead
thou me on!/The night is dark, and I'm far from home/Lead thou me on!"</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_wEudI5MS8Q2vGChWP8Z2EfQDfrv3P7l7ZS3BAhvxz67oiyAc5tR1H2sWRp8SN37LLahLAE-V_kA2xN6rC_XeGaUk7yYSBSeBk5Gf1HBuPBmH0SUleIbolwvALP38wR_atUcbEZgY10MT/s1600/800px-Titanic-lifeboat-500x340.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="500" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_wEudI5MS8Q2vGChWP8Z2EfQDfrv3P7l7ZS3BAhvxz67oiyAc5tR1H2sWRp8SN37LLahLAE-V_kA2xN6rC_XeGaUk7yYSBSeBk5Gf1HBuPBmH0SUleIbolwvALP38wR_atUcbEZgY10MT/s320/800px-Titanic-lifeboat-500x340.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC LIFEBOAT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It would be a long haul in the choppy sea but no one was
fussing. Salvation was in sight, and the women were ecstatic. Ella White waved
her electric stick with abandon and Margaret Swift, rowing beside Jones. Jones was caught up in the excitement as well. <i>“To keep up
our spirits,</i>” he said, <i>“we sang as we rowed –– all of us. Then we stopped
singing and prayed.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The people in Boat 8 watched the other boats ahead of them
drawing up alongside the rescue ship, unloading their occupants by rope ladders
and chair swings. Grimly, several in No. 8 also realized they were rowing
through a field of debris from the wreck.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two agonizing hours later, at around 6 a.m., Noëlle and her
shivering comrades reached the safety of Carpathia, drifting at last under an
open gangway door and its promise of safety. Strong crewmen secured the
lifeboat and began helping the women aboard. It was such an emotional release
from their plight that many were overcome.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gladys and Noëlle fought back tears of happiness –– and
exhaustion –– as they waited their turn to be hoisted aboard. <i>“Noëlle went up just before me,”</i> Gladys said. <i>“I could not
walk when I got up as my legs were so numb.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gladys didn’t see Noëlle when she gained the deck, and after
looking for her she decided she must have been taken to the dining room where
survivors were given breakfast and hot coffee. But she wasn’t there either. She
eventually learned Noëlle had been taken to the ship’s hospital.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“She had fainted directly she got off the hoist,”</i> Gladys
recounted. <i>“The strain had been too much.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After being given a sedative to help her rest, Noëlle was
shown to a stateroom. According to some reports this was Captain Rostron’s
private cabin, which she and Gladys shared with Philadelphia society matron
Eleanor Widener, whose husband and son were lost, and Madeleine Astor, wife of
the multimillionaire, also lost. It was cramped but as many fellow survivors
were sleeping on the floors of Carpathia’s public rooms, the women were grateful
for the comparative privacy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unable to sleep herself, Gladys put Noëlle to bed. The
countess’ maid Roberta Maioni, whom Gladys praised for behaving <i>“splendidly in
the boat” </i>was given accommodation in a nearby stateroom.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“My nerves are all to pieces,”</i> Gladys told her mother in a
letter she penned aboard Carpathia. <i>“It’s all been too ghastly.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The voyage home was one of overwhelming sadness. Carpathia
was, as the newspapers were soon calling it, a “ship of sorrow.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPok1FueJniQqSyYP7zETF07a2L-hfndfPeMYhvcQ7_Q6sOcOd4O1HuEjwjDNKjNmdgdyAYIPfct5aN7BHtINYKLFa05wkFO0pdYmNI8q5lV96YDiWvK08ycMKOqx5VOUST5l2pEFPwXgX/s1600/survivors-on-carpathian.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1072" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPok1FueJniQqSyYP7zETF07a2L-hfndfPeMYhvcQ7_Q6sOcOd4O1HuEjwjDNKjNmdgdyAYIPfct5aN7BHtINYKLFa05wkFO0pdYmNI8q5lV96YDiWvK08ycMKOqx5VOUST5l2pEFPwXgX/s320/survivors-on-carpathian.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SURVIVORS ON CARPATHIA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“There are about 150 widows,”</i> Gladys said, <i>“and to see all
these poor women is too terrible … The separation of husbands and wives was
ghastly. Noëlle and I are so thankful we had no man with us.”</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once aboard the rescue vessel, Noelle devoted herself to the
care of steerage women and children from the Titanic. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An account in the London
Daily Sketch said: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Her Ladyship
helped to make clothes for the babies and became known amongst the crew as the
'plucky little countess</i>.'" </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The newspaper added that a stewardess told
Noël<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, "You have made yourself famous
by rowing in the boat,"</i> to which she replied, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I hope not. I have done nothing."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Roberta went to the Marconi office to try and contact her relatives, but came back to say she had filled out the forms but that
a long waiting list meant the messages wouldn’t be dispatched for quite a while.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The women visited the makeshift hospitals, set up in the
various classes, to provide what comfort they could. Gladys admitted the work
was therapeutic. As a nurse, Noëlle was qualified to assist in bandaging and
administering medication, and she aided the Carpathia’s surgeon in treating
some of the survivors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition to nursing, the women helped in other ways.
Joining forces with a Carpathia crewman, who rounded up spare blankets and
linen, Noëlle, Gladys and a group of other women put their sewing skills to
work cutting out garments for the steerage and second class children, some of
whom had no clothes at all. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJtU-X_ZR8sAZzbOvhN3nS-BmcI8PBtV2dgCEcDV1UPMKL4_zcDeY7e4ulQkEvWF_yFchle4Ez3mu3xoXJQVaZP9pkr4T1r3UJZrUGr2IdN6arQgcpsOoldTEdoYMIvwEfUIWn-i40CulI/s1600/th.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJtU-X_ZR8sAZzbOvhN3nS-BmcI8PBtV2dgCEcDV1UPMKL4_zcDeY7e4ulQkEvWF_yFchle4Ez3mu3xoXJQVaZP9pkr4T1r3UJZrUGr2IdN6arQgcpsOoldTEdoYMIvwEfUIWn-i40CulI/s1600/th.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louise & Simonne Laroche</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Among those whom Noëlle’s makeshift sewing circle fitted out
with clothes were two French children. These little girls, Simone Laroche, 3,
and her 20 month-old sister Louise, had been saved with their mother but their
father who died- 25 year old Haitian-born Joseph, an engineer - was the only
black passenger known to have been aboard Titanic. Everyday Gladys took the
youngest girl, Louise, out for a little play time on deck while the mother took
a nap.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another beneficiary of the ladies’ project to provide
clothing for the children was three-year-old William Richards, later
photographed wearing a coat made from a blanket by the countess’ little sewing
team.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By day, Noëlle and Gladys distributed their handiwork,
accompanied Carpathia’s doctor on his rounds, and consoled some of the widows,
including Maria Penasco, Marion Kenyon and their friend, Julia Cavendish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At night sleeping was difficult, especially
for Gladys who on April 18, the third day after the sinking, had to take a tranquilizer
to relax:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I slept a little
better, but one wakes terrified … The nights are so awful … How we long for
land. This water all around is terrible and one’s nerves now seem worse than on
that dreadful night …It is all such a horrible nightmare … I can’t stand
another night on the sea</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
All of New York seemed to have turned out to watch the
Titanic survivors come ashore –– an estimated 50,000 lined the piers. Gladys
recalled the incredible sight:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>We got into the dock at 9:30, after having
a dreadful time coming up the river, with all the newspaper tugs that wanted to
put pressmen on board. But of course our captain would allow no one to board us
but the pilot.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Noëlle didn’t go ashore with Gladys –– she was down in the
steerage sickbay making sure those she’d been caring for had somewhere to go
when they disembarked. Among them was seriously injured Rhoda Abbott, 39.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7QeQrYtzAF41Cg5EJ0Ma6xLNXodZYO_esPNSzBUbt1hL47zRlbGhOUmhmG8mMxdXby0FrJhucV9KIIKen4Tv2OKP65UxnDfOMKe7UnVm8RMgZ3XhwP7KYOL4cCmSz7oBMHPfxZmSTcSii/s1600/rhoda-abbott-and-sonspng.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7QeQrYtzAF41Cg5EJ0Ma6xLNXodZYO_esPNSzBUbt1hL47zRlbGhOUmhmG8mMxdXby0FrJhucV9KIIKen4Tv2OKP65UxnDfOMKe7UnVm8RMgZ3XhwP7KYOL4cCmSz7oBMHPfxZmSTcSii/s1600/rhoda-abbott-and-sonspng.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rhoda Abbott and her sons</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The only woman saved from the water after Titanic went down,
Rhoda endured the most traumatic experience and loss of any other female
survivor. Recently separated from her husband, she was returning home on
Titanic with her two adolescent sons after a visit to relatives in England. The
three made it on deck too late to get into a lifeboat and were swept overboard
during the final plunge. The Abbotts had been holding hands when they were
washed off the deck but the current separated them, carrying the boys away.
Rhoda never saw them again. Managing to swim to a swamped lifeboat, she stood
for five hours in the flooded craft waiting for rescue, suffering severe frostbite
in her feet and legs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although Rhoda assured the countess, and another
distinguished caretaker, Molly Brown, that she would be looked after by the
Salvation Army, the women insisted on helping her as long as she was in need.
For the time being it was decided that Rhoda should be transferred via
ambulance to New York Hospital for treatment, at Noëlle’s expense, then to a
hotel where Molly picked up the bill for the duration of her recovery. A listing
of hotel guests in the New York Times the next day revealed that Molly had
already booked the injured woman’s room.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Gladys Cherry stepped off the rescue ship’s gangway on
April 18, happily wearing new stockings lent her by a young lady on Carpathia,
she anxiously searched the numbered queues along the wharf for her brother,
Charles, and his friends. Finally recognizing each other, they embraced, but
wary of the hordes of photographers, headed at once for a waiting car. Gladys
remembered the hectic scene of <i>“officials standing in lines to keep back the
crowds and motors by the million.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gladys had a reservation at the Plaza Hotel but her brother
convinced her to stay with him at his apartment for a few days. She wasn’t
worried about her cousin - she knew Noëlle was being met by her husband Norman and would be
taken to the Ritz-Carlton. There, as one newspaper noted, the Earl had seen to
it that their suite <i>“had every room banked with flowers in preparation for the
countess.” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There the pair would also celebrate their 12th anniversary the
following day. Gladys was careful not to get in the way of what promised to be
an ardent reunion between husband and wife. Still, she’d been instructed by
Noëlle to telephone her the next morning so they could go out shopping for new
clothes. According to one of Gladys’ letters, a fellow survivor –– an
unidentified New York woman –– had offered to “take us round in her car to buy
some things as we have nothing but what we stand up in.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For Noëlle, acquiring a fresh wardrobe couldn’t happen soon
enough –– not only for her anniversary but for meeting the press that clamoured
for her story of the disaster from the moment she checked in at the Ritz. As the Rothes entourage was led to their rooms, the only
comment the Times correspondent could get was from an unnamed member of the
group who said the countess was <i>“particularly happy because her maid was
saved.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That wouldn’t do for an exclusive, so a note was delivered
to Noëlle’s suite, inviting her to give a brief statement. She declined,
sending a message down to the front desk that she was<i> “too weak to see anyone.”
</i>It seemed a brush off at first but around midnight the reporters learned Noëlle
had requested a doctor, though hotel management claimed the <i>“countess is not
seriously ill.”</i> Dr. Edward Dinkelapiel attended Noëlle, treating her for
exhaustion –– information the good surgeon was authorized to share with the
press. The media onslaught had begun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“Countess of Rothes Brave–– Took Charge in Her Boat”</i> ran an
April 20 headline in the New York Times. Noëlle felt it overstated her role,
and didn’t accurately reflect Gladys’ contributions. But an interview with Tom
Jones that was included in the piece touched her very much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The correspondent described the seaman as
“tired” but said that:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> .....</span>his eyes light up
and his speech becomes animated when you ask him what part the women played in
the trying hours after the Titanic sank.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Boat mate Alice Leader paid a similar tribute to Noëlle in
an article syndicated by United Press:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The Countess of
Rothes is an expert oarswoman and thoroughly at home on the water. She
practically took command of our boat … Several of the women took their places
with the countess at the oars and rowed in turns.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1WxI7qMOU5Sfz_tTSaTQWFnI1erJYOBzgvQC0nAUj5m5JwWRnd-ERO25ZZFyJECKYcbfTLvLyQE9fypyqODycA64wbf9c7poBYujIb_E5QJ_89w3m1Nz0Q6asaZZYP9FBQ3meLCZs7g-J/s1600/375px-Noel_Leslie%252C_Countess_of_Rothes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="375" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1WxI7qMOU5Sfz_tTSaTQWFnI1erJYOBzgvQC0nAUj5m5JwWRnd-ERO25ZZFyJECKYcbfTLvLyQE9fypyqODycA64wbf9c7poBYujIb_E5QJ_89w3m1Nz0Q6asaZZYP9FBQ3meLCZs7g-J/s320/375px-Noel_Leslie%252C_Countess_of_Rothes.jpg" width="203" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Countess Rothes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Noëlle submitted to a press conference held in a private
lounge at the Ritz-Carlton. She and Norman agreed that offering an “exclusive”
to a newspaper wouldn’t prevent requests from competing publications, so an
invitation went out to representatives of all major papers and wire agencies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the morning of April 22 reporters assembled en masse to
hear Noëlle’s official account of her experiences in the tragedy. Norman sat
beside her as she recounted the whole story, then answered questions. A glimpse
of how Noëlle felt about people is caught in the fact that on the other side of
her sat her maid, Roberta Maioni, whom she insisted be a part of the interview.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The countess kept her composure throughout the meeting. Only
at the end, when she was asked to give her opinion of the actions of the men
passengers and crew, was there a catch in her throat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“Brave men all,” </i>she said of Titanic’s heroes,<i> “that stood
back so that women should have at least a chance to live. Their memory should
be held sacred in the mind of the world forever.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile news of the tragedy slowly filtered through to
Roberta Maioni’s family back in Surrey. It was reportedly three weeks before they
knew that she was safe. Roberta's surname had been spelled incorrectly on the
passenger lists as "Miss Maloney". Eventually the White Star Line
confirmed she was one of the survivors. When Roberta was reunited with her
family, her once beautiful hair was reportedly in tatters, much of it torn and
pulled as she caught it while taking her turn rowing the lifeboat. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1926
Roberta wrote a personal account of her experience on the Titanic for a short
story competition run by the Daily Express. Roberta's account, the badge given
to her by the steward, and the poem which she wrote in New York, were auctioned
in Devizes, Wiltshire in February 1999.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You can read Roberta Maioni’s full account here</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/roberta-maioni-titanic-account.html">https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/roberta-maioni-titanic-account.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXxLOQleIfWQSED-y-svxBMJjVTnwk_3aGGFteFiNZbWeOEtKa4GgCt_f9JXRTInZZRs7y8O83EtLZtHOWT2U9zpub-F4gyinKuatjZd9zpXc3JcZrqM0tfTiVLNgNY6PxA3BmjyZid6c4/s1600/22-Titanic+Watch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="500" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXxLOQleIfWQSED-y-svxBMJjVTnwk_3aGGFteFiNZbWeOEtKa4GgCt_f9JXRTInZZRs7y8O83EtLZtHOWT2U9zpub-F4gyinKuatjZd9zpXc3JcZrqM0tfTiVLNgNY6PxA3BmjyZid6c4/s320/22-Titanic+Watch.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tom Jones' pocketwatch - gift from Countess Rothes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Countess Noël Rothes did not welcome the publicity that
proclaimed her a heroine, insisting it was the cool-headed leadership of Seaman
Jones and the combined aid of her cousin-in-law and other occupants in the boat
that night that deserved praise. As a token of her esteem, she gave Jone an inscribed silver pocket watch; she also gave one to Steward Alfred
Crawford in recognition for his assistance at the oars, rowing. <br />
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<br /></div>
Jones later returned the largesse by gifting her the brass number plate from
their lifeboat. Noël wrote to Jones every Christmas, and the two maintained a
correspondence until her death. The number plate is now in the possession of
the Countess' grandson Alastair. The family also re-acquired Jones after his death.<br />
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTLV6SoG6HI1gAoZ7wGP7TU3bRZ7VeNKTskJO2JkFnpuW0AgY9F9RDYJqLnRNNU6nbQ7vQtpz1fn_rfwgg0BXGTaJXRUAIAQsnSZ7ZTTakCTLAy3PIb-lAX9BReRuIdk5TPM4hLSAOF71/s1600/27684CEB00000578-0-image-a-123_1428666280294.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTLV6SoG6HI1gAoZ7wGP7TU3bRZ7VeNKTskJO2JkFnpuW0AgY9F9RDYJqLnRNNU6nbQ7vQtpz1fn_rfwgg0BXGTaJXRUAIAQsnSZ7ZTTakCTLAy3PIb-lAX9BReRuIdk5TPM4hLSAOF71/s1600/27684CEB00000578-0-image-a-123_1428666280294.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lifeboat number -gift to countess from Tom Jones. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The Royal Naval Lifeboat Institute's Fraserburgh Lifeboat,
introduced to service in 1915, was christened Lady Rothes. The lifeboat was
provided as a gift from Thomas Dyer-Edwardes, the countess' father, in
gratitude for his daughter's rescue from the Titanic.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1918 an exhibition at the Grafton Galleries in London,
benefiting the Red Cross, included a pair of pearls from the 300-year-old
heirloom necklace Noël wore when she escaped the Titanic.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Noël was interviewed by author Walter Lord for his epic
account of the Titanic disaster, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Night
to Remember</i>, which brought her compelling story to a new generation on its
publication in 1955.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Countess Rothes personal account of rowing in lifeboat Number
8 can be read here:</div>
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<a href="https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-the-countess-of-rothes-and-the-phantom-light.html">https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-the-countess-of-rothes-and-the-phantom-light.html</a></div>
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Gladys Cherry also wrote a letter to Tom Jones:</div>
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<tt>LETTER TO TITANIC HERO<div class="fb-quote fb_iframe_widget" style="left: 130.5px; position: absolute; top: -21px;">
<span style="height: 47px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 169px;"></span></div>
</tt></h3>
</center>
<tt>Thomas Jones, a native of Anglesey, who was an able seaman on the
Titanic, has received the following letter, dated from the Great
Northern Hotel, New York:</tt><br />
<br />
<tt>"I feel I must write and tell you how splendidly you took charge of
our boat on the fatal night. There were only four English people in
it-my cousin Lady Rothes, her maid, you and myself-and I think you were
wonderful.</tt><br />
<br />
<tt>"The dreadful regret I shall always have, and I know you share with
me, is that we ought to have gone back to see whom we could pick up; but
if you remember, there was only an American lady, my cousin, self and
you who wanted to return. I could not hear the discussion very clearly,
as I was at the tiller; but everyone forward and the three men refused;
but I shall always remember your words: "ladies, if any of us are saved,
remember, I wanted to go back. I would rather drown with them than
leave them." You did all you could, and being my own countryman, I
wanted to tell you this.</tt><br />
<br />
<tt>"Yours very truly, Gladys Cherry."</tt><br />
<br />
<br />
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-88883306183898071322018-04-15T20:21:00.000+01:002018-04-17T12:44:48.582+01:00Louise Laroche & the Story of the Only Black Family on the Titanic<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbMdRLBBI_0bTeNoi8ilJq3KPKIIEjvPsaGE-oeC6m5FWskB9tnn5klg7s9xx5b9bA4kwImefHB3DwmlXA1PzX9rCBjgcHvd9uYbDbXZAZLhgtLbEqVqaUapfwGtruWBIyFuSiAOIEDFEe/s1600/laroche_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbMdRLBBI_0bTeNoi8ilJq3KPKIIEjvPsaGE-oeC6m5FWskB9tnn5klg7s9xx5b9bA4kwImefHB3DwmlXA1PzX9rCBjgcHvd9uYbDbXZAZLhgtLbEqVqaUapfwGtruWBIyFuSiAOIEDFEe/s320/laroche_01.jpg" width="230" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE LAROCHE FAMILY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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On the 106<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the Sinking of The
Titanic in April 1912 it seems appropriate to publish a blog entry concerning
the lives of the 4 members of the Laroche Family who were passengers on that
fateful maiden voyage. To my knowledge this is a story that has not been told in
the myriad of books, films, documentaries and TV programmes that have catered
to the public fascination with Titanic over the last 100 years. The La Roche
family are listed on the Encyclopaedia Titanica website and their names appear
in official ships records, so their story is certainly not just another Titanic
myth but neither is it one that many people are aware of today - that needs to change. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Only a handful of people who were aboard the Titanic in 1912
were still living at the end of 20th century and all of them had been children
at the time of the disaster. Frenchwoman Louise Laroche was one of the very
last of the survivors, living to the age of 87 and passing away in January 1998.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwRAbcMSryRoKEALjq0ssxYPo0MiXD7RWRKGxY9Y8l8mRj8RmDdmlxCjywG_R996eWd2xSXrCDxSfvGaIFsdzJOk7V8TLplwrkk-DyV-MEz8DNds2bK9UMCjYNRFcdHF4fceYZbYdfTqFm/s1600/186954103_1517251119.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="928" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwRAbcMSryRoKEALjq0ssxYPo0MiXD7RWRKGxY9Y8l8mRj8RmDdmlxCjywG_R996eWd2xSXrCDxSfvGaIFsdzJOk7V8TLplwrkk-DyV-MEz8DNds2bK9UMCjYNRFcdHF4fceYZbYdfTqFm/s320/186954103_1517251119.jpg" width="296" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LOUISE LAROCHE RETURNS TO CHERBOUG</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Three years earlier in March 1995, Louise Laroche had
stepped aboard the SS Nomadic for the very first time since 1912 when it had carried
her and her family to the Titanic from the port of Cherbourg. That same year,
Louise was also present as the Titanic Historical Society dedicated a stone
marker in Cherbourg commemorating Titanic passengers who sailed from its port. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Louise La Roche was born on 2 July 1910 in Paris and had an older
sister called Simonne Marie Anne Andrée La Roche. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Their French born mother
Juliette Marie Louise Lafargue was the daughter of a widowed Parisian wine
merchant. </div>
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Juliette had married her husband Joseph Philippe Lemercier LaRoche
in 1908 at her father’s house in Villejuif. Joseph Laroche's father had been a French Army Captain but his mother was a dark skinned Haitian. Juliette’s father seemed to have no
objection to the interracial marriage and openly welcomed his black son-in-law
into the family. </div>
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In 1912 the Laroche Family were living with Juliette’s
father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joseph Laroche was a well-educated
gentleman who spoke both English and French fluently; he had obtained a degree
and he was a qualified Engineer. Although Laroche worked briefly on the Paris
Metro, he did not have much luck finding well paid work in
France and this was mainly due to his mixed heritage and the racial discrimination he faced. </div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho6fuQM0lywFKfL1j5fQvY9bj0Qohyphenhyphensbe2BoqKAlIqJ5oa2kyIQI5v0VrpKObKh4uU3307yAXaxuokUKjUuaxoXwMQtrOSrWPi-Iyb1QRr16gI3NX4-F2aGofNEcEL1SediB6VmFydM83f/s1600/louise+and+simone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="356" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho6fuQM0lywFKfL1j5fQvY9bj0Qohyphenhyphensbe2BoqKAlIqJ5oa2kyIQI5v0VrpKObKh4uU3307yAXaxuokUKjUuaxoXwMQtrOSrWPi-Iyb1QRr16gI3NX4-F2aGofNEcEL1SediB6VmFydM83f/s320/louise+and+simone.jpg" width="227" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LOUISE & SIMMONE LAROCHE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Simonne's birth had gone smoothly, but Louise had been born
premature and had suffered a variety of medical problems in childhood putting an
extra strain on the family. They needed more money to pay for Louise’s
medical bills and Joseph did not want to rely on his father-in-law’s good will and hospitality forever.
He decided to return to his mother’s birthplace in Haiti to find a
better-paying engineering job and the move was originally planned for 1913.</div>
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<br /></div>
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As someone of white French and black Haitian parentage, Joseph
Laroche had grown up among the more privileged classes in Haiti and received much of
his early education from private tutors. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had decided on a career in engineering at
the age of 15, and he travelled to Beauvais, France with his private teacher
Monsignor Kersuzan, who was the Lord Bishop of Haiti.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He attended classes in Beauvais and Lille and received his certificate
in engineering in 1907 before meeting and marrying his French wife. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In March 1912, Juliette discovered that she was pregnant
with her 3<sup>rd</sup> child and Joseph wanted this baby to be born in Haiti. Juliette
did not want to leave her elderly father but agreed it was the right move for
their growing family. She and Joseph decided to leave before her
pregnancy became too far advanced for travel. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMStQw3yPW1ePlWvFrOohjoNtWKnTwq9XyxNtV8Ii-5QDIKM5_qOXGAAsl9FlgVfJq9ePoC2H1Dn9S5R4xCEIgUSjNMuWTLhbY2cmowPcdITcDN_Xo_yS62s4bkRj-IQof-qJAMhnck-z/s1600/Titanic5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="550" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMStQw3yPW1ePlWvFrOohjoNtWKnTwq9XyxNtV8Ii-5QDIKM5_qOXGAAsl9FlgVfJq9ePoC2H1Dn9S5R4xCEIgUSjNMuWTLhbY2cmowPcdITcDN_Xo_yS62s4bkRj-IQof-qJAMhnck-z/s320/Titanic5.jpg" width="246" /></a><br />
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Joseph’s mother back in Haiti bought them steamship tickets
on the ship La France as a present, but the line’s strict policy regarding
children meant that their daughters would not be permitted to dine with them
and would have to remain in the nursery at mealtimes. As young parents, Joseph
and Juliette were very family orientated, and for this reason, they exchanged
their 1<sup>st</sup> Class Tickets on the S.S. France for 2<sup>nd</sup> class
tickets on the Titanic.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On sailing day the sky was clear. In the early hours Joseph,
Juliette, Simonne and Louise left the family home and took the train to Paris.
The boat train was already loading passengers at Gare Saint-Lazare. It was
there, in the Cour de Rome, that the Laroche family were waiting to boarding
the train with a friend, Monsieur Renard, who had bought a balloon for each
girl. Louise, sitting in her pram in the sunshine was laughing when the string
suddenly left her hand and flew away. Louise cried and kind Monsieur Renard ran
to the next balloon seller to buy her another. When it was time to board the train
they all waved their last good-bye to Monsuier Renard. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAlFvb2z88DezWQ8r0ht7KMYsxKOfHpEHkwzHpmGkVi4rdGFO8kq5CgsUiprtZavOpAp4GCeWiLjQoQZBaRHT_JJeBNOB4Z4k9kL05pzoycFH_hRUNTKFrLMZDsCi0xEGRYNhvjCMF6YYj/s1600/758px-RMS_Titanic_2-500x395.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="500" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAlFvb2z88DezWQ8r0ht7KMYsxKOfHpEHkwzHpmGkVi4rdGFO8kq5CgsUiprtZavOpAp4GCeWiLjQoQZBaRHT_JJeBNOB4Z4k9kL05pzoycFH_hRUNTKFrLMZDsCi0xEGRYNhvjCMF6YYj/s320/758px-RMS_Titanic_2-500x395.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The trip from Paris to Cherbourg by train was long; the
girls were excited and could not sleep. In the same carriage was a young boy called Andre Mallet. Andre's parents were
boarding Titanic in Cherbourg, to go to Montreal in Canada.
The Mallets were also traveling second class like the Laroches. By
the time the train stopped at the maritime terminal at 4:00 PM, the two families had become well acquainted and
their common experience made them feel much closer to each other. While both the
husbands spoke English as well as French, their wives did not.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Luggage was taken from the train and brought to the quay.
Because of her size large liners like Titanic anchored in the harbour off
Grande Rade near Fort de l'Ouest. Nomadic and Traffic, the White Star's tenders
carried passengers from the terminal to the liner. Traffic transported luggage
and third class passengers while Nomadic carried first and second class. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuE5PZUQddUW_c_m-obcNdJzdgt8H6uFamP6z9Fi1TWERRArCAdjJ6Q2PJ2-cr1tMiyCeGCOzdmC8jnSKJArr4lQkQMxFG2lQyYaESbhwqfp0Pn7pjBIbT35JNfh0jo5Nhcn5sCJKTw-8W/s1600/titanic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuE5PZUQddUW_c_m-obcNdJzdgt8H6uFamP6z9Fi1TWERRArCAdjJ6Q2PJ2-cr1tMiyCeGCOzdmC8jnSKJArr4lQkQMxFG2lQyYaESbhwqfp0Pn7pjBIbT35JNfh0jo5Nhcn5sCJKTw-8W/s320/titanic.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC LEAVING CHERBORG </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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On April 10, 1912, The Laroche family boarded the tenders at
5:30 PM ready to join Titanic but the liner was late. There was talk of an
incident in Southampton during her departure, where there was a near collision
with the liner New York. The liner finally appeared on the horizon and neared Passe
de l'Ouest where she anchored about 6:30 PM. </div>
Traffic moored alongside the
Titanic. Twenty-two cross-channel passengers disembarked from Titanic while
mail and additional goods were taken aboard. Then Nomadic then brought 274
passengers, including the Mallets and Laroches, and the unloading did not take
more than twenty minutes.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Laroche family were looking forward to their voyage. A
crowd of onlookers assembled on the jetty to admire The Titanic’s beautiful
silhouette, and a band played La Marseillaise. It was dark when Titanic, her
rows of portholes glowing with light left. She had not spent more than two
hours in Cherbourg, and her next stop was Queenstown, Ireland.</div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a letter written by Juliette Laroche to her father, dated
April 11, 1912 and sent from Queenstown, she described the family's quarters: </div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiia_Q-EL6jGwMt5gsCuHUizq-ZwThp9cpUJsxFKg8yixBbiMSFpJi_sRr1VH_dfbK61L0IBNwqVY8RmFHqb9FvHVjT-Lb11cYWvwLpjIfbtsj7BAiiQAurpkl0XnlOOwgLFCoEYZZL0KpM/s1600/laroche+letter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiia_Q-EL6jGwMt5gsCuHUizq-ZwThp9cpUJsxFKg8yixBbiMSFpJi_sRr1VH_dfbK61L0IBNwqVY8RmFHqb9FvHVjT-Lb11cYWvwLpjIfbtsj7BAiiQAurpkl0XnlOOwgLFCoEYZZL0KpM/s320/laroche+letter.jpg" width="159" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Juliette's letter from the Titanic</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dear Pappa, I have
just been told that we are going to stop in a moment, so I take this
opportunity to drop you a few lines and tell you about us. We boarded the
Titanic last evening at 7:00. If you could see this monster, our tender looked
like a fly compared to her. The arrangements could not be more comfortable. We
have two bunks in our cabin, and the two babies sleep on a sofa that converts
into a bed. One is at the head, the other at the bottom. A board put before
them prevents them from falling. They're as well, if not better, than in their
beds.</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The boat set out when
we were eating and we could not believe she was moving: we are less shaken than
in a train. We just feel a slight trepidation. The girls ate well last night.
They only took a nap in the whole night and the chime of the bell announcing
breakfast woke them up. Louise laughed a lot at it. At the moment they are
strolling on the enclosed deck with Joseph, Louise is in her pram, and Simonne
is pushing her. They already have become acquainted with people we made the
trip from Paris with a gentleman and his lady and their little boy too, who is
the same age as Louise.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I think they are the
only other French people on the boat, so we sat at the same table so that we could
chat together. Simonne was so funny - she was playing with a young English girl
who had lent her a doll. My Simonne was having a great conversation with her,
but the girl did not understand a single word. People on board are very nice.
Yesterday, they both were running after a gentleman who had given them
chocolates.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This morning I tried
to count all the children on the boat. In second class only, I am sure that
there are more than twenty. There is a small family with four children, they
remind me of my Uncle's. The youngest looks very much like fat Marcelle. I am
writing from the reading room: there is a concert in here, near me, one violin,
two cellos, and one piano.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Up to now, I have not felt seasick. I hope it
will go on this way. The sea is very smooth, the weather is wonderful. If you
could see how big this ship is! One can hardly find the way back to one's cabin
in the number of corridors. I will stop here now for I believe we are going to
put in and I wouldn't like to miss the next mail. Once again, thank you my dear
Pappa for all your marks of bounty towards us, and receive all the warmest
kisses from your loving daughter, Juliette.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P.S Warmly kiss for us all our dear Grand
Mother, Maurice, Marguerite, and Madeleine. Little Simonne and Louise kiss
their good Grand Father. They had just their dresses on this morning when they
wanted to go and see you.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgf_gtslCZhM2dXq5sDT0itzuZVyZFyELJA-ctv-yPcuIe4Y3tziFNORNCVSuRnI0uOY3-v4InbMrBvPEEQDwcOInwgfStZfv7OsFFZd7SMbv_eWHhIhFCt5-E9e-FSlWJkRxHcIbHOtpO/s1600/inside_titanic_17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="700" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgf_gtslCZhM2dXq5sDT0itzuZVyZFyELJA-ctv-yPcuIe4Y3tziFNORNCVSuRnI0uOY3-v4InbMrBvPEEQDwcOInwgfStZfv7OsFFZd7SMbv_eWHhIhFCt5-E9e-FSlWJkRxHcIbHOtpO/s320/inside_titanic_17.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ON BOARD TITANIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the fateful morning of April 14th, 1912, the Laroche
family ate a hearty breakfast and joined many of the other Titanic passengers
at the Sunday church services. Other passengers relaxed in the steamy Turkish
Bath , some strolled on the decks or sipped coffee and expensive teas in the
Cafe Parisien, while the gentlemen enjoyed fine wine and cigars in the smoking
room and had an altogether wonderful day on the luxurious unsinkable sea liner.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the day, Laroche, his wife Juliette and their two
young daughters were sometimes the object of rude stares from a handful of other passengers,
The covert racism on board the ocean liner was not limited solely to the La
Roche Family but was freely extended to Irish, Italian and other non-white passengers
as well.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9CyLXHIyQ1o0TE3W7RdnMv65OM3cwenxgaE_YDeXGnQFoPLbooT5hyphenhyphensa5wZ8uY2Nh02os2_Mi4eNdlMxHFbDYzVNmChSfvNEHByDhdWfZP0Ox9QS-PiuEg0iQB1dFbQ0LoJKZMNZgwF6K/s1600/gndstair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="494" data-original-width="799" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9CyLXHIyQ1o0TE3W7RdnMv65OM3cwenxgaE_YDeXGnQFoPLbooT5hyphenhyphensa5wZ8uY2Nh02os2_Mi4eNdlMxHFbDYzVNmChSfvNEHByDhdWfZP0Ox9QS-PiuEg0iQB1dFbQ0LoJKZMNZgwF6K/s320/gndstair.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GRAND STAIRCASE OF TITANIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Victor Gaitan Andrea Giglio, the Liverpool
born son of an Italian cotton merchant and his Egyptian wife, was employed
by one of America's richest men as a valet, secretary and
personal assistant. He was travelling with Benjamin Guggenhiem, his Mistress and a
chauffeur on board the Titanic. Giglio, would have also stood out amongst the 1st class passengers, but his
position as a “servant” would not have disturbed the status
quo as much as Joseph and his family’s presence did. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxwT37xwWGv5kDMKKfsSVNga4e83l6nlkKLCOxma7j5ExhWdKXFSt14cnjoyq40kEjI6c6aaHIVOeRWzPmClOvYJybCPnsgMXGK26MTFmu9ME9CQJfobOiSZrIyTvDensT6_taFT9UfXp/s1600/inside_titanic_24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="518" data-original-width="700" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxwT37xwWGv5kDMKKfsSVNga4e83l6nlkKLCOxma7j5ExhWdKXFSt14cnjoyq40kEjI6c6aaHIVOeRWzPmClOvYJybCPnsgMXGK26MTFmu9ME9CQJfobOiSZrIyTvDensT6_taFT9UfXp/s320/inside_titanic_24.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first-class passengers were some of the
richest people in the world, the creme de la creme of white Anglo-American
society who flaunted their wealth prominently and came from families with
famous names such as Astor. The second-class passengers
were mainly middle class business men, managers, and highly skilled workers just
like Joseph. Third-class passengers were primarily working class
English, Irish, European and Russian immigrants in search of a better life in
America - or they were domestic servants employed by the first class
passengers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdp7paiGd9R4VHbGv2N5jT1dgHKoc4swgniIK7tQGdv-o51-BYuz1pltLokHcjH6byr33BS8ZkOLz9-eoTajSg4UL8QIr7nDDC71KD_hL3da5UizoyYBZNhKNaePhyep9q1PrEncgdSxdf/s1600/inside_titanic_07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="700" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdp7paiGd9R4VHbGv2N5jT1dgHKoc4swgniIK7tQGdv-o51-BYuz1pltLokHcjH6byr33BS8ZkOLz9-eoTajSg4UL8QIr7nDDC71KD_hL3da5UizoyYBZNhKNaePhyep9q1PrEncgdSxdf/s320/inside_titanic_07.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2ND CLASS CABIN ON TITANIC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Whilst the Laroche family did not have first- class
reservations, Joseph Laroche considered himself a highly respectable man, who
had every right to be on board. Their cabin was a large, spacious room with
panelling in sycamore and was comparable to first-class accommodations on any
other sea liners of the day. The couple also shared many of the things enjoyed
by the first class passengers, including dining in the same saloon - with their
daughters - and socialising with some of their fellow passengers on deck. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their second-class tickets, however, did not shield them
from the whispered insult. </div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifRv39TCEw4LgYktLHO24_MetMQ5XMDeUSRbTbPzMuamdy30WtAOVPb5kieZ0Cjgb1PTE-mK3YgnzJvDbz6gYL9Hvt4NEdGN1WjKDiTlwQvGg6hwnOYCkKTtX2cOLDcpetrgpsELcE5oPC/s1600/res_1079802805_Restaurant_back.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="400" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifRv39TCEw4LgYktLHO24_MetMQ5XMDeUSRbTbPzMuamdy30WtAOVPb5kieZ0Cjgb1PTE-mK3YgnzJvDbz6gYL9Hvt4NEdGN1WjKDiTlwQvGg6hwnOYCkKTtX2cOLDcpetrgpsELcE5oPC/s320/res_1079802805_Restaurant_back.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The fact that Laroche was a black man with a white wife and mixed
race children would have been a source of on board gossip between some the wealthier
passengers. The Laroche family also encountered several stares from members of
the crew, despite their obvious gentility. What the other passengers and crew
didn’t know was that Joseph Laroche was descended from a very wealthy Haitian
Family who were considered royalty on the Caribbean Island of Haiti – and
Joseph was actually the nephew of the President of Haiti.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjShYCt1hxY3LvyMdAsbT9Ig7k5RwFhz5DiuQDv4e_nxKpjxy7K4ZItVCi57-R0Gyj3hkF-hTekj-Fkd61NnlnNkV05b-ACkAM2Nop0-2uOMk127a0zGYDTQyFoFijbVUD45JZRkDh2ekXH/s1600/345px-Jean-Jacques-Dessalines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="345" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjShYCt1hxY3LvyMdAsbT9Ig7k5RwFhz5DiuQDv4e_nxKpjxy7K4ZItVCi57-R0Gyj3hkF-hTekj-Fkd61NnlnNkV05b-ACkAM2Nop0-2uOMk127a0zGYDTQyFoFijbVUD45JZRkDh2ekXH/s320/345px-Jean-Jacques-Dessalines.jpg" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">JEAN JACQUES DESSALINES</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joseph Laroche’s maternal 2 x Great Grandfather was Jean-Jacques
Dessalines, who was regarded as one of the founding fathers of the country. He
was leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent
Haiti in 1805. Initially appointed governor-general, Dessalines was later named
Emperor Jacques I of Haiti until being assassinated a year later in 1806.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Born into slavery as Jean-Jacques Duclos on the Cormier
plantation near Grande-Riviere-du-Nord,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His father had adopted the surname from his owner Henri Duclose. Working
in the sugarcane fields as a labourer, Jean-Jaques rose to the rank of foreman
and worked on Duclos's plantation until he was about 30 years old. He was then
bought by a free black man named Dessalines, who assigned his own surname to
him. From then on he was called Jean-Jacques Dessalines and kept this name in
freedom. He worked for his new master for about three years, until the slave
uprising of 1791, which he became a leader of. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dessalines became increasingly embittered toward both the
whites and the mixed-race residents of Haiti during the years of fighting the
revolution against the French, British and Spanish. After becoming Governor in
1804, he took his old black master back into his house and gave him a job in an
ironic turn of events.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Fz-sd0PITkXXso_uq6h6je9ZK7uSrwgdYVZ94d-uEc_JGGxC9fu_I39xHzBEroTtiIuQp9spK6ElKcrsuKEv-ey5_P5xVSQggHc9phRXcJVhcdZu9ldrPlgkoBZ0om95exG50UndlFLc/s1600/375px-Manuel_Lopez_Lopez_Iodibo_-_Desalines_-_Huyes_del_valor_frances%252C_pero_matando_blancos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="375" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Fz-sd0PITkXXso_uq6h6je9ZK7uSrwgdYVZ94d-uEc_JGGxC9fu_I39xHzBEroTtiIuQp9spK6ElKcrsuKEv-ey5_P5xVSQggHc9phRXcJVhcdZu9ldrPlgkoBZ0om95exG50UndlFLc/s320/375px-Manuel_Lopez_Lopez_Iodibo_-_Desalines_-_Huyes_del_valor_frances%252C_pero_matando_blancos.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1804 HAITIAN MASSACRE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dessalines tried hard to keep the sugar industry and
plantations running and producing without resorting to slavery but he did not
trust the white French people. Between February and April 1804, he had the
white Haitian minority killed by ordering the 1804 Haiti Massacre. Dessalines
declared Haiti an all-black nation and forbade whites from owning any property
or land there. This resulted in the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,000 white people
of all ages and genders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The exact circumstances of Dessalines death are uncertain.
Some historians claim that he was killed after a meeting to negotiate the power
and the future of Haiti. Some reports say that he was arrested and was dealt a
deadly blow to the head; another report says he was ambushed and brutally attacked
by his own men in the street. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He was shot twice and hit once. Then, his head was split
open by a sabre's blow and he was finally stabbed three times with a dagger,
with the crowd shouting <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"the tyrant
is killed".</i> The mob desecrated and disfigured his remains, which were
abandoned on Government Square. There was a lot of resistance to providing him
with a proper burial; but, Dédée Bazile, a black woman from a humble
background, took the mutilated body of the Emperor and buried it. A monument at
the northern entrance of the Haitian capital marks the place where the Emperor
was killed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the remainder of the 19th century, Dessalines was
generally reviled by generations of Haitians for his autocratic ways. However,
by the beginning of the 20th century, he began to be reassessed as an icon of
Haitian nationalism. The national anthem of Haiti, "La Dessalinienne",
written in 1903, was named in his honour.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1MexdGSsqVhVDTIMveKzVnK2I6fWwxHXfb2DEEalAptehHZw56fUETuItMOCQU9On19ZudoOEnj3baM0yvFUpA9MPf3ybE7fLWQFRFpf8s2_ZEzk4tj_MCqwKvmB4bAV1x8NB52qLnOPR/s1600/Cinncinnarus+Leconte.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="261" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1MexdGSsqVhVDTIMveKzVnK2I6fWwxHXfb2DEEalAptehHZw56fUETuItMOCQU9On19ZudoOEnj3baM0yvFUpA9MPf3ybE7fLWQFRFpf8s2_ZEzk4tj_MCqwKvmB4bAV1x8NB52qLnOPR/s320/Cinncinnarus+Leconte.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CINCINNATUS LECONTE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dessalines was the great-grandfather of Cincinnatus Leconte
who served as President of Haiti from 1911 to August 1912 and Leconte was the
Uncle of Joseph Laroche – the only man of black African decent to perish on the
Titanic. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Leconte, who was a lawyer by trade, had served as minister
of the interior but was forced into exile in Jamaica after a 1908 revolt.
Returning from exile in 1911, Leconte gathered a large military force. and led
the revolution that ousted President Simon on 7 August 1911. Leconte was unanimously
elected president of Haiti by Congress on 14 August 1911 with a seven-year
term. His salary was set at $24,000 a year so he would have been more than able
to offer financial help to his nephew, Joseph Laroche.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Upon attaining the presidency he instituted a number of
reforms: paving streets, increasing teacher pay, installing telephone lines, and
decreasing the size of the army. it was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"generally
admitted"</i> that Leconte's administration was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"the ablest and the cleanest government Haiti has had in forty
years</i>." Zora Neale Hurston, writing in the 1930s after extensive
research in Haiti, pointed out that Leconte <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">was
"credited with beginning numerous reforms and generally taking positive
steps."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Joseph Leroche went to bed in his cabin on the Titanic
on that fateful night in 1912, he must have been thinking that his good political
and family connections would ensure his families future security in Haiti. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Shortly after the RMS Titanic struck the iceberg at 11:40
p.m. on April 14, a steward came into their cabin and told the Laroche family
to put on their life jackets. Joseph woke Juliette up and told her that the
ship had suffered an accident. He put all of their valuables and money in his
coat pocket, and then he and his wife carried each of their sleeping daughters
to the ship's top deck. A steward guided the family towards the lifeboats. Juliette,
who spoke no English, was very confused about what was going on, and just
followed her husband. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 12:25 am the order
was given to begin loading women and children into the lifeboats.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_wEudI5MS8Q2vGChWP8Z2EfQDfrv3P7l7ZS3BAhvxz67oiyAc5tR1H2sWRp8SN37LLahLAE-V_kA2xN6rC_XeGaUk7yYSBSeBk5Gf1HBuPBmH0SUleIbolwvALP38wR_atUcbEZgY10MT/s1600/800px-Titanic-lifeboat-500x340.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="500" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_wEudI5MS8Q2vGChWP8Z2EfQDfrv3P7l7ZS3BAhvxz67oiyAc5tR1H2sWRp8SN37LLahLAE-V_kA2xN6rC_XeGaUk7yYSBSeBk5Gf1HBuPBmH0SUleIbolwvALP38wR_atUcbEZgY10MT/s320/800px-Titanic-lifeboat-500x340.gif" width="320" /></a>On deck, Joseph Laroche said goodbye to his pregnant wife
and his two young daughters and placed his coat the around Juliette’s
shoulders. Unfortunately, the coat with all she owned was later stolen. Laroche
then bravely declared, as his family were lowered into the lifeboat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I’ll get another boat”.</i> He bid his wife
farewell, saying, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“God be with you. I’ll
see you in New York”. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The last lifeboat departed from the ship at 2:05 am</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtqA4qiU9HVtSf1tuSW3ZSLVrn2JxwC3dbi0RgWdZ99ZiHGks8cMO5WIzLECAT_Jc0UkPcnzHddHYSfP_hdS8Z6Fk8zwKKC4r4kfUBLjmqrGzASNWEp_Mr4RCCmw7epUVlFZ-_rB0olUxv/s1600/newsboy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="744" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtqA4qiU9HVtSf1tuSW3ZSLVrn2JxwC3dbi0RgWdZ99ZiHGks8cMO5WIzLECAT_Jc0UkPcnzHddHYSfP_hdS8Z6Fk8zwKKC4r4kfUBLjmqrGzASNWEp_Mr4RCCmw7epUVlFZ-_rB0olUxv/s320/newsboy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NEWS OF TITANIC DISASTER HITS PRESS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At approximately 2:20 am – two hours and forty minutes after
the initial collision with the iceberg – the ship shuddered then broke in two
and slowly sunk into the ocean’s depths. More than two-thirds of its 2,227
passengers, Joseph Laroche among them, were still on board. The luxury ocean
liner was equipped with only enough lifeboats for less than one-third of its
passengers</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joseph Laroche, the 26-year-old black Haitian husband, father
of two, and skilled engineer became<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>one of the many victims
of the disaster. His body, along with many others, was never recovered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENFbOTM1tYN_EPC6n-Lb5e6jHehTHGKc9ZRRlX12AR289hHBpBzN6AZflEuERb2AWX1sZfXwJ8csH67Kp88Bo6tD4HOhl8UgYuWd2-mtpty6OqbEtgvQlnBqFDHT9FDNTDBOp9fTjD-7s/s1600/laroche+sisters+going+home.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="354" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENFbOTM1tYN_EPC6n-Lb5e6jHehTHGKc9ZRRlX12AR289hHBpBzN6AZflEuERb2AWX1sZfXwJ8csH67Kp88Bo6tD4HOhl8UgYuWd2-mtpty6OqbEtgvQlnBqFDHT9FDNTDBOp9fTjD-7s/s320/laroche+sisters+going+home.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LOUISE AND SIMMONE ON CARPATHIA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first recollections of April 15th, 1912 for Louise
Laroche and her sister Simonne were of the Cunard Carpathia, when they were hauled
up on deck in bags. Simonne remembered how frightening it had been and the
images stayed with her for life. Their mother already knew that
Joseph had drowned. No other ship picked up any lifeboats where he might have
been found.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With two fatherless daughters, pregnant, and unable to speak
English, she must have felt very alone and frightened. A few words spoken among
the survivors located Madame Antoinette Mallet who had been saved with her son
Andre but she too had lost her husband. The two women now shared the common
ordeal as widows.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A big problem that Titanic survivors faced was a lack of
linen -- Carpathia was unable to provide enough for everyone. Juliette needed
them to make diapers for the babies; the stewardesses would not give her any
since there were none to spare. However, necessity being the mother of
invention, Juliette found a way. At the end of each meal she sat on napkins and
with what she was able to conceal, she used them for her girls.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6695mVlAJ4PUmdcl9brlYpVc8Al-X42aYa3c6aHa8_6p9qq3U_EJLXzcv9bC9sHCr4NNPG44YEMTcllHZb4IK64QRdM4b6iymQXfS6OaQ56Eb_koVtMrYzCDdym4VUeBx4lgBlD896cZ/s1600/Titanic+Survivors%252C+1912+%25286%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="520" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6695mVlAJ4PUmdcl9brlYpVc8Al-X42aYa3c6aHa8_6p9qq3U_EJLXzcv9bC9sHCr4NNPG44YEMTcllHZb4IK64QRdM4b6iymQXfS6OaQ56Eb_koVtMrYzCDdym4VUeBx4lgBlD896cZ/s320/Titanic+Survivors%252C+1912+%25286%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC SURVIVORS ON CARPATHIA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After they were rescued, neither Madame Mallet nor Juliette
Laroche could remember what number lifeboat they had escaped in. The only
detail Juliette remembered was that in her boat a countess or someone with a
title was among those who rowed all night long.Survivor Noël Leslie, Countess of
Rothes, escaped in a lifeboat , so it is very likely that Juliette, Simonne and
Louise Laroche were also with her .All Juliette could recall was that the boat
had icy water in the bottom and her feet were badly frozen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Fd6HNT3rrQnh4XAIdl1dGVNz-kBwgHhJ9paTyPYMKEsBri-U6UB5GfrgJcf06HSIUsLLUaZsKuGs1Q0slZ-z_Fx3vL-RsS6se1dV1pd7dQfOwq3p8_g44DYkQOpLPd8ITu0fHhiLmMne/s1600/Crowd_awaiting_survivors_from_the_Titanic.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1118" data-original-width="1536" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Fd6HNT3rrQnh4XAIdl1dGVNz-kBwgHhJ9paTyPYMKEsBri-U6UB5GfrgJcf06HSIUsLLUaZsKuGs1Q0slZ-z_Fx3vL-RsS6se1dV1pd7dQfOwq3p8_g44DYkQOpLPd8ITu0fHhiLmMne/s320/Crowd_awaiting_survivors_from_the_Titanic.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC SURVIVORS IN NEW YORK</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On April 18 after a crossing in foggy weather, Carpathia
reached New York. In pouring rain, the survivors disembarked. Juliette and the
girls were directed to a hospital where her frozen feet were treated. The loss
of her husband, personal belongings, combined with pain and fright and the
trauma she had survived made her cancel continuing on to Haiti.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alone in New York with her two small children, Juliette
decided to return to the familiarity of France. Her Passage home was made on
the liner, Chicago, because she was a French ship. Juliet Laroche and her
daughters were back in Le Havre in May and then went home to her father in
Villejuif. It was there in December 1912 that Juliette gave birth to
her son who she named Joseph, in honour of his late father. Shortly after the
disaster, the White Star Line issued a public apology for the racism suffered by some of the Titanic's victims and survivors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Two years later the
First World War erupted in Europe. It ruined Julliette's father's winery and thrust Juliette
and her family into poverty.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFJ7ocfm0m7Yz9c5_USVQ-X0wpTXiG6p2vO3JIOW-IFsKIZ-v1eJV_MESJPOMIIGT6d2PinE8E3bQeqiczpkiFpCiOf-WksC1LOmM_i5VpPnU87wKN8-ebZ_2HCsCxOSHQCbjFIhzxvsry/s1600/Cinncinnarus+Leconte+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="348" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFJ7ocfm0m7Yz9c5_USVQ-X0wpTXiG6p2vO3JIOW-IFsKIZ-v1eJV_MESJPOMIIGT6d2PinE8E3bQeqiczpkiFpCiOf-WksC1LOmM_i5VpPnU87wKN8-ebZ_2HCsCxOSHQCbjFIhzxvsry/s320/Cinncinnarus+Leconte+2.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PRESIDENT LECONTE - JOSEPH'S UNCLE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was fortunate that Juliette Laroche and her daughters did not
end up living in Haiti as the political situation there was far from stable. Despite
being elected to a seven-year term as President, Joseph Laroches’s Uncle’s time
in office was short lived. On 8 August 1912, just a few months after his nephews
tragic death on the Titanic, a violent explosion destroyed the National Palace,
killing the president and several hundred soldiers. An Associated Press report
at the time noted:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">So great was the force
of the explosion, that a number of small cannon, fragments of iron and shell
were thrown long distances in all directions, and many of the palace attendants
were killed. Every house in the city was shaken violently and the entire
population, greatly alarmed, rushed into the street.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A 1912 account of the explosion reported that an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"accidental
ignition of ammunition stores caused the death of General Cincinnatus Leconte,”</i>
while a 1927 article later deemed his death an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"assassination."</i> Oral histories circulating in Haiti—some of which were
chronicled by Hurston in the 1930s in her book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica</i>—differed
significantly from most written accounts. As Hurston explained, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXGHM9-Vbbh69sEDrIstwtKrJBQlLuqAiKlzWTrys8oOmPFnGkzPopokHnj51KOf5Fri-aSKlJDceRKTqCJC4jsrIC-v8T9LQcMbfggMqqeAgtraI1E9qbN-Zms6NnQsYNSlRboaV6-QW_/s1600/cinncinnarus+assasination.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="571" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXGHM9-Vbbh69sEDrIstwtKrJBQlLuqAiKlzWTrys8oOmPFnGkzPopokHnj51KOf5Fri-aSKlJDceRKTqCJC4jsrIC-v8T9LQcMbfggMqqeAgtraI1E9qbN-Zms6NnQsYNSlRboaV6-QW_/s320/cinncinnarus+assasination.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"The history <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">books all say Cincinnatus Leconte died in
the explosion that destroyed the palace, but the people do not tell it that
way. Not one person, high or low, ever told me that Leconte was killed by the
explosion. It is generally accepted that the destruction of the palace was to
cover up the fact that the President was already dead by violence." </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
According to Hurston there were <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"many reasons given for the alleged assassination",</i> but
the main actors in the supposed plot were men who <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"were ambitious and stood to gain political power...by the death
of President Leconte."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhElXRoZifOyJZ0USspE80souYfjhhmjf9tIvjcH2RwZI_lSKFXAxpZbqf-Tspb9w3acQGMTrcFb82Yz7YzGnNMe16eSYwwSYbf_EPKv_pTaZeABI0mnVs-PzJRKHJHGEktiLjiQCsfdLiF/s1600/435px-Titanic-New_York_Herald_front_page.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="435" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhElXRoZifOyJZ0USspE80souYfjhhmjf9tIvjcH2RwZI_lSKFXAxpZbqf-Tspb9w3acQGMTrcFb82Yz7YzGnNMe16eSYwwSYbf_EPKv_pTaZeABI0mnVs-PzJRKHJHGEktiLjiQCsfdLiF/s320/435px-Titanic-New_York_Herald_front_page.jpeg" width="232" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Julliette’s father, Monsieur Lafargue still had the house at 131 Grande Rue. It was rented by the year until the death
of the owners who lived in Saint-Jean-les-Deux-Jumeaux, a tiny village a few
kilometers east of Villejuif. At age 50, his wine business had been decimated
by the war, and he was not able to support Juliette and his granddaughters. It was he who urged
his daughter to sue the White Star Line for the losses she had suffered. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After several years and much difficulty she received a
settlement of 150,000 francs in 1918 that provided her with the opportunity to
start a new for her and her children. She set up a small business in a spare
room in the house dyeing cloth and making crafts. When her father passed away,
Juliette carried on living at the house</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1920, Joseph's Haitian mother paid a visit to her French daughter-in-law
and her three grandchildren for the first and only time, but the visit didn't go well. She treated them as
if they were foreigners rather than family and she returned to Haiti, never to
see them again. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0vMV_w6vOUUdK7TLbvho6nmAmChyphenhyphenNwQrDvvxncYdjbqtfJyusewsZpQTSHNqD363ZJsWNxCdexpML5n4VL6Nf6lqn5RBP4LIGtWrvelR5q23Zp9_YmnmZDm2g56Iqmko6SWEsw0JAIXWJ/s1600/laroche_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="389" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0vMV_w6vOUUdK7TLbvho6nmAmChyphenhyphenNwQrDvvxncYdjbqtfJyusewsZpQTSHNqD363ZJsWNxCdexpML5n4VL6Nf6lqn5RBP4LIGtWrvelR5q23Zp9_YmnmZDm2g56Iqmko6SWEsw0JAIXWJ/s320/laroche_04.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LETTER FROM WHITE STAR LINE REGARDING LAROCHE FAMILY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1932, a journalist attempted to interview Juliette about
her experiences on the Titanic but she refused to speak to him. Juliette's only known concession to recalling the Titanic
was a reunion meeting with another survivor, a Miss Edith Russell. That reunion
took place at the Claridge Hotel in Paris. After reminiscing together, the two
became good friends and every year on April 15th - the anniversary of Joseph’s
tragic death - Juliette would receive a special gift from Edith, a bottle of perfume
or a box of chocolates.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcM03C1mxPJh0drOkRZuWEFMmnyCoZNB972Ss0vfVmZrXhLvwzYiTE8O5cL-avTjbYwbI3xQRXhtzfcqpW0vnEcb0Sh78PE5zKaCyzTb_IAYiAty__lUBA78c2eIHjBc9XJHSHjHKhLbj/s1600/res_1079469594_L-Laroche2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="345" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcM03C1mxPJh0drOkRZuWEFMmnyCoZNB972Ss0vfVmZrXhLvwzYiTE8O5cL-avTjbYwbI3xQRXhtzfcqpW0vnEcb0Sh78PE5zKaCyzTb_IAYiAty__lUBA78c2eIHjBc9XJHSHjHKhLbj/s320/res_1079469594_L-Laroche2.jpg" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LOUISE LAROCHE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although she was now able to support her family, the Titanic
tragedy scarred Juliette for life. Her love for her late husband never waned,
she never remarried and she remained in silent fear of losing any more of her
family. Of her children, only her son married and had two sons and a daughter. Both Louise and Simonne remained spinsters all of their lives. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1980, Juliette Laroche – who was paralysed
on the right side – died sixty-eight years after the death of her husband. She
was buried in a grave bearing a tombstone which reads <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘Juliette Laroche, 1889-1980, wife of Joseph Laroche, lost at sea RMS
Titanic, April 15th, 1912’.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Her son Joseph Laroche Jr died in 1987 but his wife Claudine, and his
sister Louise lived together in the family home until January 1998, when Louise
died. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Laroche grandchildren have held steadfast
to the family tradition of never discussing the Titanic disaster. The story has always been known by a handful of
Titanic historians but has not been discussed until recently. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marlie Alberts’ stepmother was reading Ebony Mgazine in a
Washington, D.C., hair salon in August 2000 when she came across an article
about the Titanic. There, she read about Joseph Laroche, the Haitian engineer
who changed tickets at the last minute to board the Titanic. There, she also
learned that Laroche was the only black man among the Titanic’s passengers. Then she saw his photograph. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehqCSimpOQZk6HFkMiOu53jy2NC1FW0WN0_EGzKbljN891e8GxY7twgHKzBviyE02AUsXwKQEN36na7hruChwUsvkoQPDT9m7goMJ4xmR9FcdM6ClQQAWxHS2N-RUkGmy9r0ZthZir4MK/s1600/margery+alberts+and+la+roche.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="600" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjehqCSimpOQZk6HFkMiOu53jy2NC1FW0WN0_EGzKbljN891e8GxY7twgHKzBviyE02AUsXwKQEN36na7hruChwUsvkoQPDT9m7goMJ4xmR9FcdM6ClQQAWxHS2N-RUkGmy9r0ZthZir4MK/s320/margery+alberts+and+la+roche.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She sneaked the magazine home and showed her husband, a
Haitian-born cabdriver. He immediately called his daughter Marli, in Huntington
Beach.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “He could’ve been my
father’s twin,”</i> Marlie says of the magazine photo she saw of Joseph Laroche
in August 2000. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Same pose, same profile,
same piercing eyes.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Her father, Robert Richard, explained that his parents had
never married but that his father’s last name was Laroche. Richard gave his
daughter three generations of family names in Haiti. The thought of being related in some way to the Titanic’s only black
family was reassuring to Marlie. She went on ancestry websites, punched in
names and made contact with Christina Schutt – a relative of Joseph Laroche who
lived in Paris.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I don’t speak French and she didn’t speak much English,”</i> Alberts
says. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“But we agreed to meet at a Virgin
Records store on the Champs-Élysées.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 2001 interview between Alberts and Christina Schutt in
Paris didn’t go well because they couldn’t speak the same language, but Alberts
learned of Claudine Laroche, widow of Joseph Laroche Jr., who’d survived the
Titanic disaster in his mother’s womb. So that November, Alberts returned to
Paris – with a translator this time – to meet Claudine in person.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Claudine kept telling
me how much my father looked like her husband’s father,”</i> Alberts says. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“She couldn’t believe it.”</i> It was there
that Alberts also saw a family tree tracing Joseph Laroche’s Haitian roots back to the same people she had discovered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVngufCtVMcoPVbOZVlVBebPM60A-sFes0G9xLoQlPVmljyI0mkuOq5aXyOtYOETh09voES3K_cOXRzvJGLJa6uuOO66GQazMWlSgXtEz0WOK-Z9_YA3oyURj1DkbzRqxS72MHY9Uk6au9/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVngufCtVMcoPVbOZVlVBebPM60A-sFes0G9xLoQlPVmljyI0mkuOq5aXyOtYOETh09voES3K_cOXRzvJGLJa6uuOO66GQazMWlSgXtEz0WOK-Z9_YA3oyURj1DkbzRqxS72MHY9Uk6au9/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In James Cameron’s blockbuster movie “Titanic" there is a
scene in which a woman in a black dress jumps toward a lifeboat being lowered
and, terrified, she misses. The moment is historically accurate, except for one
detail: Sitting in that very lifeboat was Juliette Laroche with her 2 daughters. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some feel it’s strange that Cameron never showed the
Laroches in his movie – the second-highest-grossing film of all time – but it
follows historical precedence.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“For years, all the
Titanic stories that came out said there were no black people on the Titanic,”</i>
says one Titanic historian.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In her book “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Titanic, Women and Children First</i>,” Judith Geller says the same
thing. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“It’s strange that nowhere in the
copious 1912 press descriptions of the ship and the interviews with the
survivors was the presence of a black family among the passengers ever
mentioned,” </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbj0WoLhDYyGrClsoDyqHWMZQDOiOSlQ7HWumJaMFhN8J5IlpPnPnGVQ5ITHYqmICb_5f4i3dNeXAJSBPebEQhaEpVB0GYtvH84PsldTi9waqCsNRqHw8Eb0oDFZrJY3zX0ndMCs4BHl8/s1600/res_1079899154_Laroche.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="212" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbj0WoLhDYyGrClsoDyqHWMZQDOiOSlQ7HWumJaMFhN8J5IlpPnPnGVQ5ITHYqmICb_5f4i3dNeXAJSBPebEQhaEpVB0GYtvH84PsldTi9waqCsNRqHw8Eb0oDFZrJY3zX0ndMCs4BHl8/s320/res_1079899154_Laroche.jpg" width="169" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In one press piece (opposite) the family are mentioned and have been drawn by an artist, but strangley Joseph appears to be white. On the Carpathia's record of Victims, Joseph Laroche's name appears but the only detail that has been left blank is his nationality. There is no mention of him being Haitian or black. Anyone researching the records would have wrongly assumed from his name and port of departure, that he was white and french. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It wasn’t until 1995 that something caused this to change. A
new French member of the Titanic Historical Society, Olivier Mendez, had gone
to interview Louise Laroche and her sister-in-law Claudine at their home. Louise
had been an Honourable Member of Society from the very beginning but since she could
not speak English, correspondence with her over the years had been very difficult. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Claudine provided Oliver Mendez with genealogical and family history information
going back over 100 years and Louise was able to confirm her father’s Haitian
ancestry and finally tell his story.
Olivier Mendez and the Massachusetts-based Titanic Historical Society are
credited with being the first historians to uncover this new information about Laroche, his distinguished black ancestry, and his official status as the only man of Haitan African decent on the Titanic. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhHDS-0Pp5P56yKZeNoiyehP-pFc1EMuy79Y1scUTc6oPSEeBESQLEszJXLlLOjsHG_VXzQ_bVpIKucmEVcdUdzhrMbDvJaTLGk8p74TQuJOaIwJUH0FByejUd0uaf07GAJ8d7imvV4EX/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkhHDS-0Pp5P56yKZeNoiyehP-pFc1EMuy79Y1scUTc6oPSEeBESQLEszJXLlLOjsHG_VXzQ_bVpIKucmEVcdUdzhrMbDvJaTLGk8p74TQuJOaIwJUH0FByejUd0uaf07GAJ8d7imvV4EX/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Louise Larouche’s account was originally published in the
Titanic Commutator Magazine in 1995 and word slowly spread that a black family had been
on the Titanic. In 2000 an article by Sabrina L. Miller entitled "<i>Untold
Story Of The Titanic,</i>" which appeared in the Chicago Tribune, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zondra Hughes’ feature, <i>"What Happened To
the Only Black Family On The Titanic?"</i> which was published in Ebony Magazine in June,
2000 brought the story to the public’s attention.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marlie Alberts started writing her screenplay about the La
Roche Family by flashlight as her daughter, Malkiah, then 8, slept next to her.
““ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It’s a big story that needs to
be told.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I have to leave a legacy for
my daughter to know her background.”</i>. Los Angeles comedian and writer
Warren Durso later collaborated with her on the writing. Alberts formed a production company with a New York business
partner to produce a TV mini series or movie. She chased her dream, news stories
about her were told in Chicago, Cleveland and Southern California, but sadly no
film ever surfaced. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
LaRoche, a three-act opera by Atlanta composer
Sharon J. Willis, was part of the 2003 National Black Arts Festival, premiering
at the Callanwolde Fine Arts Center on July 18 of that year. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A lovely short Youtube Video also tells Joseph’s Story - and this is where I first became aware of it and wanted to find out more:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/y8vZhouC44k/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/y8vZhouC44k?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSO478LoaA0_WrbLPU0yA3oDEJqZLnaMfeuLN1OzjrYUNY_lt6Ndeq74tSD9_8kFE8Qm-4stLtdIJlncZT2LEMAPD6q2agJWzK65KOOFqQ8aWnbhW0FsCFeWME0TS5-5jjhYWjL9QYTBOL/s1600/6c4ced31-3441-5240-8a42-e8555efefa36.image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSO478LoaA0_WrbLPU0yA3oDEJqZLnaMfeuLN1OzjrYUNY_lt6Ndeq74tSD9_8kFE8Qm-4stLtdIJlncZT2LEMAPD6q2agJWzK65KOOFqQ8aWnbhW0FsCFeWME0TS5-5jjhYWjL9QYTBOL/s1600/6c4ced31-3441-5240-8a42-e8555efefa36.image.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Author W. Mae Kent </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Budding author W. Mae Kent watched the 1997 "Titanic" movie and the
film captured her imagination but she too wondered if there had been any black
victims of the disaster. A month or so later, Kent was listening to the radio on her drive to work when she heard a
little-known black history fact: Joseph Phillipe Lemercier Laroche was the only
black passenger aboard that ill-fated vessel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It took her 12 years to write, but Kent published her first book in 2009.
She called the novel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Titanic: The
Untold Story</i>." Kent's work is believed to be the only fictional book based on
the fact that a black man was on the Titanic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ_AXVlhmaL_2aoSJDYeWrKxVP-4gzn_h36jVuUjrlxt5kqfOaWmjCsElzFx4pjrpaeXcCu91jmCwVD2xlyOSV2nK97Hrr_y6zXurpTEQgFtDIxwsDg8sE_bGRT4xdiMdzQAHZj1RDCIVQ/s1600/412vfHcvRjL._SY346_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="230" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ_AXVlhmaL_2aoSJDYeWrKxVP-4gzn_h36jVuUjrlxt5kqfOaWmjCsElzFx4pjrpaeXcCu91jmCwVD2xlyOSV2nK97Hrr_y6zXurpTEQgFtDIxwsDg8sE_bGRT4xdiMdzQAHZj1RDCIVQ/s320/412vfHcvRjL._SY346_.jpg" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TITANIC: THE UNTOLD STORY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kent found the Ebony magazine article on
Laroche. She spent months just researching Laroche and kept coming across the same lack of information. When Kent sat down to write her fictional book, she based her main
protagonist, Nathan Badeau Legarde, on Laroche. About 50 percent of Kent's
fictional story is true. When Kent wrote her book, she made Legarde much more
socially outgoing than Laroche would have been. She switched Haiti to to New
Orleans and included other real-life Titanic passengers in her book, including
Thomas Andrews Jr., Captain Edward J. Smith and American socialite Molly Brown.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kent believes it's important that many more people know that
a black man died on the Titanic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The reason, he
(Laroche) wasn't represented in the Titanic movie – and has been practically whitewashed
out of history is that people of colour weren't considered to have class no
matter how rich or well educated they were,"</i> said Kent, who quoted the
Bible with the words <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My people
perish for lack of knowledge. Black people don't know our history well enough.
... When all you know is negative, it makes you feel less than,"</i> she
said.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdGnjPfN_78uZhEWL-UxTkOWYiqKf9tlrAuk00_INRsfX5tlTG0ntoGbPL7KBSqVK33afbsMF9QWRsYmJ2hPE6byqlDAzetpLWOeyTiu8l1wzUinYcZVgKXGEb1ZbUjMUOuoy0G_jnm5Hi/s1600/ml2bvg-b781089686z.120130410162439000gtv1dcpc1.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="459" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdGnjPfN_78uZhEWL-UxTkOWYiqKf9tlrAuk00_INRsfX5tlTG0ntoGbPL7KBSqVK33afbsMF9QWRsYmJ2hPE6byqlDAzetpLWOeyTiu8l1wzUinYcZVgKXGEb1ZbUjMUOuoy0G_jnm5Hi/s320/ml2bvg-b781089686z.120130410162439000gtv1dcpc1.2.jpg" width="244" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-7052354003728777412018-04-13T03:27:00.000+01:002018-04-13T03:27:55.177+01:00Texas Guinan: Cowgirl Actress, Film Producer & Queen of the Nightclubs<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKt4Cl_WuFmUayEgmw9Qhb_kMPkZvadhLS4Cz-AKQKpKpjXC-om9udUpcfdI6RTrTYtDAf0RTcRnwJe7qLYelrO5GrGc9M-9DKIWBv0aH78TJdUvuJFrdST3lxkXgTb3xOiRBHwdaqr9V/s1600/guinan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="601" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqKt4Cl_WuFmUayEgmw9Qhb_kMPkZvadhLS4Cz-AKQKpKpjXC-om9udUpcfdI6RTrTYtDAf0RTcRnwJe7qLYelrO5GrGc9M-9DKIWBv0aH78TJdUvuJFrdST3lxkXgTb3xOiRBHwdaqr9V/s320/guinan.jpg" width="249" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Texas Guinan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<![endif]-->"Texas" Guinan was an American stage and screen actress, film producer,
and entrepreneur who became famous for her tough female roles in
the male dominated world of silent Western films. During the prohibition era she ran speakeasy clubs in New York which catered to the rich and famous. After being arrested and
indicted during a law enforcement sweep, she was eventually acquitted during her trial.<br />
<br />
<b>Early Life and Family </b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mary Louise Cecilia Guinan (January 12, 1884 – November 5,
1933) was one of four children born to Irish immigrants Michael and Bessie Guinan,
who had met and married in Colorado. They initially operated a wholesale
grocery business together but after relocating to Waco, Texas, they ran a horse
and cattle ranch.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a child Mary was
nicknamed "Mamie", and attended parochial school at the Loretta
Convent in Waco. Growing up on a ranch provided her with all the basic cowboy
skills she needed, and she honed her marksmanship at a local shooting
gallery. In 1898, her parents were successful in securing for her a two-year
scholarship to the American Conservatory of Music offered by Chicago
businessman Marshall Field. After developing her soprano vocal talents, and
finishing her studies, she joined a touring acting troupe that featured American
"Wild West" entertainment.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixONY0oZ32127Dxygnje-ZOdbhRScEzfPm1sWv6YXplYyLIjhtPySub_29a-UUz0WaInMHhayU2RvRxzNpiCPGXF_oRyT_RL2oBQGLolCYxIV0csyWHMVLSI5BWdr0CD3wQg19vZoMSFED/s1600/Texas_Guinan_The_Night_Rider.Jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1232" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixONY0oZ32127Dxygnje-ZOdbhRScEzfPm1sWv6YXplYyLIjhtPySub_29a-UUz0WaInMHhayU2RvRxzNpiCPGXF_oRyT_RL2oBQGLolCYxIV0csyWHMVLSI5BWdr0CD3wQg19vZoMSFED/s320/Texas_Guinan_The_Night_Rider.Jpg" width="207" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1904 using the name "Marie Guinan", she married
newspaper cartoonist John Moynahan on December 2nd. Two years later, Moybahan
took a job in Boston. The couple eventually divorced, and Guinan moved to New
York to pursue a career as a singer in the entertainment business. For years,
she actually claimed for publicity purposes that she was born with the name
Texas, and she never let facts stand in the way of a good narrative. In a
full-page 1910 interview in The San Francisco Call, she stated her father
<i>"was the first white child seen in Waco",</i> even though he was a adult when
he arrived in America, and white settlers had been there since the early to
mid-19th century.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Theatre critic and Photoplay editor Julian Johnson was her
companion for a decade, and was influential in the creation of her public persona.
Many people believed them to be married. Her 1933 obituaries mention Johnson as her
second husband, and millionaire George E. Townley as a third husband. Lacking
any verification that the latter two marriages took place, Moynahan is now
believed to have been her only husband.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Johnson's connection is thought to have led to a poem
carrying her byline being printed in Photoplay. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An alleged connection to the US Senator from
Texas, Joseph Weldon Bailey, evolved over time from a nonspecific tie to her
family, to Guinan's being the senator's niece. The niece relationship seems
implausible, since her parents were born and raised in a different country than
either Senator Bailey or his wife. Mentions of him coincide with the timeline
of her association with Julian Johnson. While he was editor at Photoplay, an
article written by then-staff journalist Adela Rogers St. Johns remarked that
Guinan, "<i> ... bore a distinct resemblance to her uncle, Senator Joe Bailey
of Texas."</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Vaudeville and Stage Productions </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b> </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBGSNi0qbKjfd_t4CJuCpPUlYnKpQ81n69_sWqzSOoTfNy1fRDE9iVGNxo1Zts_8wV2zxwfBNPLuBDa3DJgKrztCP8xDw_qRJvzAYmYZiTF76MGuUhi4HD6wBTNu_l9SjeHUgWQztyY7qB/s1600/1e1e8ff482f893f8b828b3174cd6372c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="594" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBGSNi0qbKjfd_t4CJuCpPUlYnKpQ81n69_sWqzSOoTfNy1fRDE9iVGNxo1Zts_8wV2zxwfBNPLuBDa3DJgKrztCP8xDw_qRJvzAYmYZiTF76MGuUhi4HD6wBTNu_l9SjeHUgWQztyY7qB/s320/1e1e8ff482f893f8b828b3174cd6372c.jpg" width="264" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Initially finding work as a chorus girl, she adopted the
stage name of Texas Guinan to give herself an edge in the competitive
marketplaces of vaudeville and New York theatre productions. Within a year, she
had the female lead in a stage production of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Simple Simon Simple</i>, during which she accidentally shot herself on
stage with a loaded gun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1908, she received favourable notices for her
performance in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Gibson Girl Review</i>.
That same year, she placed an advertisement in newspapers offering $1,000 to
any songwriter who provided her with a song of equal popularity to the Gus
Edwards-penned <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"That's What The Rose
Said To Me" </i></div>
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<br /></div>
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She appeared as a soprano vocalist in many productions,
including <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Gay Musician, The Hoyden,</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lone Star.</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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She had achieved a degree of national stardom on stage by 1910.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpnsFR8GSAoncvuFIrUEnX-S6Wknc6l8uH5j830GP1az3hb3oIPKs7PGHtO38KpoJBQdpYH5_mNg4W57EsgEbZtBvofNSjk0zJK_CYNBOC-V1WCzhYvu0KfF4dzg_7RaHJgmnucbhMHkM/s1600/5269323478_65ac0547f0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="380" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpnsFR8GSAoncvuFIrUEnX-S6Wknc6l8uH5j830GP1az3hb3oIPKs7PGHtO38KpoJBQdpYH5_mNg4W57EsgEbZtBvofNSjk0zJK_CYNBOC-V1WCzhYvu0KfF4dzg_7RaHJgmnucbhMHkM/s320/5269323478_65ac0547f0.jpg" width="254" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
John
P. Slocum managed her when she appeared in his multiyear touring production of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Kissing Girl</i>. When Ned Wayburn
rolled out his production of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Passing
Show </i>on a national tour in 1913, Guinan was one of the headliners. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Coinciding with the publicity for the tour, Guinan licensed
her name and image to be used by W. C. Cunningham for a weight-loss plan. The
advertisements that appeared in media across the country claimed Guinan had
lost 70 pounds on the plan. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Investigative journalism by the Chicago
Tribune alleged that Guinan knowingly acted as a shill in perpetuating a fraud
upon the public. A subsequent investigation by the postal service revealed it
to be a swindle. United States Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson quickly
acted to prohibit Guinan from receiving mail through the postal service. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although she continued on the stage, the incident damaged her career, and was a
motivating factor in her later expanding her repertoire by heading West to work in the
California film business.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Guinan appeared as Zaza in the variety show <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hop-o'-My-Thumb</i>, based on a French
fairytale of the same name. The show opened at the Manhattan Opera House
November 26, 1913, and closed January 1, 1914. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She toured the United States with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Whirl of the World</i> musical comedy in
1915. The tour coincided with her unverified account of being casually
approached in Berlin by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who engaged her in conversation as
she sat alone reading a book.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She appeared in the musical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gay Paree</i> that opened at the Shubert Theatre August 18, 1925 and
closed January 30, 1926. Guinan was also a part of the cast of the musical <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Padlocks of 1927</i>, also at the Shubert.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Film Career </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b> </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEqm2oeLprtHhjYxrHgmhiPflbGQQ5653q0pF0qg_7l7rnO97t6XvH7NT_0Oaqnz2ffUATwcKjjvVzGKitjK7odTfxqIz7KbgDCWjIHG0-hjsP16Ha6woS1I5dCVInNiwedDpgfrEqxG_/s1600/Guinan_CCP_FIG157_WFP-GUI031.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="494" data-original-width="640" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEqm2oeLprtHhjYxrHgmhiPflbGQQ5653q0pF0qg_7l7rnO97t6XvH7NT_0Oaqnz2ffUATwcKjjvVzGKitjK7odTfxqIz7KbgDCWjIHG0-hjsP16Ha6woS1I5dCVInNiwedDpgfrEqxG_/s320/Guinan_CCP_FIG157_WFP-GUI031.jpg" width="320" /></a>In a film career that began in 1917 and continued through to
1933, Texas was part of the vanguard of women film makers in the United States.
Her later claim of being in France in 1917 entertaining the troops, and being
decorated with a bronze medal by France field marshall Joseph Joffre, has been
proven false by the timeline and California location of her prolific film
making. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Triangle Film Corporation, founded in 1915 by Harry and Roy
Aitken, featured Guinan in four two-reel shorts between 1917 and 1918, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fuel of Life, The Stainless Barrier, The
Gun Woman,</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Love Brokers</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9ZfwsYPp07PVKFKFzr8OQ1qgtzvfikwy8oytOlseasoiXE3uBDCmbBVBpehVvwkFzUAovGPxnqza2GDLFwr7vQn46l0ne12e8stxmEZNELcVXXEgskAk_x37qdP2aIF4PbldYn4NdoOO/s1600/1024px-Texas_Guinan_1919.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1024" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9ZfwsYPp07PVKFKFzr8OQ1qgtzvfikwy8oytOlseasoiXE3uBDCmbBVBpehVvwkFzUAovGPxnqza2GDLFwr7vQn46l0ne12e8stxmEZNELcVXXEgskAk_x37qdP2aIF4PbldYn4NdoOO/s320/1024px-Texas_Guinan_1919.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike the musical genre she was known for on stage, she achieved national prominence in the ostensibly masculine domain of the silent
film Western genre, and on her dressing room door appeared a map of the state
of Texas, rather than her name. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5qmO8__j9sK0aN5R27XGcKhgNt0fPOSGljTXjm3fPtKrjexY8G9LQjzTwkXC2EgO6QU7mtHuG-bW-cPoRClC2OORlvObMVCqXAXGJVaj1VoLi-Cw1etyIY9doOm8nS7AVEdQZPkVcPwmk/s1600/6c8b4a880929c2a1c9573daaff8c1b9c--vintage-movie-posters-vintage-movies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1140" data-original-width="736" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5qmO8__j9sK0aN5R27XGcKhgNt0fPOSGljTXjm3fPtKrjexY8G9LQjzTwkXC2EgO6QU7mtHuG-bW-cPoRClC2OORlvObMVCqXAXGJVaj1VoLi-Cw1etyIY9doOm8nS7AVEdQZPkVcPwmk/s320/6c8b4a880929c2a1c9573daaff8c1b9c--vintage-movie-posters-vintage-movies.jpg" width="205" /></a>Triangle began billing her as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"the female Bill Hart"</i> in
reference to the industry's first male western star who at that time topped fandom
popularity polls. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Texas Guinan to Typify
West”</i> promised an early ad campaign for a series of her films, and, playing
a tough <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“gun woman”</i> rather than a
timid schoolmarm in need of rescue, Guinan tailored her defiantly unglamorous
image as a rowdy cowgirl who tames men as easily as horses.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frohman Brothers were Broadway producers. In 1918, brother
Daniel Frohman and partner William L. Sherrill formed the Frohman Amusement
Corporation for the express purpose of engaging in the motion picture business.
They made more than a dozen films with Guinan in 1918, including The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Boss of the Rancho</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Heart of Texas.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzRPny5qYwRLSveWNhLEHWjVP8tW3jFns4EM5lDzeHyXBkyBf3-kLmX_i023p_f0GI3IrVugS3mZmQQcrHTFvlJ6Z7X5rIg3-5-S6z-jO2VbFnDvX9xg_eGKofhEdxLUuRc25MprGyJzb/s1600/Guinan_CCP_FIG155_WFP-GUI011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="640" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzRPny5qYwRLSveWNhLEHWjVP8tW3jFns4EM5lDzeHyXBkyBf3-kLmX_i023p_f0GI3IrVugS3mZmQQcrHTFvlJ6Z7X5rIg3-5-S6z-jO2VbFnDvX9xg_eGKofhEdxLUuRc25MprGyJzb/s320/Guinan_CCP_FIG155_WFP-GUI011.jpg" width="320" /></a>Her success as a performer allowed her to assume off-screen
control of her career too. During her years with Bull's Eye Productions and Reelcraft,
she began to expand towards the production end of film making, and worked as a
unit department <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Outwitted,
The Lady of the Law, The Girl of the Rancho, The Desert Vulture,</i> and at
least five other productions. </div>
head on the films <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She then created her own company - Texas Guinan Productions - in
1921 to produce <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code of the West,
Spitfire, </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Texas of the Mounted</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">After</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">making </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I Am the Woman</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Stampede </i>for Victor Kremer
Film Features, she returned to New York. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaauEduPgEkMXgfNvorEunv8d_odnBc0BK-9ItJFkUDpuvMOzZEkenRStqnOrDDkP_2tIYb6DorJ2tbHBO7ET3OIz57K1-vYEVfUMvzdmCurIUln0OOMdGvFPKqtv3Q5PB_kbCUBKjIvul/s1600/41qdL35CekL._SL500_AA300_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaauEduPgEkMXgfNvorEunv8d_odnBc0BK-9ItJFkUDpuvMOzZEkenRStqnOrDDkP_2tIYb6DorJ2tbHBO7ET3OIz57K1-vYEVfUMvzdmCurIUln0OOMdGvFPKqtv3Q5PB_kbCUBKjIvul/s1600/41qdL35CekL._SL500_AA300_.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BIOGRAPHY OF TEXAS GUINAN</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some evidence suggests that her company may have produced
additional films. According to her biographer Louise Berliner, Guinan was an
innovative and energetic producer, choosing to cast each film rather than
employ a stock company, helping to inaugurate states-rights distribution of her
films, and supervising the publicity campaigns (including staging live skits
before screenings) for her new company.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although the Western is often considered the most masculine
of genres, this characterization does not easily apply to the silent period,
when women played prominent roles in the production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such popular movie
“cowboy girls” as the early trade press called them, had roots in
pre-cinematic media, including dime novels, stage melodramas, and Wild West
shows </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6xodlDMe5qXqeCyC0vUqgMRVYIEhtbKkTl7v_ds7Mmk8NJDEXitq5j1Fxj9Ch8RcukgofKUEt4CmiKCIlds-QuovtPrty1sl3ZN9K3BSOOveV-Qte6Kq8SMYMo9GqJViTUHg6bhhIMl83/s1600/1920_My-Lady-Robin-Hood.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="802" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6xodlDMe5qXqeCyC0vUqgMRVYIEhtbKkTl7v_ds7Mmk8NJDEXitq5j1Fxj9Ch8RcukgofKUEt4CmiKCIlds-QuovtPrty1sl3ZN9K3BSOOveV-Qte6Kq8SMYMo9GqJViTUHg6bhhIMl83/s320/1920_My-Lady-Robin-Hood.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The prolific Bertha Muzzy Bower, under the gender-obscuring
pen name B. M. Bower, published best-selling Western novels between 1904 and
1914 that were often adapted into successful films. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Louise Lester starred in a dozen “Calamity Anne” films for
the American Film Company between 1912 and 1914, and in 1919 Marie Walcamp
played Tempest Cody in nine films in Universal’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Spur and Saddle”</i> series. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this context, Texas Guinan was perhaps the most
significant woman in early cinema to challenge the assumption that women could
only play secondary or conventionally feminine roles in the popular Western.
Fond of firing guns and racing on horseback, Guinan established a tomboy
presence in the Western that did not fit into the opposed roles of the refined
Eastern lady or the Western dance hall prostitute that would delimit women’s
roles in “mature” examples of the genre. Perhaps recognizing that she occupied
an unconventional position both on screen and in the industry, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Texas of the Mounted,</i> the first film she
produced for her own company, Guinan plays male and female twins: when he is
killed, she avenges his murder while wearing his clothes.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXEGjs43E8Ja8R_pP_k2xZF_VHpgcjlc8bDi-GtwdcQFdGWhnfmtYUHqWNmJcKpjhZU-3BUNHAHd6peq2JyhdEZQmhyA4bvFS-rboFUW3jcd03Wij15dI1Y-E4JBdZj04mCSNJxt2siE38/s1600/30c4bc6f9efd59cc3e8422789d6d101d--roaring-s-warner-bros.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXEGjs43E8Ja8R_pP_k2xZF_VHpgcjlc8bDi-GtwdcQFdGWhnfmtYUHqWNmJcKpjhZU-3BUNHAHd6peq2JyhdEZQmhyA4bvFS-rboFUW3jcd03Wij15dI1Y-E4JBdZj04mCSNJxt2siE38/s1600/30c4bc6f9efd59cc3e8422789d6d101d--roaring-s-warner-bros.jpg" /></a>Guinan was again seen on the screen with two sound pictures.
She played a slightly fictionalized version of herself as a speakeasy
proprietress in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Queen of the Night Clubs</i>
(1929). The New Yorker Magazine said that Guinan lacked her famed charm and
vitality, and that the camera was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“not
kind to her looks.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The film in many ways marked the end of Texas Guinan, not so
much because it was a bad film but because she had simply run her course and
was going out of style. The market crash later that year was the final straw.
She took her show on the road, made an unsuccessful attempt at a European tour,
then returned to the States.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Her final film was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Broadway
Thru a Keyhole</i> (1933) written by Walter Winchell. Texas died three days
after the film’s release.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
CLIP FROM BROADWAY THRU A KEYHOLE FEATURING TEXAS GUINAN </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/GWVojP9GDCc/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GWVojP9GDCc?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC9q71LHzFTJmyv4vpQx2JsqJ3LmGx97f8-9FcJStIvQSnBkCXqSoxQ6hC34PZcFTzBEmxkwcHcvGB_x10XNBdTykGGhszZKEynC78UMPaKJyJeS8vjkGIR5vmnPE4aSSvbvBcT-ZSsGQr/s1600/089218771193.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="314" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC9q71LHzFTJmyv4vpQx2JsqJ3LmGx97f8-9FcJStIvQSnBkCXqSoxQ6hC34PZcFTzBEmxkwcHcvGB_x10XNBdTykGGhszZKEynC78UMPaKJyJeS8vjkGIR5vmnPE4aSSvbvBcT-ZSsGQr/s320/089218771193.jpg" width="222" /></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Constructing an
accurate picture of Guinan’s film career, or her private life, for that matter,
is difficult. Many of her films were shortened later by Melody Productions and
re-released with soundtracks under multiple titles, and perhaps only a
half-dozen survive, some as incomplete prints. Most unfortunately, all of the
films she produced are lost, although a few of the two-reelers she supervised
for Bull’s Eye/Reelcraft are available. </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjALi_7qjZFWRsxmIiEdR692KRtfvP6CQR76EiSBee8ZGFF-Q84iPqctVD0e1F9aTKJg-Lu8D5F_QIYrtCwY_d7lyzELt4sp7Du4grF2upIso6JUej1rSERaryDHUR6CpaFz98-cymuzHog/s1600/Guinan_CCP_FIG156_WFP-GUI021.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="564" data-original-width="360" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjALi_7qjZFWRsxmIiEdR692KRtfvP6CQR76EiSBee8ZGFF-Q84iPqctVD0e1F9aTKJg-Lu8D5F_QIYrtCwY_d7lyzELt4sp7Du4grF2upIso6JUej1rSERaryDHUR6CpaFz98-cymuzHog/s320/Guinan_CCP_FIG156_WFP-GUI021.jpg" width="204" /></a>By a conservative estimate, Texas Guinan starred in
approximately 33 silent films made by a handful of production companies,
including Mack Sennett’s Triangle Film Corporation (four films in 1917–1918),
Frohman Amusement Corporation (thirteen two-reelers in 1919), Bull’s
Eye/Reelcraft Film Company (twelve two-reelers in 1920), and Victor Kremer
Productions (two features in 1921). These companies may be less familiar to
film scholars than some of the notable directors who supervised Guinan: Frank
Borzage directed her first major film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Gun Woman</i> (1918), and Francis Ford, Western film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I Am
the Woman</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Stampede</i>, both
in 1921.</div>
director John Ford’s older
brother and mentor, directed her in <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although publicity materials attempted to glamorize Texas
Guinan, her stout body, broad face, and insistence on playing heroic leads
didn’t allow her to be cast in conventionally “feminine” roles. Working almost
exclusively in the genre that would eventually seem the most unwelcoming to
women as performers or producers, her evident popularity and success suggest that
our own understanding of the early Western genre requires revision in order to
properly acknowledge her contribution, but also to begin to ponder the
fantasies the boisterous movie cowgirl embodied for cinema’s early audiences.</div>
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<br /></div>
<b>
</b><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Queen of the Night Clubs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSSuVzJR8Qkb8M8kGuiOtfwzjx_tgjaGEN5VRc9u8myW9x_jUHYFZfAOVglTTQICessgijvtz-XQTzoM2ToZCPqhJFTn8X_xe8EvGyDbTTNs6IBC8CgY8TtC3znlex4ZqJW_akeDHTpB4/s1600/1929_queen_night_clubs_film_promo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="640" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqSSuVzJR8Qkb8M8kGuiOtfwzjx_tgjaGEN5VRc9u8myW9x_jUHYFZfAOVglTTQICessgijvtz-XQTzoM2ToZCPqhJFTn8X_xe8EvGyDbTTNs6IBC8CgY8TtC3znlex4ZqJW_akeDHTpB4/s320/1929_queen_night_clubs_film_promo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ol5XVWbzo_stipGcyd85I3EWX-lQgHLO9lxTESWh39cRzs6uVITbM5wB3vRp8xFPpbfYDe1sChPhaAoTyyxK09TOLdaIT5UX4y1rvEzAn_KFmIkRVUR8Kev-XNpbHkTvfqOKQsbibUg-/s1600/1928_Pinchot_glam_Tex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="828" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ol5XVWbzo_stipGcyd85I3EWX-lQgHLO9lxTESWh39cRzs6uVITbM5wB3vRp8xFPpbfYDe1sChPhaAoTyyxK09TOLdaIT5UX4y1rvEzAn_KFmIkRVUR8Kev-XNpbHkTvfqOKQsbibUg-/s320/1928_Pinchot_glam_Tex.jpg" width="258" /></a>In the Roaring Twenties, Texas Guinan became the undisputed
queen of New York’s boozy, bawdy nightclub and speakeasy scene. The 1920
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Prohibition into
effect, making sales or transport of alcoholic beverages illegal. While it
ruined legitimate businesses, people kept right on drinking alcohol, with those
who transported and sold it known as "bootleggers". Thus began the
establishment of the speakeasy private clubs, a cultural phenomenon in which
Guinan excelled. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Her introduction into the business was when speakeasy partners
Emil Gervasini and John Levi of the Beaux Arts club hired Guinan in 1923 as a
singer, for which she was paid $50,000.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Guinan's give-and-take dialogue with the customers inspired
producer Nils Granlund to put together a full floor show with Guinan presiding
as MC for Ziegfeld Follies chorus girls. Bootleg huckster Larry Fay struck a
deal with them to feature the show at his El Fey Club on West 47th Street in
Manhattan. There, she became known for her catchphrase, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Hello, Sucker! Come on in and leave your wallet on the bar."</i>
This is the same persona displayed in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Incendiary
Blonde</i> (1945), the flashy Hollywood biopic about Guinan starring Betty
Hutton. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDabt-_Jya5u-o-Y2pjDm0ISs9JdD-en3wWn-KT5EXPkmUABf_piW5Gz_Zrdix9JMR5iJ0foyWK0e5n_hfBqotubHLmXJVZnpTE23yjZHaf4jqRkHo1fGEmCUA90GZkdiY6dNZRixvn4rm/s1600/Texas_1928nightclub.psd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1024" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDabt-_Jya5u-o-Y2pjDm0ISs9JdD-en3wWn-KT5EXPkmUABf_piW5Gz_Zrdix9JMR5iJ0foyWK0e5n_hfBqotubHLmXJVZnpTE23yjZHaf4jqRkHo1fGEmCUA90GZkdiY6dNZRixvn4rm/s320/Texas_1928nightclub.psd.jpg" width="320" /></a>The El Fey Club, attracted the likes of Mayor Jimmy Walker, Actor
George Raft, Actress Peggy Hopkins Joyce, writers Ring Larder and Damon Runyon,
and gossip columnists Walter Winchell, Mark Hellinger, and Ed Sullivan who
later hosted TV’s most famous variety show. Ruby Keeler and Barbara Stanwyck
were discovered by talent scouts while working as dancers at the club.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In return for being the draw to attract wealthy and powerful
clientele, Guinan received 50% of the profits. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwW1gp12s0tyumejlV0sgofBBRmhYVFuJNIv9EH8K5pwx-jEbgP2YFFjY07DkmNBOaApMslQwTwje4b_kzx-TqNgJe3mhGu17jXSHz0ubhqukSDY2hkH7fM8rbb1a4gSwijdGCbY4fKL8i/s1600/texasguinanpolice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1225" data-original-width="933" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwW1gp12s0tyumejlV0sgofBBRmhYVFuJNIv9EH8K5pwx-jEbgP2YFFjY07DkmNBOaApMslQwTwje4b_kzx-TqNgJe3mhGu17jXSHz0ubhqukSDY2hkH7fM8rbb1a4gSwijdGCbY4fKL8i/s320/texasguinanpolice.jpg" width="243" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the El Fay Club was shut down by the police, she opened the Texas
Guinan Club </div>
at 117 West 48th Street, which was also closed by the police. She and Larry Fay later
opened the Del-Fey Club in Miami the same year and made over $700,000 in less
than 12 months.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Guinan returned to New York in January 1926, as hostess
of the 300 Club at 151 W. 54th Street, the opening night's event was the
marriage ceremony for actress Wilda Bennett and Argentine dancer Abraham
"Peppy" de Albrew. Other celebrities who visited her club were Al
Jolson, Scottish operatic soprano Mary Garden, Jack Dempsey, American operatic
soprano Geraldine Farrar, and the Prince of Wales.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWJegnB5aMH1zlZhDkB9ubbDCw8UjFUscw4qWzsU1SwTOHJTICOb7kkEwiKUXFwG7VY5Wyuupe5F37Gmz7Wrvor_cE7JzY9GRC_8Xua9p7dmh9f_eOd-TJd6-D1b7orOM6tyToyEaEpAV/s1600/texas_guinan_pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWJegnB5aMH1zlZhDkB9ubbDCw8UjFUscw4qWzsU1SwTOHJTICOb7kkEwiKUXFwG7VY5Wyuupe5F37Gmz7Wrvor_cE7JzY9GRC_8Xua9p7dmh9f_eOd-TJd6-D1b7orOM6tyToyEaEpAV/s320/texas_guinan_pic.jpg" width="239" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was still months
before the big stock market crash, but in the pages of the New Yorker Magazine you
could already sense a change in its </div>
voice; it seemed to be growing weary of the
party.. As for the queen of nightlife, Texas Guinan, New Yorkers were ready for
something different.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In July 1926, the 300 Club was raided by the police, who
seized bottles of liquor and arrested two people for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"violation of the section of the penal code forbidding suggestive
dances".</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
The last week of June 1928, Assistant US Attorney General
Mabel Walker Willebrandt ordered a raid of speakeasy clubs in New York.<br />
<br />
Guinan,
Helen Morgan (hostess of Chez Helen Morgan), Nils Granlund, and 104 others were
arrested, and indicted by a federal grand jury. Guinan, Morgan, and Granlund
faced 2 years in prison, with a $10,000 maximum fine, if convicted. The others
indicted were employees and patrons, who faced lesser penalties.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At her April
1929 trial, Guinan was acquitted.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCi4lQQddWAXJJlXTp4kDQe4QTpgomEpMCATQQDc-LJnCZf2ntp14wMRDiByYHkQHAEx9rF0mFK_XrOKy_7O6e1ETLqLY0hJ5SFvKR2d6AWtImyluHLKp7scakSE8XXZ8RRXjU_U-jUy_4/s1600/rc05534.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="600" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCi4lQQddWAXJJlXTp4kDQe4QTpgomEpMCATQQDc-LJnCZf2ntp14wMRDiByYHkQHAEx9rF0mFK_XrOKy_7O6e1ETLqLY0hJ5SFvKR2d6AWtImyluHLKp7scakSE8XXZ8RRXjU_U-jUy_4/s320/rc05534.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She said:.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> I never
take a drink and I never sell a drink. I am paid to put on an act and I put on
an act. I once gave US Attorney General Buckner a certified check for $100,000
to give anyone who has ever seen me take a drink or sell a drink. That check is
still good, and so is my offer.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b> TEXAS GUINAN TOASTING AT A SPEAKEASY 1928</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CSqk4m4W_3E/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CSqk4m4W_3E?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Final years and Death</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBZ33ND0BP8MbRb91aZG_zC5R2Fvl07bncDBKm01HqObFZ23g5zOwxitiw5X0ZdoSUVhraDGgdnaX2EvRzRJu1rwSei3OsFkXI9Q-p1kZJCOBL5FTNE_NtUaAgzdC5-zFDv2fQIzhyphenhyphenFrks/s1600/tumblr_mrk7hq5W1f1qg2xvoo1_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1018" data-original-width="1280" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBZ33ND0BP8MbRb91aZG_zC5R2Fvl07bncDBKm01HqObFZ23g5zOwxitiw5X0ZdoSUVhraDGgdnaX2EvRzRJu1rwSei3OsFkXI9Q-p1kZJCOBL5FTNE_NtUaAgzdC5-zFDv2fQIzhyphenhyphenFrks/s320/tumblr_mrk7hq5W1f1qg2xvoo1_1280.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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During the Great Depression, she took her caberet show on the road.
She made towards Europe, but Scotland Yard threatened to board her ship
if she tried to land in England, where she was on their list of "barred
aliens". The show itself was banned from France under labour
technicalities. Guinan had a contract with a Paris club, but French employment
laws at the time dissuaded non-citizens from working on French soil. She turned
this to her advantage when she returned to the states, by launching the
satirical revue, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Too Hot For Paris.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> PATHE NEWS FOOTAGE OF TEXAS GUINAN ARRIVING BACK IN NEW YORK</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0OI3dXCUWBs/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0OI3dXCUWBs?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiah_XtjP6jW5bbGAYWHU3X_9RkEPpaiFkcz4_fs2ly5v7XX8zS3M3aduoc78_sRDPmehTVMRYtz_iZcFJra6w_Wp9QDrbkWY53S7IRBaH39cmJkvThJpZ1QZnj4IFp9TO1lhvGzze9Ej0a/s1600/920x920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="711" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiah_XtjP6jW5bbGAYWHU3X_9RkEPpaiFkcz4_fs2ly5v7XX8zS3M3aduoc78_sRDPmehTVMRYtz_iZcFJra6w_Wp9QDrbkWY53S7IRBaH39cmJkvThJpZ1QZnj4IFp9TO1lhvGzze9Ej0a/s320/920x920.jpg" width="247" /></a>While on the road with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Too
Hot For Paris,</i> she </div>
contracted amoebic dysentery in Chicago, Illinois,
during the epidemic in the Congress Hotel<i>.</i><br />
<br />
She fell ill in Vancouver, British
Columbia, and died there on November 5, 1933, at the age of 49, exactly one
month before Prohibition was repealed; 7,500 people attended her funeral.
Bandleader Paul Whiteman was a pallbearer along with two of her former lawyers and
writer Heywood Broun.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Guinan is interred in the Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New
York. Her family donated a tabernacle in her name to St. Patrick's Church in
Vancouver in recognition of Father Louis Forget's attentions during her last
hours. When the original church was demolished in 2004, the tabernacle was
preserved for the new church built on the site. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was survived by both of her
parents. Her mother died at age 101 in 1959. Her father was 81years old at his
death on May 14, 1935. Her brothers Tommy and William, as well as her sister
Mrs. George C. Smith, also survived her.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtHD87r9twHABTNdLirhu3wrbxW9aoSvxGIl3ydT85xMrnVWCRrRn2juUeHATtgivKyb8UiCiYfDpqPnwvtcyMmszE0NJ1C2HfFnGlwwh3m7-9jpF2C89jxYI2Fd10MSQCuT9-0iahNFVF/s1600/1926_Jan-6_thanks_boastful_USA_Clubs_Named.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="494" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtHD87r9twHABTNdLirhu3wrbxW9aoSvxGIl3ydT85xMrnVWCRrRn2juUeHATtgivKyb8UiCiYfDpqPnwvtcyMmszE0NJ1C2HfFnGlwwh3m7-9jpF2C89jxYI2Fd10MSQCuT9-0iahNFVF/s320/1926_Jan-6_thanks_boastful_USA_Clubs_Named.JPG" width="217" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV8YpCtWmABSrMAdp7HYr65OXaNv6rO4jDBvX9pAFMMfp6RoVvaouEGemohi00P9fOU5-u577KfJCDElXMXzXqxvlhZiS_uulLoAVQW-67QSpirtVV0GlNNaKq8DVIFp8o3XvBcBVK51LO/s1600/itw_tguinan700.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV8YpCtWmABSrMAdp7HYr65OXaNv6rO4jDBvX9pAFMMfp6RoVvaouEGemohi00P9fOU5-u577KfJCDElXMXzXqxvlhZiS_uulLoAVQW-67QSpirtVV0GlNNaKq8DVIFp8o3XvBcBVK51LO/s320/itw_tguinan700.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-12026437316750211702018-04-12T15:47:00.000+01:002018-04-12T15:47:13.839+01:00The Hidden Herstories of The Welsh Suffragettes <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsvWP7IX2klPnAK_a07jxJNbQt75AlK-JW7rLmOD_fH6s6Ugo7KNGjELso0uQiMluXyx06-84wBef1VAfpGahu5lJGJwhYfXIhYcnCcBtw4da7koNnxXmnV3RbQoYCrNfALILTUNd6l1EM/s1600/Women%2527s_Coronation_Procession_1911%252C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="788" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsvWP7IX2klPnAK_a07jxJNbQt75AlK-JW7rLmOD_fH6s6Ugo7KNGjELso0uQiMluXyx06-84wBef1VAfpGahu5lJGJwhYfXIhYcnCcBtw4da7koNnxXmnV3RbQoYCrNfALILTUNd6l1EM/s320/Women%2527s_Coronation_Procession_1911%252C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Welsh Suffragettes at the 1911 Coronation Procession</td></tr>
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Women's suffrage in Wales has historically been marginalized
due to the prominence of societies and political groups in England which led
the reform for women throughout the United Kingdom. Due to differing social
structures and a heavily industrialized working-class society, the national suffrage
movement in Wales grew but then stuttered in the late nineteenth century in
comparison with that of England and Scotland. Nevertheless, distinct Welsh
groups and many individuals rose to prominence and were vocal in the rise of
suffrage in Wales.</div>
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Militant action was not a hallmark of the movements in Wales
and many Welsh members, who identified themselves as suffragists, sought
Parliamentary and public support through political and peaceful means rather
than the destruction of property. </div>
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In Wales there were only two narrow bands of wealthy society
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19th century Wales was based in the low-waged, densely-populated, industrial
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Women did work in metalworking and coal industry in the
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1842 Mines and Collieries Act had prohibited them from working underground. The
coal mining industry, with its absence of pithead baths, led to unpaid women's
employment as the need to keep both their homes and the family's menfolk clean
became a never ending task. This led to the stereotypical image of the stoic
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The increase of wealth created by the mining and
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built their wealthy homes in the centre of the community from which they
prospered. Whereas the pit and foundry owners were initially men, many of whom
had political ambitions; their wives sought more charitable activities often
connected to improving the lives of the women and children of their husband's
workers.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5uUkRBvqLLpvRCnTTWrIVqwqrt3vRr7fIa4KOwv-liiHjDn2BciapJefUfaLu3OZNMbrDATDBr0A1_4xSt6tjuw6u1_wR3WjfKlvjAIwVuo-tomZVkWUfYrHQgCC1Gz5eXPawY-jeT5pf/s1600/rose+crawshay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="162" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5uUkRBvqLLpvRCnTTWrIVqwqrt3vRr7fIa4KOwv-liiHjDn2BciapJefUfaLu3OZNMbrDATDBr0A1_4xSt6tjuw6u1_wR3WjfKlvjAIwVuo-tomZVkWUfYrHQgCC1Gz5eXPawY-jeT5pf/s320/rose+crawshay.jpg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rose Mary Crawshay</td></tr>
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In Dowlais, the heart of the ironworking industry of Wales, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rose Mary Crawshay</b>, (1828–1907) the
well-to-do English-born wife of Robert Thompson Crawshay, last of the Merthyr
Tydfil ironmasters, whom she married in 1846, passed her time in such
charitable work when she became the mistress of Cyfarthfa Castle. </div>
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She set up soup kitchens, gave to the poor and established
no less than seven libraries in the area, but apart from this philanthropical
work, which she would be expected to do, she was also a staunch feminist. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Living under the rule of a notoriously
tyrannical husband, for whom she bore five children, she showed a strong-will
and was known in feminist circles in London from the 1850s. In 1866 she and 25
other signatories, all based in Wales, signed the country's first women's
Suffrage Petition.<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7AUjxpNgUDceK3Kan5P_OxDrCMItw4ERMF72bh6dRYFqc57ilhDh5zbKL4iR7uX2CwR9In20RzNU8iVC6U1J4acYYBxOwoPkDLDSvJ_ymWWQTIr33UIrwFTDnwIYOv8Hv5bJXDqOYijC_/s1600/Rose-Mary-Crawshay-1870s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="615" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7AUjxpNgUDceK3Kan5P_OxDrCMItw4ERMF72bh6dRYFqc57ilhDh5zbKL4iR7uX2CwR9In20RzNU8iVC6U1J4acYYBxOwoPkDLDSvJ_ymWWQTIr33UIrwFTDnwIYOv8Hv5bJXDqOYijC_/s320/Rose-Mary-Crawshay-1870s.jpg" width="235" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rose Mary Crawshay in 1886</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In June 1870, Rose Crawshay held a public meeting at her
home, probably the first in Wales to discuss women's suffrage, but she was
later taken to task by the local newspaper for disturbing the peace and leading
Wales' women astray. </div>
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March 1872, Mrs. Crawshay held a second meeting, in Merthyr
Tydfill, which resulted in a new petition being delivered, the effect of which
saw the signing of petitions from Glamorgan, Monmouthshire, Denbighshire and
Cardiganshire. Later that year the Bristol & West of England Society
for Women's Suffrage sent two of their female members, on a sponsored speaking
tour of south Wales which took in Pontypool, Newport, Cardiff and Haverford
west. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the actions of several
prominent Welsh women, no real suffrage movements took hold in the 1870s and
the country was reliant on speaking tours from members of English societies,
predominantly from Bristol, London and Manchester.</div>
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On 25 February 1881, a meeting was held in Cardiff Town Hall
to "consider means of promoting interest in Cardiff" towards female
voting rights. This was a preliminary to a larger meeting that was held on 9
March which was attended by local dignitaries, and was chaired by the Mayor of
Cardiff. Despite there being a great deal of suffrage activity in the lead up
to the Third Reform Act of 1884, there was little campaigning in Wales during
the early 1880s. One act of significant importance that did occur during this
period was the decision in late 1884 by the delegates of the Aberdare, Merthyr
and Dowlais District Mine Association to support a series of talks by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jeanette Wilkinson</b> on the right of
women's votes. This is the first recorded instance of interest by Welsh working
men supporting female suffrage.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gwyneth Vaughn AKA Ann Harriet Hughes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The organisation of women in the Liberal Party in Wales
began around 1890 supported by prominent members like <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gwyneth Vaughan </b>AKA <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ann
Harriet Hughes</b> (1852 – 25 April 1910) who was a Welsh language novelist<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Hughes was born at Talsarnau in
Merionethshire, the daughter of a miller, and had a basic school education. In
1876 she married John Hughes Jones, a doctor but they later dropped the
"Jones". They lived in London and later in Treherbert and
Clwt-y-bont. Left to bring up four children on her husband's death in 1902, she
moved to Bangor, Gwynedd, and took up writing as a career. Hughes completed
three novels, and a left a fourth unfinished work. She also <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wrote verse in Welsh and edited the woman's
page in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Welsh Weekly</i> (1892), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Yr Eryr</i> (1894–95) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Y Cymro </i>(1906–07).</div>
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In 1891 an Aberdare branch of the Women's Liberal Foundation
was founded and it quickly began advocating votes for women and began leafleting
in both English and Welsh. By 1893 there were said to be 7,000 members of the
Welsh Union of Women's Liberal Associations which had risen to 9,000 by 1895.
At a meeting of the North Wales Liberal Foundation in 1895 it was decided that
Women's Liberal Federation would merge with Cymru Fydd, a political pressure
group for home rule, to form a new Welsh Liberal Federation and equal rights
for women were written into the objects of the organisation. Despite some early
successes Liberal organisation floundered as they headed into the new century
and apart from the Cardiff branch which achieved some successes.</div>
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1897 saw the foundation of the National Union of Women's
Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) under the leadership of Millicent Fawcett. This non-political
organisation was formed out of the seventeen strongest societies throughout England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1907 the first branch of the NUWSS was
formed in Wales at a meeting at the Llandudno Cocoa House. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other branches soon began forming across
Wales, with the creation of the Cardiff and District branch in 1908 followed by
Rhyl, Conwy and Bangor in 1909.</div>
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The more militant arm of the suffrage movement, the Women's
Social and Political Union (WSPU), was not strong in Wales. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1913 it had five branches in Wales compared
to 26 for the NUWSS. That said the WSPU had been active in promoting itself in
Wales long before this with Emmeline Pankhurst and Mary Gawthorpe holding
meetings throughout Wales in 1906. In 1908 both the WSPU and the NUWSS were
active in Pembrokeshire to campaign at a by-election. Their slogan of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Keep the Liberals Out'</i>, would not have
resonated with the Welsh voters, as in the election of 1906 not a single Tory
had won a seat in Wales. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nonetheless,
their main political target was Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith who was
vehemently opposed to the enfranchisement of women.</div>
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Attitudes towards the suffragette movement as a whole were
badly affected by the militant actions of members of the WSPU. In Bristol in
1908, Winston Churchill had been threatened by WSPU members, and the widespread
anger after the event led to a Cardiff meeting being abandoned. In Merthyr the
speakers were drowned out and herrings and tomatoes thrown at them. </div>
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Despite being a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'favoured
son of Wales'</i> and outwardly pro-women's suffrage, Liberal MP David Lloyd
George was often a target of suffragette activity. Although Lloyd George always
stated his support of the suffrage movement in public speeches, the failure of
the Liberal Government to make any progress on implementing change led
Christabel Pankhurst to believe him to be a secret anti-suffragist. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pankhurst was quoted in the Times in November
1911 declaring <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"'Lloyd Georgitis'</i>
was a disease which afflicted men with very few exceptions. </div>
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The year 1912 saw a marked increase in militant action in
Wales. Anger at the defeat of the Conciliation Bills saw the WPSU disrupt a
speech by Lloyd George at the Pavilion in Caernarfon. The protesters - male and
female - were treated harshly with clothes torn and hair ripped out. They were
also beaten with sticks and umbrellas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lloyd George speaking at Llanystumdwy</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Later that year Lloyd George was again heckled by suffragettes
whilst delivering a speech at the National Eisteddfod. Just two weeks later one
of the most notorious events in the history of suffrage in Wales took place,
when Lloyd George returned to his home town of Llanystumdwy to open the village
hall. No sooner had he started speaking than he was interrupted by the cries of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Votes for Women!'</i> The hecklers were
violently assaulted by the crowd. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
was stripped to the waist before being rescued and another was almost thrown
off a bridge to be dashed on the rocks of the River Dwyfor below. As trouble
was anticipated the national press was present and the Daily Mirror and
Illustrated London News devoted a full page of photographs to the incident. The
local press not only attacked the suffragettes, but poured scorn on the crowd
for tarnishing the image of a peaceful, Nonconformist, chapel-going Wales. The
event is seen as the most dramatic event in the history of Women's suffrage in
Wales.</div>
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In the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World
War the NUWSS spent its time in north Wales organising educational and
propaganda campaigns. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In south Wales
friction was caused by a shift in political views pushed onto the country from
the central office. 1912 saw the NUWSS switch its policy as a non-party organisation
to set up the Election Fighting Fund (EFF) to support the newly burgeoning
Labour Party. Wales had traditionally been a Liberal heartland and the South
Wales Federation of Women’s Suffrage Societies was opposed to this new policy.
There was a sense that there was a disjoint between the central <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'English feminist agenda'</i> pushed by the
militant headquarters and the needs of Welsh social, cultural and political views.
The strains existed between the two organisation until the EFF was abandoned in
1914.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7X5SQv-eTmFBAWYV4k-CEhaDvt0TjajpfPQXlM51gNCB3kaQqHHZiIvOllK5FA-aYEzY9bHmB5RzTaGwfUfZpTF7S9mN4y1fF6ISMgFn1UoqOWG6ngwtIQi3TRrOmgfgu-LaN4qb73uD/s1600/suffragettes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="676" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR7X5SQv-eTmFBAWYV4k-CEhaDvt0TjajpfPQXlM51gNCB3kaQqHHZiIvOllK5FA-aYEzY9bHmB5RzTaGwfUfZpTF7S9mN4y1fF6ISMgFn1UoqOWG6ngwtIQi3TRrOmgfgu-LaN4qb73uD/s320/suffragettes.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1913 Suffrage Pilgrimage </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1913 a Suffrage Pilgrimage was organised, to end with a
rally in Hyde Park, London on 26 July. It was an attempt to remind the public
of the larger constitutional and non-militant wing of the movement, and routes
were planned from 17 British towns and cities, including Wales. Twenty-eight
members from Welsh NUWSS branches left from Bangor on 2 July travelling through
Wales where they were met with both support and hostility. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A further branch left Cardiff on 7 July.</div>
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1913 also saw a continuation of more hard-line methods, with
the WPSU firebombing a house which was being built for Lloyd George. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Between April and September 1913, hoax bombs
were set at both Cardiff and Abergavenny, and at Llantarnam, telegraph wires
were cut. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret Haig Mackworth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This period also saw the actions of one of Wales' most
notable suffragettes<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">, Margaret Haig
Mackworth</b>, and her mother <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sybil
Thomas,</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Viscountess Rhondda, DBE</b>
who was a British suffragette, feminist, and philanthropist. Born in Brighton,
the daughter of George Augustus Haig, a merchant and landowner from Pen Ithon,
Radnorshire, on 27 June 1882 Sybil Haig married David Alfred Thomas, a wealthy Welsh
industrialist who later became Liberal Member of Parliament for Merthyr
Boroughs. </div>
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In the 1890s Sybil Thomas became president of the Welsh
Union of Women's Liberal Associations, which was strongly feminist and
pro-female suffrage. She was also a prominent moderate in the National Union of
Women's Suffrage Societies. Her sisters Janetta and Lotty were also prominent
suffragettes and both went to prison for acts of violence in the name of the
cause. Under their influence, Sybil joined the more militant Women's Social and
Political Union. In 1914 she was sentenced to one day's imprisonment after
holding a public meeting outside the Houses of Parliament.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sybil Thomas, Lady Rhondda</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1916 her husband was ennobled as Baron Rhondda. During
the First World War, Lady Rhondda served as chairman of the Women's Advisory
Committee of the National War Savings Committee and turned part of Llanwern
into a military hospital, as well as assisting her husband in his war work as
Food Controller from 1917-18. In 1918 her husband became Viscount Rhondda but
died shortly afterwards. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lady Rhondda
devoted the rest of her life to feminist and philanthropic projects. She was
appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1920
civilian war honours for her work with the National War Savings Committee. She
died on 11 March 1941.</div>
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Her daughter, Margaret Haig Mackworth, went on to become one
of the most prominent British feminists of the inter-war years. Mackworth had
been recruited into the WPSU in 1908 and organised the group’s first meeting at
Newport, much to the disapproval of her fox-hunting husband, Humphrey
Mackworth. Its members were prepared to smash plate-glass windows, cut
telegraph wires, attack places of male recreation such as cricket pavilions,
golf-courses and boat-houses, and leap out from concealed places to confront
surprised cabinet ministers.</div>
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In 1913 Margaret was convicted of setting fire to a post box in
Risca Road, Newport with a home-made incendiary bomb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She refused to allow the £10 fine imposed for
her action to be paid by her husband and was sent to prison at Usk. She was
released after a five day hunger strike under the 'Cat and Mouse Act'.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret Mackworth</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Referred to at the time as The Welsh Boadicea Margaret sold the
organisation’s newspaper, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Votes for Women</i>,
on Newport High Street, spoke on public platforms including that of Merthyr
Liberal Club, where she was pelted with herrings and tomatoes and once jumped
on the running-board of Prime Minister Asquith’s car.</div>
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In 1922 Margaret divorced her husband and set up home with her
female lover Helen Archdale. She also founded the feminist magazine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Time and Tide,</i> which was initially
edited by Archdale.</div>
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In 1921 Margaret launched the Six Point Group of Great Britain,
which focused on what she regarded as the six key issues for women which
included satisfactory legislation for the widowed mother, equal pay for
teachers and equal opportunities for men and women in the civil service.</div>
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After breaking up with Helen Archdale she moved in with
Theodora Bosanquet, the secretary of the International Federation of University
Women. She would campaign for women’s rights up to the time of her death.</div>
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When her father, the first Viscount Rhondda died, she tried
to take her seat in the House of Lords but was prevented from doing so by the
Lords’ Committee of Privileges which allowed only male heirs this right. After
a long campaign, she lived to see the passing of the Life Peerages Act in 1958,
but died just months before the first women took their seats as life peers in
the Lords in October the same year. It was only in 2011 that a portrait of her
finally went on display in the House of Lords.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Newpory W.S.P.U Banner</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
By 1914 the non-militant elements of the suffrage movement
had built up a steady presence and, although damaged by the bad press violent
action brought, they also gained from the publicity. A summer school had been
set up by the NUWSS in the Conwy Valley the previous year and now their members
were benefitting from the training in public speaking that was given. </div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In south Wales signs of working-class
involvement in the suffrage cause took shape through the Women's Co-operative
Guild, with a branch opening in Ton Pentre in the Rhondda in 1914 run by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Andrews.</b></div>
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With the outbreak of the First World War, all WSPU activity
came to a halt and the NUWSS turned much of their focus to relief work. The
WPSU, reformed as the Women's Party from 1917, sent members across Wales, no
longer to rally for suffrage but to encourage male volunteers to join the
British Army. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1915 Scottish
Suffragette, Flora Drummond attended a rally in Merthyr to demand that men
leave occupations that women could undertake, and to stop <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'hiding behind the petticoats'</i>. Women in Wales took up employment
en masse, especially in newly opened munitions factories, and in 1918 the
Newport Shell Factory had a female workforce of 83 per cent while the Queensferry
factory was 70 per cent.</div>
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The militant suffragettes, who were at one point public
enemies, were now seen as fierce nationalist and patriots. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Old foes became allies and vice versa. Lloyd
George was now referred to as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'that great
Welshman' </i>while Labours' Kier Hardie, the WSPU's staunchest defender before
the war, was lambasted for his pacifist stance. There were still those in the
suffragette movement who wished to keep pushing the agenda of emancipation.
Some members of the WSPU broke away to form the Suffragettes of the WSPU
(SWSPU), amongst their members were Conway-born <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Helena Jones</b>, who continued to campaign for women's votes and was a
columnist in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suffragists News Sheet</i>.</div>
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The Representation of the People Act was finally passed in
1918. It gave women over the age of 30, who owned property, the right to vote. Several
factors led to the passing of the Act, including the efforts of working women,
the dilution of anti-suffrage rhetoric and political change in London, where
Asquith had been replaced as Prime Minister by Lloyd George. </div>
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During the First World War, relief work had helped keep the
women's societies in Wales active, though membership numbers began to fall.
After the People's act of 1918, many of the regional branches began to wither.
The Llangollen WSS resolved to disband in December 1918, handing their marching
banner to the National Council, believing their work was done. While others,
such as the Newport branch, revised their aims to form a Women's Citizen Association
taking an active interest in welfare and social issues. Other branches
continued the political vision of equal suffrage, notably Bangor, while the
Cardiff WSS busied itself by attempting to secure the election of women to
local government posts. The fact that the terms of enfranchisement were not
equal to men ensured that the surviving suffragist societies still had a focus,
and the first point of order was the bill to admit women as MPs.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Millicent Mackenzie</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This was passed in October 1918 and seventeen women stood at
the 1918 General Election. There was one female candidacy in Wales, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Millicent Huges Mackenzie</b>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took until 1929 for Wales to return its
first female MP, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Megan Lloyd George</b>,
the youngest daughter of the former Prime Minister.</div>
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Millicent Mackenzie had been the first female professor in
Wales and the first woman appointed to a fully chartered university in the
United Kingdom. She wrote on the philosophy of education, founded the Cardiff
Suffragette branch, became the only woman Parliamentary Candidate in Wales in 1918,
and was later a key initiator of Steiner-Waldorf education in the United
Kingdom.</div>
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Equal franchise was eventually won with the passing of the
Representation of the People Act 1928. This was not achieved through a matter of
course, but through a constant campaign of organised pressure. The NUWSS
reorganised into the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship (NUSEC),
taking on a broader range of issues to secure more widespread support. The
Women's Freedom League (WFL), which was formed in 1907 out of schism caused by
Emmeline Pankhurst's desire for a more authoritarian style of leadership within
the WSPU, was a vocal advocate of equal rights throughout the 1920s. In 1919
there were four WFL branches in Wales, and, although the Aberdovey and Cardiff
branches had disbanded by 1921, both Montgomery Boroughs and Swansea remained
staunchly active throughout the decade.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Suffragettes marching for the Vote</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The women's suffrage movement in Wales has historically been
held in poor regard with little research undertaken before the end of the
twentieth century. Initial impressions of women's voting rights in the country
can appear to suggest apathy or even hostility towards suffrage, but historians
such as Kay Cook and Neil Evans writing in 1991, and built upon by Dr. Kirsti
Bohata, argue specific cultural environments led to a more cautious and
considered political ideology. The type of militancy advocated by Emmeline
Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union appears to have been rejected by
the majority of Welsh suffrage campaigners, especially in the north of Wales.</div>
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Jane Aaron in 1994 described how the desire for Welsh
womanhood to be seen as respectable endured even when their English
counterparts had decided to take up an aggressive or 'unwomanly' mantle to
achieve their goals of female emancipation. Bohata builds on this hypothesis
stating that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"idealised Welsh
woman, inspired by England’s middle-class angel of the house, would represent
Welsh respectability long after English women had abandoned their haloes in
favour of bicycles."</i></div>
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An argument exists that the women's suffrage movement in
Wales was not truly 'Welsh', based on the fact that it was organised and
orchestrated by an Anglicised, English-speaking, middle-class movement that had
little bearing on the true voice of the country. As it has been shown, the
first people to embrace the suffrage movement were English-born and wealthy. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Welsh Suffragettes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In addition, the societies that sprang up in the wealthier
coastal towns of the north and south were run by middle-class women, normally
of English background with little or no understanding of the Welsh language.<br />
<br />
Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan, writing in 2000, linked support for women's suffrage
from an earlier campaigning group, the temperance movement, and although the
temperance movement reached out through Welsh-language periodicals such as Y
Frythones and Y Gymraes, she too concluded that the cross-over was
"dominated by immigrant middle-class women".</div>
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Cook and Evans argue that, despite suffrage in Wales being
introduced by a new generation of immigrant middle-class women, there was still
a definite 'Welshness' to the ideology fostered by the nation, which was at
loggerheads with their English counterparts.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edith Mansell Moulin</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On 17 June 1911, 40,000 women marched in the "Great
Demonstration" sponsored by the Women’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Edith Mansell Moullin</b> helped organize
the Welsh contingent of the parade and encouraged the Welsh participants to
wear the national costume In 1911. After this, Mansell Moullin, who was
fiercely proud of her Welsh roots, formed the Cymric Suffrage Union, a Welsh society
based in London. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It attempted to link
women's suffrage with Wales and “Welshness” and sought to unite both Welsh men
and women living in the capital to their cause.<br />
Suffrage Union, as part of the
coronation procession for George V. </div>
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They distributed hand-bills written in Welsh to the Welsh
chapels in London and translated pamphlets of the Conciliation Bill. The Union
also expressed their nationality through dressing in traditional Welsh costume
during parades and unlike many unions in Wales actually addressed their
membership in Welsh as well as the English language at meetings.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Edith Mansell Moullin
had previously taken part in the 1910 demonstration held in Hyde Park, in which
she shared the stage with Emmeline Pankhurst and had made several speaking
tours in northern Wales to promote suffrage. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Welsh Suffragettes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
After completing her education as a young woman, she had
worked in the Bethnal Green slums and had continued to do so after her 1885
marriage to the well-known surgeon, Charles William Mansell Moullin, who worked
at the Royal London Hospital. She had witnessed the Match Girl's Strike in 1888
and had also assisted dock workers in a soup kitchen during the London Dock
strike of 1889. She had continued this type of work until around 1906, when she
joined the Women's Industrial Council and became chair of the Investigation
Committee of the council. She also joined the Women's Social and Political
Union (WSPU) around 1907 and became the first treasurer of the Church League
for Women's Suffrage. Both Mansell Moullins and her husband were suffragists.
The doctor belonged to the Men's League for Women's Suffrage and served as a
vice president.</div>
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Part of the more militant British suffrage movement, Moullin
was among the 200 women arrested in 1911 for dissidence. She was charged with
disturbing the peace and attempting to break the police lines, which she
denied. She was sentenced and spent five days in Holloway Prison. She also
refused to stop government agitation during World War I. In 1912 after Lloyd
George scuppered the third Conciliation Bill, Mansell Moullin formed the
Forward Cymric Suffrage Union, which had a more militant policy. Members wore
red dragon badges with the motto <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'O Iesu,
n'ad Gamwaith' ('Oh Jesus do not allow unfairness')</i></div>
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in October 1912. She and her husband spoke out against
force-feeding suffrage prisoners and the Mansel Moullin's home became a meeting
centre for discussing strategy. In 1913 Mansel Moullin became the honorary
secretary of the group Sylvia Pankhurst formed to gain the repeal of the Cat
and Mouse Act. This act replaced force-feeding by releasing prisoners when they
became ill from lack of food, but then re-imprisoned them as soon as they had
sufficiently recovered. That same year, Dr. Mansel Moullin performed surgery on
Emily Davison after she was trampled by King George V's horse at The Derby,
though he was unable to save her life.</div>
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Edith Mansel Moullin resigned from the WSPU in part because
of its decision to suspend anti-government protests during the war. As a
pacifist, Mansel Moullin neither supported the war, nor believed that social
responsibility should be suspended. Disturbed by the practice of arresting
German mine workers who were working in Welsh mines, causing the minor's
families hardship, Mansel Moullin sent appeals on their behalf and collected
funds through the FCSU to assist them. She also sent protests about the low
wages being paid to women during the war, requesting that public funds be used
to supplement the wages of women doing relief work. She resigned from her
positions in the FCSU in 1916 due to health concerns, though she continued to
work in social programs and with pacifist organizations. In 1931, she chaired
the Society for Cultural Relations with the USSR and worked as a volunteer at
St Dunstan's, which operated a home for blind veterans.</div>
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Although the suffrage movement in Wales attempted to show a
level of independence, it was always following rather than leading a national
agenda. It depended deeply in its embryonic years on celebrated suffragists
from outside its borders to bring crowds to town meetings, but still relied on
a network of now forgotten non-militant supporters who organised and campaigned
on the ground level. And, although failing to significantly draw a rural
Welsh-speaking heartland to its cause, it still embraced a national sense of
pride and values that contrasted to their neighbours in England.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5sRhIUbwLgGd1lUP58EO1_3woBj1AzIGY1dU7WoLL_pPVtnu4PFvL303Be_YChq8QsL9rXN9oYP31XuWNVkIVGE0Ay0ddmelUcSAP7PJHvjwcOIqER4Esh_34dzjO-UTWCCwSlmw7E2_/s1600/9780708326725.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="755" data-original-width="508" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5sRhIUbwLgGd1lUP58EO1_3woBj1AzIGY1dU7WoLL_pPVtnu4PFvL303Be_YChq8QsL9rXN9oYP31XuWNVkIVGE0Ay0ddmelUcSAP7PJHvjwcOIqER4Esh_34dzjO-UTWCCwSlmw7E2_/s320/9780708326725.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Amy Dillwyn</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Welsh suffragette <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth
Amy Dillwyn</b> (16 May 1845 – 13 December 1935) is remembered more for her connections
outside the sphere of women's suffrage, but she was still an important Welsh
activists for the cause. She was a novelist, businesswoman, social benefactor
and one of the first female industrialists in Britain. </div>
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Born in Swansea, She was the daughter of Lewis Llewelyn
Dillwyn and his wife Elizabeth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
father became a Liberal MP (1855-1892), and was the owner of the Dillwyn
Spelter Works at Swansea. In 1864 her fiancé, Llewelyn Thomas of Llwynmadog,
died shortly before their planned wedding. Research into Amy Dillwyn's life has
also shown a close relationship with Olive Talbot through letters, who she
called her 'wife' in diaries. From this, some theorize the unrequited love in
her novels was inspired by this real relationship. In 1866 her mother died.
Between 1880 and her father's death in 1892 she had six novels published.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmHBxdymelCeW7N7h2KZP125hM_dCio0bM_87H_Ns6YvIxFX7rWnfbA2uCiZLC65b_vtU4xPcaMtiHchTPW10ZaPMXo-CsOhcm2oGZi-u7xWD4Vq-WQQksuBXcRJWF74rJc_3_hthvyaH4/s1600/Harry_and_Amy_Dillwyn_%2528children_of_Lewis_Llewelyn_Dillwyn%2529_by_M._D._1853_%25283947813464%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmHBxdymelCeW7N7h2KZP125hM_dCio0bM_87H_Ns6YvIxFX7rWnfbA2uCiZLC65b_vtU4xPcaMtiHchTPW10ZaPMXo-CsOhcm2oGZi-u7xWD4Vq-WQQksuBXcRJWF74rJc_3_hthvyaH4/s320/Harry_and_Amy_Dillwyn_%2528children_of_Lewis_Llewelyn_Dillwyn%2529_by_M._D._1853_%25283947813464%2529.jpg" width="256" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Amy Dillwyn & brother Harry</td></tr>
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Following the deaths of her brother Harry in 1890 and her father Lewis
in 1892 Amy Dillwyn lost the family home at Hendrefoilan, but rescued her
father's spelter works, which she managed herself and thus saved 300 jobs. She
was a strong supporter of social justice and gave her support to striking
seamstresses.<br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her unorthodox
appearance, her habit of smoking cigars and unconventional lifestyle made her a
well-known figure in the local community. When the National Union of Women's
Suffrage Societies was formed at the turn of the century, Dillwyn joined as one
of the earliest supporters in Wales. Although rejecting the militant actions of
some members, she was still a staunch member of the movement. She died in
Swansea on 13 December 1935, at the age of ninety.</div>
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Dr Kirsti Bohata, is writing a study of Amy Dillwyn as part
of a research project at the Richard Burton Centre of Swansea University. She
identifies recurring themes in Dillwyns novels of crusading social reform,
unrequited love, and criticism of the upper class. Feminist concerns
predominate, however, and many of her stories had tomboyish women as protagonists.
Dillwyn also anonymously contributed to the Spectator regularly in the 1880s.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alice Abadam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Alice Abadam</b>, a
renowned speaker and activist, was the daughter of the High Sherriff of
Carmarthenshire. She was born in London in 1856 to Edward Ab Adam and his wife
Louisa (née Taylor). Her father was the eldest son of Edward Hamlin Adams, a
Jamaican-born banker and merchant who made his money overseas before settling
in Britain. In 1825 Edward Hamlin Adams bought Middleton Hall in
Carmarthanshire following the death of its owner, Sir William Paxton. The Hall
was passed down to his son Edward, who added the old Welsh patronym, Ab, to the
family name.</div>
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Abadam, by her own account, had a happy childhood and was
educated by a governess at Middleton Hall. She was the youngest of seven
children, and saw little of her mother who suffered ill-health brought about by
post-natal depression. By 1861 her mother was living away from the family in
Brighton, and in 1871 was living back at her paternal home in Dorset. Despite
living apart, her parents remained married until the death of Edward in 1875.
Despite her father having strict anti-<br />
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clerical views, Abadam converted to
Catholicism in 1880 and a musical upbringing led her to becoming the organist
and choir master at St Mary's Church on Union Street in the heart of
Carmarthen.</div>
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In 1905 Abadam subscribed to the Central Society for Women's
Suffrage. She became a well-known speaker on many social issues and addressed a
variety of suffrage societies. She later became the chairperson of the Federated
Council of Suffrage Movements.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rachel Barrett</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rachel Barrett</b>
(12 November 1874 – 26 August 1953) was a suffragette and newspaper editor born
in Carmarthen, Wales. She grew up in the town of Llandeilo and was educated at
a boarding school in Stroud, along with her sister. She won a scholarship to
the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and graduated in 1904 with an
external London BSc degree. She then became a science teacher and taught in
schools in Llangefni, Carmarthen and Penarth.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1906 after hearing
Nellie Martel speak on women's suffrage; she then became a member of the
Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Barrett spoke on behalf of the WSPU
at many meetings, often in Welsh, which conflicted with her role as a
schoolteacher as her headmistress disapproved of the publicity, especially
after news of Barrett being flour-bombed at a rally in Cardiff Docks made the
local papers. </div>
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In July 1907 Barrett resigned as a teacher and enrolled at
the London School of Economics, intending to study economics and sociology and
to work towards her DSc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That August she
was heavily active for the WSPU, campaigning at the Bury St Edmunds by-election
with Gladice Keevil, Nellie Martel, Emmeline Pankhurst, Aeta Lamb and Elsa Gye.
Barrett was also active with Adela Pankhurst at Bradford, Cardiff and Barry,
sometimes sharing the stage with her as one of the speakers. </div>
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Barrett spent 1908 first organising a campaign in Nottingham
and then working on the by-elections in both Dewsbury and Dundee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In June of that year she was the chairman of
one of the platforms at the Hyde Park rally, but the work took its toll on her
health and shortly afterwards she was forced to temporarily step down from her
position to recuperate, which included a period of time at a sanatorium.</div>
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After recovering she moved closer to home, volunteering for
Annie Kenney in Bristol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She soon agreed
to resume her role as a paid organiser for he WSPU and was sent to Newport in
south-east Wales to continue her duties.</div>
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In 1910 Barrett was chosen to lead a group of women to talk
to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, David Lloyd George, regarding the Liberal
Party's role in supporting the first Conciliation Bill. The meeting lasted two
and a half hours, and by its end she was convinced that Lloyd George had been
insincere over his support for equal voting rights and believed him to be
against women's suffrage. By the end of the year her post was changed to
organising all WSPU activities in Wales and she was relocated to the country's
headquarters in Cardiff. </div>
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According to Ryland Wallace, writing in 2009:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"No individual
worked harder than Rachel Barrett to promote the campaign in Wales."</i></div>
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In 1912, despite having no journalistic background, she was
put in charge of the newly formed newspaper <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Suffragette.</i> Writing in her autobiography Barrett described becoming an
editor as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"an appalling task as I
knew nothing whatever of journalism".</i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
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By taking on the job she also took on the risks connected
with the increasingly militant WSPU. Over the next two years Barrett was a key figure
in keeping the newspaper in print despite the Home Secretary's efforts to
suppress it.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Welsh Suffragettes with Cardiff Banner</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In April 1913 the
offices of The Suffragette were raided by the police and the staff were
arrested on charges of conspiring to damage property. Barrett was sentenced to
nine months' imprisonment at Holloway. She immediately went on hunger strike,
was transferred to Canterbury Prison, and after five days she was released
under the "Cat and Mouse Act". She moved into "Mouse
Castle", 2 Campden Hill Square, home of the Brackenbury family who were
sympathetic suffragists. After three weeks at the house, Barrett emerged and
was re-arrested. She went back on hunger strike and after four days was again
released to "Mouse Castle". This time she was smuggled out of the
house in disguise to allow her to speak at meetings, before being re-arrested
for a second time. For the third time Barrett was released after a hunger
strike, but this time she successfully eluded the authorities and fled to a
nursing home in Edinburgh where she remained until December 1913. On leaving
Scotland she returned in secret to London; she hid at Lincoln's Inn House where
she lived in a bedsit.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barrett continued to
edit The Suffragette, but she travelled to Paris to discuss the future of the
newspaper with Christabel Pankhurst after its offices were raided in May 1914.
When speaking to Pankhurst <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the phone
she recalled how she <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"could always
hear the click of Scotland Yard listening in."</i></div>
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The result of their meeting in Paris was the relocation of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Suffragette</i> to Edinburgh where the
printers were at less risk of arrest. Barrett moved to Edinburgh and assumed
the pseudonym "Miss Ashworth". Barrett continued to publish the paper
until its final edition on the week after the First World War was declared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the war Barrett was a vocal supporter
of British military action, as were the majority of the suffragette
movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was a contributor to the
WSPU 'Victory Fund' which was launched in 1916 to sponsor campaigns against
"a compromise peace" and industrial strikes.</div>
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After the passing of the Representation of the People Act
1918, in which some women within the United Kingdom were first given the right
to vote, Barrett busied herself in continuing the fight for full emancipation.
When full voting rights were won in 1928 she helped raise funds for
commemorations and was an important figure in raising the money needed to erect
a statue of Emmeline Pankhurst in Victoria Tower Gardens, near the Palace of
Westminster in London.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barrett understood
the international connections of suffrage and contacted important Canadian and
American campaigners for financial support. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Barrett's obituary in the Women's Bulletin
it read that the raising of the statue <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"...stands
as a permanent memorial to Rachel's organising ability."</i> In 1929
Barrett was appointed secretary of the Equal Political Rights Campaign
Committee, an organisation that sought equality between men and women in all
political spheres.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I.A.R. Wylie </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
During her time editing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Suffragette,</i> Barrett struck up a friendship with the Australian author I.
A. R. Wylie, who contributed to the paper in 1913. The two women started a
relationship and became lovers. In 1919 both Barrett and Wylie travelled to the
United States, where they bought a car and spent over a year travelling the
country. They stayed in New York and San Francisco and were recorded in the
1920 census as living in Carmel-By-The-Sea in California, where Wylie is
classed as the head of the household and Barrett her friend.The two women remained close for some time, and in 1928 were
supporters of their close friend Radclyffe Hall, during the trial for her book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Well of Loneliness</i>. When Barrett
died she left the residue of her estate to Wylie. </div>
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In her later life Barrett joined the Suffragette Fellowship
and was particularly close to Kitty Marshall who lived nearby. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She attempted to publish a memoir of Marshall
in the late 1940s, but it was turned down for publication. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barrett moved to Sible Hedingham in Essex in
the early 1930s where she lived at Lamb Cottage. She joined the Sible Hedingham
Women's Institute in 1934, remaining a member until 1948. Barrett died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 26 August 1953 at
the Carylls Nursing Home in Faygate, Sussex. She was seventy-eight years old.</div>
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In the period between 1918 and 1928, the WFL in Swansea
produced two prominent activists in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Emily Phipps</b> and her close friend <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Clara
Neal,</b> who were founder members of their branch. </div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Emily</span> was a headmistress, a feminist, a barrister and an
important figure in the National Union of Women Teachers.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Emily Phipps</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Emily was the oldest of five children, was born on 7 November
1865 at 9 South Hill Buildings, Stoke Damerel, Devonport, England. Her father,
Henry John Phipps was a coppersmith at Devonport Dockyard. She became a
teacher, initially as a pupil-teacher in an elementary school, then following
training in Homerton College, Cambridge, became head teacher of the infants’
school attached to the college. Probably returning to Devonport for the time
being, she continued to teach, latterly in a higher grade school, while
studying for an external London University degree. After obtaining a
first-class degree in 1895, she successfully applied for the headship of
Swansea Municipal Secondary Girls School, which she quickly transformed from a
poorly performing school into one of the most successful in Wales.</div>
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A committed feminist, she, together with fellow West Country
woman and lifelong friend Clara Neal, joined the Women's Freedom League in 1908
following an anti-suffrage meeting in Swansea, and set up a local branch. The
meeting had been attended by Lloyd George who claimed that women were being
paid to disrupt the meeting, and that they should be forcibly removed. Emily
Phipps (and Clara Neal) were so disgusted with this injustice that they
immediately became militant suffragettes.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Emily Phipps</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Like many other members of the Women’s Freedom League Emily
Phipps and Clara Neal, together with two training college lecturers and a
business woman, staged a boycott on the night of the 1911 Census, staying
overnight in a sea cave on the nearby Gower Peninsula. At the NUWT dinner
called to celebrate full female suffrage she explained the reason for the
action:</div>
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<i> "Many women had determined that since they could not be citizens
for the purposes of voting, they would not be citizens for the purpose of
helping the government to compile statistics: they would not be included in the
Census Returns."</i></div>
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Emily Phipps was an active member of the National Union of
Women Teachers (NUWT), which was formed as part of the National Union of
Teachers (NUT) in 1906, following on from the Equal Pay League. Emily was
elected President for three successive years from 1915–17 and was the first
editor of the NUWT journal, Woman Teacher, from 1919–30, which she ensured was
forthright and political in tone unlike those journals aimed at women teachers
which included columns on fashion, cookery and similar domestic issues. She was
tasked with writing the History of the NUWT.</div>
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The 1918 general election was the first in which women could
both vote in parliamentary elections and stand as candidates, and Emily Phipps
was one of the 17 women who took the opportunity to stand, becoming Independent
Progressive candidate for Chelsea constituency with the backing of the NUWT.
All the women candidates were heavily defeated, but she retained her deposit in
a straight contest (with a low turnout) with the sitting Conservative MP, Sir
Samuel Hoare.</div>
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While still a head-teacher, Emily Phipps studied for the bar
in the evenings and was admitted as a barrister in 1925. Following this, she
gave up her teaching position and moved from Swansea to London, but although
increasing ill health prevented her from practicing in the courts for long, she
remained as standing counsel to the National Union of Women Teachers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clara Neal also resigned her own Swansea
headship (she was initially head of Terrace Road School followed by Head of
Glanmor Girls School from 1922) and moved to London sharing a house with Emily
Phipps and former London teacher Adelaide Jones (amongst others) who had helped
Emily Phipps with her 1918 election campaign and who was full-time financial
secretary to the NUWT from 1918.</div>
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Clara Neal died in 1937 but Emily Phipps continued to live
with Adelaide Jones and at the start of World War 2 in 1939 they were living in
retirement in Eastbourne. The last few months of Emily Phipps’ life were spent
(with Adelaide Jones) at her brother’s house near Newbury, Berkshire, where
Adelaide Jones remained after Emily Phipps death.</div>
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Emily died on 3 May 1943 of complications from a heart
condition. In the entry on Emily Phipps in the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, Hilda Kean describes her versatility:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"she had a working knowledge of French, German, Italian and Welsh…
she enjoyed part-singing, embroidery, reading and gardening. Known for her
sparkling personality, wit and strong tongue she inspired a generation of women
teachers. Her belief was ‘if you make yourself a doormat, do not be surprised
if people tread on you."</i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Annie Mullin</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Annie Mullin</b> was
a Liberal councillor in Roath, Cardiff, and suffragist. She is described by
historian Ursula Masson as having put “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">women
before party”.</i></div>
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Annie was a member of the Women’s Liberal Association and
was ward secretary for Cathays and Cardiff vice president between 1898 and
1901. She was an active social worker and was a founder member for the Cardiff
Women’s Local Government Association.</div>
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When she stood for Roath in February 1898, her platform was
for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“greater humanity”</i> in the care of
the poor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her stance was founded on the time
she had spent on the continent.</div>
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In 1910, she stood on the platform at the Cardiff conference
of Welsh Liberal women and voted to boycott any candidates who were
anti-suffrage. Her name is recorded as treasurer of the suffragist Cardiff
Progressive Liberal Women’s Union and in the Cardiff and District Women’s
Suffrage Society.</div>
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Her 2x great granddaughter is Elizabeth Clark is now a Liberal
Democrat councillor in the city:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Annie got involved with
the suffragist movement and also encouraged other people to get involved in
politics. Her stance to boycott anti-suffrage candidates was no doubt
controversial, but she stood up for her beliefs for women’s rights against her
political party and she wouldn’t compromise</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">She knew that women just had to have the vote and at the same time was
cultivating relationships to spread that message”.</i></div>
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The family also know that she had the ear of those in power.
Keir Hardie and Philip Snowden were guests at her Pontcanna home. Irish
nationalist Charles Stewart Parnell was another guest to the house.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-XJcU3ba1mwgrD72m_iQ6KWDLlAmdV-pw0VfTIn5LVlpgxI0e8-blyrZ6HoVLgh-XQ34iAAZQGLfHAEQRrY5TdhmqL39mr4DQIcHKP3HeItIDkHEOIZ5zF62pWYw1FM_tX96I_KaYm9V/s1600/Annie-Mullin-died-1921-was-a-Liberal-Councillor-in-Roath-Cardiff-and-suffragist+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="823" data-original-width="615" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-XJcU3ba1mwgrD72m_iQ6KWDLlAmdV-pw0VfTIn5LVlpgxI0e8-blyrZ6HoVLgh-XQ34iAAZQGLfHAEQRrY5TdhmqL39mr4DQIcHKP3HeItIDkHEOIZ5zF62pWYw1FM_tX96I_KaYm9V/s320/Annie-Mullin-died-1921-was-a-Liberal-Councillor-in-Roath-Cardiff-and-suffragist+2.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Annie Mullin and her children</td></tr>
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Elizabeth Clark only discovered her great great
grandmother’s role in suffrage with the publication of a new book about the
history of Cathays Cemetery, where Annie is buried.</div>
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Annie Mullins' daughter was encouraged to go to university and she
received a double first class honours. Elizabeth Clark is particularly proud of
the impact Annie had on two of her granddaughters. Eileen Clark was a Japanese code
breaker at Bletchley Park during WW2 and Sybil Clark was a British and
Commonwealth representative of the Italian film industry.</div>
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All of these fascinating stories prove that Welsh women were not willing to sit idly by in a man’s world, but were just as prepared to shape it and change it as their suffragette sisters in England and Scotland were - perhaps they were less militant in their actions - but their huge contribution helped women all over the UK to have the right to vote. <br />
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-39360565202755937482018-04-12T04:01:00.000+01:002018-05-05T17:38:26.737+01:00Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay – The Daughter of a Slave who became a Wealthy Heiress<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMxAjDb6fPXHwp55IXBtpHx8wwdLBx25vj57DMIL62GGn1ituBEPWXRvj7XjH8lN6-0fHmDEkUdhtz09Fh7rhRbDSp998pwotvmAlEWsD-oUOWAOlACoOwlsMX3omRjNRvc0Key7kATlx/s1600/belle_ver3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="535" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMxAjDb6fPXHwp55IXBtpHx8wwdLBx25vj57DMIL62GGn1ituBEPWXRvj7XjH8lN6-0fHmDEkUdhtz09Fh7rhRbDSp998pwotvmAlEWsD-oUOWAOlACoOwlsMX3omRjNRvc0Key7kATlx/s320/belle_ver3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FILM POSTER FOR BELLE (2014)</td></tr>
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Dido Elizabeth Belle Lindsay was born 1761 as the natural daughter of Maria Belle, an enslaved African woman and 24-year-old Sir John Lindsay, a British career naval officer and captain of the British warship HMS Trent, based in the British West Indies, who was already much-feted by the newspapers back home for his exploits. Lindsay is thought to have found Maria Belle held as a slave on a Spanish ship which his forces captured in the Caribbean. He took her as his lover and she later gave birth to his daughter. </div>
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Margo Stringfield, an archaeologist at the University of West Florida, has been digging at the site of the house of Dido’s mother, Maria Belle. Stringfield found, among other things, a document, signed by Sir John Lindsay, deeding a lot in Pensacola, Florida, to Maria in 1772. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“It was such an unusual situation -you would not normally have men conveying property to an ex-slave.”</i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFQxAhEdbzyvm9_aTheYELiMGooMsPRjnOYqJLWFfQA_AcaNUkShnU6jgrdxN4Ca35hFFy8BjBoJyfNXHZ3iEamn5xGBzBfGgvnHNQI00QU-uCVi1dQkub3yJeUEd77h0OOJgLQH0XQyk4/s1600/dido1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="564" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFQxAhEdbzyvm9_aTheYELiMGooMsPRjnOYqJLWFfQA_AcaNUkShnU6jgrdxN4Ca35hFFy8BjBoJyfNXHZ3iEamn5xGBzBfGgvnHNQI00QU-uCVi1dQkub3yJeUEd77h0OOJgLQH0XQyk4/s320/dido1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LORD MANSFIELD & SIR JOHN LINDSAY</td></tr>
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In 1764, when Dido was three, Lindsay was sent to Pensacola to test naval equipment. Maria Belle accompanied him. Once in Florida, Lindsay took his pick of land that had been granted to the British Navy. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The British named the streets after men of importance and I believe Lindsay chose this lot deliberately,”</i> says Stringfield. Maria Belle’s former house is on the corner of Lindsay and Mansfield streets. Lindsay and Maria returned to London in subsequent years and their relationship continued well into Lindsay’s 1768 marriage to Mary Milner, an MP’s daughter. But it appears to have ended in 1774, when Maria returned to Pensacola alone.In the deed for the house, Lindsay guaranteed Maria her freedom, and he set her up well. Stringfield has found china tea pots and cups, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“a beautiful decanter top”</i> and pieces of delicate wine glass. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“It was certainly a genteel life.”</i></div>
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Lindsay returned to London after the war in 1765 and bought his young daughter, who was baptised as Dido Elizabeth Belle in 1766 at St. George's, Bloomsbury. In London in the 18<sup>th</sup> Century there were around 10,000 black people already in the city, and there were more of mixed parentage by the time Belle was living there. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA9o3wUOwGFet_sL13bVf_0nANq5_hOUU7tj2odDkhEQvzKnSCHQ_MF9FdQHmQ8f0N2oqpqij_ar8gz30bma9WHtdWcV_m3CCrrBP1z9cIqwDnv4oiOFx0czGHcR-WUQDXIcfBs80_mvVw/s1600/Kenwood-blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="755" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA9o3wUOwGFet_sL13bVf_0nANq5_hOUU7tj2odDkhEQvzKnSCHQ_MF9FdQHmQ8f0N2oqpqij_ar8gz30bma9WHtdWcV_m3CCrrBP1z9cIqwDnv4oiOFx0czGHcR-WUQDXIcfBs80_mvVw/s320/Kenwood-blog.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">KENWOOD HOUSE, HAMPSTEAD</td></tr>
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Lindsay took Dido Belle to Kenwood House in Hampstead which was set in beautiful landscaped gardens with a view of St Paul’s Cathedral six miles away. Kenwood House was the home of Lindsay’s Uncle, William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, and his wife Elizabeth Murray, Countess of Mansfield. The Murray family raised Belle as a free, educated woman along with their great-niece and Dido's cousin, Lady Elizabeth Murray, whose mother had died when Elizabeth was six. The Mansfield’s took Belle in to be Lady Elizabeth's playmate and, later in life, her personal attendant and companion, .</div>
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Belle lived at Kenwood House for 31 years and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> "was treated like the rest of the family when she was in company with only the family."</i> As the black, illegitimate daughter of a nobleman, Belle was too well-born to belong with commoners but too different to be welcomed whole-heartedly in high society. When the Mansfield’s were entertaining, Belle didn't eat with the guests but she was always treated as "a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">loved but poor relation"</i> by the family.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Mo7CB08FWx5DfTUrHwJE-Pzv7-WBwCGO3MHtiFqDiHa4YB5bh-btrkpM3fVdUXlQhjdEYdoir6PcA_e8O4oDD6Llo_sswbGTYY3KeneV1gSGxqGZmS7WPJYmsO9AzzO4PcFKuQ_sNvuw/s1600/Dido-for-blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="755" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Mo7CB08FWx5DfTUrHwJE-Pzv7-WBwCGO3MHtiFqDiHa4YB5bh-btrkpM3fVdUXlQhjdEYdoir6PcA_e8O4oDD6Llo_sswbGTYY3KeneV1gSGxqGZmS7WPJYmsO9AzzO4PcFKuQ_sNvuw/s320/Dido-for-blog.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FROM THE FILM BELLE</td></tr>
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Being given expensive medical treatments and luxurious bedroom furnishings, were further evidence of her special position at Kenwood She had a four-poster bed draped in chintz, mahogany furniture in her rooms and costly remedies were purchased when she was ill. She received an allowance that was twice the annual salary of the first coachman. She, just like Elizabeth, had private lessons from a governess and was taught how to play the piano. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Dido was very, very privileged,”</i> says William Murray, a descendant of the Earl . <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“She was in the top 5 per cent, perhaps the top 1 per cent, in terms of how she lived." </i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY4hHlUM42tOxxfEwU3uYSYfqGGzNX5i8lIeaPQS4vFwOOuFAi2v8e_YEbQZ6Z0ALvi5f552En2QrHQQ6fjy5ePNyoKUrDibQBVF0ImTey0poR_NpaAWYECX5_7nC_NdI8YIad85K1jdYk/s1600/belle-portrait_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq6f7LZ7seCW96zliyTYX6ViIMpBIiS72GQ3QPBtusw-s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="459" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY4hHlUM42tOxxfEwU3uYSYfqGGzNX5i8lIeaPQS4vFwOOuFAi2v8e_YEbQZ6Z0ALvi5f552En2QrHQQ6fjy5ePNyoKUrDibQBVF0ImTey0poR_NpaAWYECX5_7nC_NdI8YIad85K1jdYk/s320/belle-portrait_trans_NvBQzQNjv4Bq6f7LZ7seCW96zliyTYX6ViIMpBIiS72GQ3QPBtusw-s.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PAINTING OF DIDO AND ELIZABETH</td></tr>
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The family commissioned a painting of Dido and Elizabeth. Completed in 1779, it was formerly attributed to Johann Zoffany though is currently thought to have been painted in the Zoffany style by David Martin. It is unique in British art of the 18th century in depicting a black woman and a white woman as near equals. It shows Dido alongside and slightly behind her cousin Elizabeth, carrying exotic fruit and wearing a turban with a large ostrich feather. Dido is portrayed with great vivacity, while her cousin appears more sedate and formal; both women wear gowns reflecting their high social status. They are standing together on the grounds of Kenwood and her cousin's hand lies gently upon Dido's arm, suggesting affection and the possibility that they are walking the grounds together. Their positioning in the painting may hint to differences in their race: Elizabeth stands holding a book while Dido holds a plate of fruit, as if on her way to serve others. However, Dido's gown and accessories demonstrate an expensive, fashion-forward style contrasting with Elizabeth's more traditional dress.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Esther Chadwick, a member of the History of Art department at Yale University said <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“What’s remarkable is that Dido is painted at the same height as Elizabeth Murray, and Elizabeth Murray is shown reaching out to her. But what’s most unusual is her direct gaze.”</i></div>
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The painting is owned by the present Earl of Mansfield and housed at Scone Palace in Perth, Scotland. In 2007, it was exhibited in Kenwood House, together with more information about Belle, during an exhibition marking the bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act 1807. For a long time, the double portrait at Scone Palace was labelled with only one name: “The Lady Elizabeth Murray”. As William Murray explains, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“It was only when my grandmother was taking some tourists around Scone in the early Nineties that one of them who had heard of Dido questioned who was in this portrait.”</i> The family then started digging for more information on Belle. </div>
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Lord Mansfield had a close paternal relationship with Belle. She often assisted him in his work by taking dictation of his letters and later acted as his personal secretary. This sort of work was normally done by a male clerk. Belle he had beautiful handwriting as a result of her good education. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVl3da2TBzlDSOlMUa3RnQqM9zRe6kqji8P95qRGF2jptM_HeMlH94pBy8GJpjdlj9C-y1I5O2xBE7y_D18GrVflazwe_OWC3uZr8FPjNVlQKG7HUkPy1KuTeaxOLydX_nE6-GWg0KWpcT/s1600/Dido-Banner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="780" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVl3da2TBzlDSOlMUa3RnQqM9zRe6kqji8P95qRGF2jptM_HeMlH94pBy8GJpjdlj9C-y1I5O2xBE7y_D18GrVflazwe_OWC3uZr8FPjNVlQKG7HUkPy1KuTeaxOLydX_nE6-GWg0KWpcT/s320/Dido-Banner.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FROM THE FILM BELLE</td></tr>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“So why did the first Earl take her on?”</i> asks William Murray<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. “I think it’s because of his own experience of being an outsider.” Mansfield grew up in Scotland, the fourth son of the Viscount of Stormont. It was a noble but impoverished line and Mansfield was dispatched to London aged 12 to make his own way.”</i></div>
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One of Mansfield's friends, American Thomas Hutchinson, a former governor of Massachusetts who as a Loyalist had moved to London, recalled in his personal diary that Belle <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"….was called upon by my Lord every minute for this thing and that, and showed the greatest attention to everything he said".</i></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also talks about his first impressions of her at Lord Mansfield's house, saying:</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"A Black girl came in after dinner and sat with the ladies, and after coffee, walked with the company in the gardens, one of the young ladies having her arm within the other. She had a very high cap, and her wool was much frizzled in her neck, but not enough to answer the large curls now in fashion. I knew her history before, but my Lord mentioned it again. Sir Lindsay, having taken her mother prisoner in a Spanish vessel, brought her to England, where she delivered of this girl, of which she was then with child, and which was taken care of by Lord M., and has been educated by his family. He calls her Dido, which I suppose is all the name she has. He knows he has been reproached for shewing a fondness for her – I dare say not criminal.”</i></div>
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A reference to Belle also appears briefly in volume II of James Beattie's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elements of Moral Science</i>. Beattie refers to her intelligence, saying;</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"But I happened, a few days after, to see his theory overturned, and my conjecture established by a negro girl about ten years old, who had been six years in England, and not only spoke with the articulation and accent of a native, but repeated some pieces of poetry, with a degree of elegance, which would have been admired in any English child of her years."</i> </div>
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Following this is a footnote which states, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"She was in Lord Mansfield's family ; and at his desire, and in his presence, repeated those pieces of poetry to me. She was called Dido, and I believe is still alive."</i> This is and the quotations from Thomas Hutchinson are some of the few direct references to Dido found in primary source material.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhATLB1A1OPztnQTsQo7fnQxQKfOTKBxypMRDbTQ9gqL_PpOYf8XVvQJzbKp7ANPb5BqzsK8zjBOLNX6SqOiOB9dxHUrBMdFoHzPO0ViZ3Se3CBLvdIzb2kvBzrRawD6rgFsjLPq2i3Hs4X/s1600/belle-composite_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhATLB1A1OPztnQTsQo7fnQxQKfOTKBxypMRDbTQ9gqL_PpOYf8XVvQJzbKp7ANPb5BqzsK8zjBOLNX6SqOiOB9dxHUrBMdFoHzPO0ViZ3Se3CBLvdIzb2kvBzrRawD6rgFsjLPq2i3Hs4X/s320/belle-composite_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqtGQB12KHxxQCrwnTZkX0nwgWqwm85JEWpGVhFb46TTg.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FROM THE FILM BELLE</td></tr>
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As Belle grew older, she took on the responsibility of managing the dairy and poultry yards at Kenwood. This was a typical occupation for ladies of the gentry. Belle was given an annual allowance of £30 10s, which was several times the wages of a domestic servant. By contrast, Lady Elizabeth received around £100, but she was a beneficiary in her own right through her mother's family. Belle, quite apart from her race, was illegitimate, in a time and place when great social stigma usually accompanied such status.</div>
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Lady Mansfield died tragically early in 1784 and her husband never got over her loss.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mansfield’s retreat from public life began then. After his retirement, he withdrew to the first floor apartments at Kenwood. According to the novelist, Fanny Burney, writing in her diary at this time,</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Poor Lord Mansfield has not been downstairs, the housekeeper told us, for the last four years…”</i></div>
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Then a year later, Elizabeth left Kenwood to marry George Finch-Hatton. Elizabeth and Belle had been friends and companions since they were small children.They shared everything, but now Elizabeth was to embrace the life she had been bred for, as a wife and mistress of Eastwell Park in Kent. She would bear five children and their son George would become the tenth Earl of Winchilsea and fifth Earl of Nottingham.</div>
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With no sons, it was Lord Mansfield’s nephew Lord Stormont who would inherit Kenwood, and it would have been unlikely that he would have wanted Belle there. Now more than ever she would have been aware of her peculiar position in the family. It was inconceivable that she could hope to make a similar marriage to Elizabeth, not merely because of her skin colour but also because she was illegitimate.</div>
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Not surprisingly, Lord Mansfield and Belle grew even closer after his wife’s death. After Elizabeth’s marriage, Mansfield added a codicil to his will, giving an extra £200 for Belle ‘<i>to set out with</i>’. It seems he was worried about what would become of her after his death. Over the years he added more codicils increasing her inheritance. </div>
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The original will of 1782 also specifically requests that his wife’s friend the Dowager Duchess of Portland should bequeath Belle a portrait of himself by Van Loo<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, ‘to hang in her room, to put her in mind of one she knew from her infancy, and always honoured with uninterrupted confidence and friendship’.</i></div>
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The phrasing here is astonishing: for a lord to have stated in his will that he honoured a young black woman would have been remarkable enough, but for Mansfield to say that Belle honoured him with her confidence and friendship gives an intimation of the deep affection and respect in which he held her. Equally importantly in this document of 1782 he made a striking statement, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘I confirm to Dido Elizabeth Belle her freedom,’</i> revealing his absolute determination that there should be no possibility of her somehow being sold back into slavery after his death.</div>
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Belle's father had died in 1788 without legitimate heirs, bequeathing £1000 to be shared by his "reputed children", John and Elizabeth Lindsay. Historian Gene Adams believed this suggested that Lindsay referred to his daughter as Elizabeth, and she may have been named Dido by his uncle and aunt after they took charge of the girl.. A contemporary obituary of Sir John Lindsay, who had eventually been promoted to admiral, acknowledged that he was the father of Dido Belle, and described her: </div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"[H]e has died, we believe, without any legitimate issue but has left one natural daughter, a Mulatta who has been brought up in Lord Mansfield's family almost from her infancy and whose amiable disposition and accomplishments have gained her the highest respect from all his Lordship's relations and visitants." </i></div>
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When Lord Mansfield died in 1793, Belle lost her friend and protector – but she had become a woman of some means. Belle was in her 30s and no doubt considered herself past marriageable age at this point but this was to change very shortly. </div>
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In his will written in 1783, Lord Mansfield bequeathed her with £500 as an outright sum and a £100 annuity, which she received after his death in 1793.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1799 Belle also inherited £100 from Lady Margery Murray, one of two female relatives who had come to live with and help care for the Murrays in their later years.</div>
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William Murray left his niece Elizabeth Murray £10,000. Her father was in line to inherit his father's title and more money.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzyjcNA7j7pw774V6MtNX6Ra4hCrLPlxZ6n4r69HqJvx50RNhBQE25dwQfwvR0ztq6JtzLKN1-2cpj5BusJQupakf_CHAkW1kB6aDYES9nkGxNxnwTqfe48wa83GIwStWqalY65_wOJQv/s1600/belle-gugu-second_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwfSVWeZ_vEN7c6bHu2jJnT8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="858" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzzyjcNA7j7pw774V6MtNX6Ra4hCrLPlxZ6n4r69HqJvx50RNhBQE25dwQfwvR0ztq6JtzLKN1-2cpj5BusJQupakf_CHAkW1kB6aDYES9nkGxNxnwTqfe48wa83GIwStWqalY65_wOJQv/s320/belle-gugu-second_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwfSVWeZ_vEN7c6bHu2jJnT8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FROM THE FILM BELLE</td></tr>
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Five months after her great-uncle's death in March 1793, Belle married John Davinier, a Frenchman who worked as a gentleman's steward. They wed on 5 December 1793 at St George's, Hanover Square. They were both then residents of the parish. He was the son of the local Reverend in Hampstead, and they had known each other, at least by sight, for many years. They moved to what is now Ebury Street in Belgravia. The Daviniers had at least three sons: twins Charles and John, both baptised at St George's on 8 May 1795; and William Thomas, baptised there on 26 January 1802. The young family must have lived a comfortable life, thanks to the legacies Belle had and Davinier’s earnings as a trusted servant. </div>
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Belle died of natural causes in 1805 at the age of 43, and was interred in July of that year at St George's Fields, Westminster, a burial-ground close to what is now Bayswater Road. In the 1970s, the site was redeveloped and her grave was moved.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Her husband later remarried and had two more children with his second wife.</div>
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Belle's son Charles Davinier served with the Madras Army - one of the territorial armies of the East India Company , preceding the British Indian Army. In 1810, he was listed as a lieutenant in the 15th Native Infantry In August 1836, he married at Kensington Church, Hannah Nash, youngest daughter of J. Nash, Esquire, of Kensington. At this time, he held the rank of captain in the 30th Native Infantry. In August 1837, Captain Charles Davinier was relieved from his former duty and was "to have charge of Infantry recruits" in the headquarters at Fort St. George. He retired from service in 1847, still being with the 30th Native Infantry. After his retirement he lived with his wife, children and servants at Lansdowne Villas in Notting Hill, where he died on 24th January 1873.</div>
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Belle's last known descendant, her great-great-grandson Harold Davinier, died childless in South Africa in 1975.</div>
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Belle’s great-uncle, Lord Mansfield, in his capacity as Lord Chief Justice, ruled in two very significant slavery cases. </div>
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The first was that of James Somerset. A slave who had been brought to England, Somerset escaped, was caught and then forced onto a ship bound for the West Indies. Somerset’s “owner” argued he could do with him as he pleased. But witnesses were shocked by Somerset’s violent capture and commentators horrified that a man’s freedom could be denied on English soil. Mansfield set him free, judging that colony slave laws were not binding in England.</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political; but only positive law, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasion, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory: it's so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England.</i></div>
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Mansfield's ruling that slavery did not exist in common law and had never been introduced by positive law was taken by abolitionists to mean that slavery was abolished in England. </div>
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His ruling was narrow and reserved judgment on this point, saying only that the slave's owner had no right to remove Somerset from England against his will. Mansfield later said his decision was intended only to apply to the slave at issue in the case. At the time, it was suggested that Mansfield's personal experience with raising Dido Belle influenced his decision. Thomas Hutchinson later recalled a comment by a slave-owner:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"A few years ago there was a cause before his Lordship brought by a Black for recovery of his liberty. A Jamaica planter, being asked what judgment his Lordship would give [answered] 'No doubt... he will be set free, for Lord Mansfield keeps a Black in his house which governs him and the whole family.'"</i></div>
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The second case he ruled on was The Zong massacre. In 1781, a slave ship bound for Jamaica threw 132 slaves overboard. The ship’s owners claimed the vessel had run out of water and the crew had to sacrifice some slaves to save the 300 others on board. Now, they wanted their insurers to pay up for the lost “cargo”. The insurance company rejected the claim and it found its way to Lord Mansfield.</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“It is a very shocking case,”</i> he wrote. It appalled English society. The legal argument hinged on whether the slaves had been killed out of necessity or whether, as was suspected, they had become diseased during the journey - and therefore worthless - and had been murdered for the insurance pay out. In the end, the owners couldn’t prove necessity and dropped the claim amid a storm of negative publicity. </div>
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Dido Belle’s story has been told in plays, films and books:</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dido Belle</i> (2006), a film by Jason Young, was written as a short period drama titled Kenwood House. It was workshopped at Battersea Arts Centre on 21 June 2006 as part of the Battersea Writers' Group script development programme.</div>
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Shirley J. Thompson's operatic trilogy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirit Songs</i> – including <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirit of the Middle Passage</i> about Dido Elizabeth Belle, with Abigail Kelly in the role – was performed with the Philharmonia Orchestra at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall, Southbank Centre, in March 2007 as part of the 200-year commemoration of the act abolishing the international slave trade.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Let Justice Be Done</i>, a 2008 play by Mixed Blessings Theatre Group, explores the influence that Belle might have had on her great-uncle's Somersett Ruling of 1772.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An African Cargo</i> by Margaret Busby, a play staged by Nitro Black Theatre Co-operative at Greenwich Theatre, 2007, in commemoration of the bicentenary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, deals with a landmark 1783 trial presided over by Lord Mansfield at the Guildhall, resulting from the Zong massacre. The character of Dido Belle expresses to the audience feelings of horror and injustice for the murder of the slaves on the ship.</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Family Likeness,</i> a 2013 novel by Caitlin Davies, was inspired in part by the life of Dido Elizabeth Belle. Zadie Smith mentions the story of Belle in her 2016 novel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Swing Time</i> when the narrator goes to Kenwood House and overhears a tour guide talking about her.</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Belle </i>(2013), a major feature film directed by Amma Asante, explores Dido's life as the multiracial natural daughter of an aristocrat in 18th-century England; she became an heiress but occupied an ambiguous social position. The film is based on the 1779 painting of Dido and her cousin Elizabeth, formerly thought to be by Zoffany. The film stars Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Dido and Tom Wilkinson as her guardian Lord Mansfield. </div>
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Author Paula Byrne was commissioned to write <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Belle: The True Story of Dido Belle (</i>2014) as a tie-in to the 2013 film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Belle</i>. It was published as an audiobook when the movie opened in the United States.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The film<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Belle</i>, directed by Amma Asante and starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw, tells Dido Elizabeth Belle’s story for the 21st century. Like all historical-biographical films, it takes considerable artistic licence even with the few facts that we know about her. The Zong case, being more dramatic, is made the centrepiece of the courtroom drama, although the Somerset ruling was more significant for the abolitionists’ cause. John Davinier becomes an idealistic clergyman’s son instead of a French servant and much of their romance is invented but the spirit of the film is true to the astonishing story of Belle’s bond with Lord Mansfield.</div>
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Belle’s grave may be lost and she may have no living descendants, but the painting remains a testament to her extraordinary legacy. She lives on for ever in this portrait, striding back from the orangery, perpetually in motion, gazing out boldly with her quizzical, dimpled smile, making no apology for her presence and her vitality.</div>
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Just as the portrait of Dido Elizabeth Belle and Lady Elizabeth Murray sparked Paula Byrne’s interest, it was also the starting point for Belle director Amma Asante<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. ‘I’d just been to see an exhibition entitled The Black Character in Art, so when Damian Jones [Belle’s producer] sent me a postcard of this portrait depicting a black girl and white girl with equal prominence, I knew it was significant.’</i> Amma’s interest in Belle’s story grew and so began her journey to turn it into a film.</div>
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Amma had to make some changes to the known facts about Belle’s life: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘We wanted to show the development of Dido’s relationship with her father figure, Lord Mansfield and her romantic affairs, alongside the documenting of this momentous time in history.’</i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGFg2oDy29pBbZe0Bb6lekU2CZIbGPzgrYZC05FdJ1nJinkE1fnQJImmhVx8JQ2oskStyYTjSa75OD2i0Criq5QIgr0NUVhUHT2JsSol7JkSy9DTDV6U5VFh8Sb50GhUoKOgge7EC4XCEg/s1600/belle-gugu_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqvhCrx-Cy0yBjHIFAUptX7JZkKJWXCFsQ_nh-Om5V7O8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1600" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGFg2oDy29pBbZe0Bb6lekU2CZIbGPzgrYZC05FdJ1nJinkE1fnQJImmhVx8JQ2oskStyYTjSa75OD2i0Criq5QIgr0NUVhUHT2JsSol7JkSy9DTDV6U5VFh8Sb50GhUoKOgge7EC4XCEg/s320/belle-gugu_trans_NvBQzQNjv4BqvhCrx-Cy0yBjHIFAUptX7JZkKJWXCFsQ_nh-Om5V7O8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FROM THE FILM BELLE </td></tr>
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Set against the background of the Zong slave massacre, Amma made Belle older than she would have been at the time as she felt it was key that she had a political conscience and an understanding of the social upheavals. The landmark verdict against slavery that concludes Belle was in fact delivered by Lord Mansfield at the Somerset case, but it is no less significant for this<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. ‘We don’t know whether Dido had an influence on Lord Mansfield’s verdict, or whether he was that courageous already,’</i> says Amma.</div>
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Despite auditioning <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘every mixed-race actress possible’,</i> on meeting 30-year-old Oxford-born Gugu, Amma knew she’d found her Belle. Gugu had previously won praise for her portrayal of Ophelia alongside Jude Law’s Hamlet and was working in Los Angeles on TV shows Touch and Undercovers at the time of the audition. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘She has a natural elegance and understood the history,’</i> says Amma.</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">‘I’d walked passed Kenwood House [Lord Mansfield’s home in which Belle was raised] countless times when I was living in Highgate and studying at Rada, so I could imagine myself as her,’</i> says Gugu.</div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Belle is a coming-of-age story. During the film, Dido discovers her position as a member of the aristocracy, as a daughter and as a black woman,’</i> says Amma. </div>
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OFFICIAL TRAILER FOR THE FILM BELLE (2014)</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cJ3VUbfJWD0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cJ3VUbfJWD0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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DOCUMENTARY ON THE LIFE OF DIDO BELLE </div>
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<b>BUY YOUR COPY OF BELLE BY PAULA BYRNE HERE </b></div>
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The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-29779425556120821372018-04-10T03:01:00.001+01:002018-04-10T03:06:36.516+01:00Alla Nazimova and The Garden of Allah Hotel<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Op01YEMjhdCEa1EUT-O7CxRJICU_qClvfQb6iwSdWu7hWX-4lQgkUxUAF-e5X8lasE7uK5-ZMiPWEK8b-kFTnwXeczWNIkVel6AivXBpo4KFa8pANlpkwOSNxS12H24vcphYvZ033uTH/s1600/CCP_FIGX_NAZIMOVA_WFP-NAZ141-212x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Op01YEMjhdCEa1EUT-O7CxRJICU_qClvfQb6iwSdWu7hWX-4lQgkUxUAF-e5X8lasE7uK5-ZMiPWEK8b-kFTnwXeczWNIkVel6AivXBpo4KFa8pANlpkwOSNxS12H24vcphYvZ033uTH/s1600/CCP_FIGX_NAZIMOVA_WFP-NAZ141-212x300.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alla Nazimova</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alla Nazimova was a Russian actress who immigrated to the
United States in 1905. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the classic
plays of Ibsen, Chekhov and Turgenev. After starring in a string of silent
movie successes her own efforts at silent film production were less successful,
but a few of her key performances still survive on film as a record of her art.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova conducted relationships with women but could not be
fully open about her sexuality in public or within the film industry at that time. Her
mansion on Hollywood's Sunset Boulevard – The Garden of Alla - was the scene of
many wild, outlandish parties and became THE place for Hollywood’s Avant Garde
elite to socialize. She is credited with having originated the phrase "the
sewing circle" as a discreet code word for a group of lesbian or homosexual actors.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> Nazimova’s Early life</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrvHg9yxtoP7cbu5WCzFce2byXv82AsIYeAVjksEnurmwrSJ1HPUVCEXX8wGPnd7VpRQZm96yp8_KKzDr-tpmiUy1mGrHYnSRt3TyL5o-nRRrUolFHkVi2ABqjY-_iFXPi8kdDhWYeHpO/s1600/nazimova-and-hat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="392" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVrvHg9yxtoP7cbu5WCzFce2byXv82AsIYeAVjksEnurmwrSJ1HPUVCEXX8wGPnd7VpRQZm96yp8_KKzDr-tpmiUy1mGrHYnSRt3TyL5o-nRRrUolFHkVi2ABqjY-_iFXPi8kdDhWYeHpO/s320/nazimova-and-hat.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alla Nazimova</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alla Nazimova was born Marem-Ides Leventon on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>May 22nd, 1879 in Yalta, Crimea, which was part of the Russian Empire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her stage
name was inspired by the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the
Russian novel <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Children of the Streets</i>. Alla showed a great aptitude for music and
began having violin lessons at the age of seven. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents
Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia Lvovna Horowitz, who moved
to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. She grew up in a dysfunctional
family and her parents divorced when she was 8. After her parents separated,
she went to various boarding schools and foster homes and lived with different
relatives. Alla developed a strong penchant for outrageous behaviour helped, in
no small part, by her striking violet-coloured eyes.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a teenager she began to pursue an interest in the theatre.
Despite her conservative father’s objections, she began having lessons at age
17 at the Academy of Acting in Moscow. She joined Constantin Stanislavski's
Moscow Art Theatre as a pupil of his ‘method style’ using her stage name of
Alla Nazimova for the very first time. In 1899, she married Sergei Golovin, a
fellow actor; however the marriage was “in name only” and was used as a smokescreen to hide
Nazimova’s true sexuality. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Acting Career</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZtA_bFGQqPiMrpm2d-6-08daiTBmcqDxB40L0EK8aUrDrpqKr8MK25hePmT5nd5FlzX6FdZvV2FjkTeOxHDGXLfWeLDpzKhNjqD93F5fSSbfxghsz8_MhTaLLlUOH_FFEJSPbZVC0bq5r/s1600/600full-alla-nazimova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="488" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZtA_bFGQqPiMrpm2d-6-08daiTBmcqDxB40L0EK8aUrDrpqKr8MK25hePmT5nd5FlzX6FdZvV2FjkTeOxHDGXLfWeLDpzKhNjqD93F5fSSbfxghsz8_MhTaLLlUOH_FFEJSPbZVC0bq5r/s320/600full-alla-nazimova.jpg" width="203" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nazimova</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova's theatre career blossomed early; and by 1903 she
was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including
London and Berlin, with Pavel Orlenev, a flamboyant actor and producer. In 1905
they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theatre on the Lower
East Side. The venture was unsuccessful and Orlenev returned to Russia while
Nazimova decided to stay in New York.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller and
made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular
success. Nazimova found herself heralded for her definitive
interpretations of Ibsen’s <i>Hedda Gabler </i>and <i>A Doll’s House.</i> Dorothy Parker
described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen. She quickly became
extremely popular; and a theatre was named after her.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was during this period that Nazimova met British-born actor Charles Bryant, the man who would become her“second </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
husband.” Nazimova
was still legally married to Segei Golovin but from 1912 to 1925 Nazimova
maintained a fake "lavender marriage" with Charles Bryant.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova had kept her first marriage a secret from the
press, her fans and even her closest friends. In 1923, she officially divorced
Golovin without traveling to the Soviet Union. Her divorce papers, stated that
on May 11, 1923, the marriage of Leventon Alla Alexandrovna and Sergius
Arkadyevitch Golovin, consummated between them in the City Church of Boruysk
June 20, 1899, had been officially dissolved. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A little over two years later, on November 16, 1925, Charles
Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans and Nazimova herself by
marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut. When the press uncovered the
fact that Charles had listed his current marital status as "single"
on his marriage license, the revelation that the marriage between Alla and
Charles had been a sham from the beginning embroiled Nazimova in a scandal that
went on to damage her successful acting career.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihPXTEWFqFWTzPk-R9OP7ZkNgj0Idit8K6fOq2mCoABOpGtIYMnCqDooYjgD1sL1Cg0w2i1TZvwPsDqtlCn_bx3OG3160A6b0EwZsvomKkFtuDChBpxmF7msRE7FKdnLr3OvtuUWFw3ev0/s1600/Nazimova_CCP_FIGX_WFP-NAZ091.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="640" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihPXTEWFqFWTzPk-R9OP7ZkNgj0Idit8K6fOq2mCoABOpGtIYMnCqDooYjgD1sL1Cg0w2i1TZvwPsDqtlCn_bx3OG3160A6b0EwZsvomKkFtuDChBpxmF7msRE7FKdnLr3OvtuUWFw3ev0/s320/Nazimova_CCP_FIGX_WFP-NAZ091.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1915, with the outbreak of World War I, Nazimova was
offered a role in the 35-minute play <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War
Brides</i>. The play and Nasimova’s performance came to the attention of motion
picture producer Lewis J. Selznick. He was also from Ukraine and his second
son, David O. Selznick, later became a notable Hollywood filmmaker who produced
Nazimova’s final film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Since You Went
Away</i>, in 1944. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lewis Selznick offered Nazimova $30,000 and a $1,000 per day
bonus for every day filming went over schedule. A young actor with a bit part
in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, whose mother taught Nazimova English.
Nazimova had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova took on the film role in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War Brides </i>on the succession of eroticized femme fatale roles that
she had accepted under contract first to New York’s Shubert brothers and then
to Charles Frohman’s Theatrical Syndicate. Prior to this performance, Nazimova
had a reputation as a moody Bohemian and political subversive. With her role in
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War Brides,</i> a strident feminist was
invented, if only temporarily, for the screen. Nazimova boasted to a reporter
for the New York American that her decision to appear as figure of suffrage in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War Brides</i> was intended to be a
contribution to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the womanhood of the
world”</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Though periodic image reinvention now seems de rigueur for
Hollywood stars, it wasn’t always; part of Nazimova’s legacy is that she is
said to have been among the earliest to exercise control over her own celebrity
image. With very few exceptions, the path of Nazimova’s motion picture career
is described according to skillful and timely reinventions of her public persona
and a feminine will as sharply defined as the emotive theatrical poses for
which she became known. Stories repeatedly appeared in the press about the
actress being “caught” taking in one of her films along with the movie-going
public, suggesting that Nazimova maintained a belief in the primacy of a live
appearance, even if she embraced the new medium as an advance over theatre,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a 1916 interview, Nazimova said about the film industry:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0etJr5Z04uiv-Zkv4JSISov2-A1u5fuUpBuPf-TmCiX6H0gKsITuloYgEeJjfuoRU5iadXynPyDVAyY9bn6KCHw0fuYh7sUdhkKriFg0wmT3f79eClmtpZeb2Sg_3aFG3s17skwixoM3w/s1600/Nazimova_CCP_FIGX_WFP-NAZ061.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="589" data-original-width="640" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0etJr5Z04uiv-Zkv4JSISov2-A1u5fuUpBuPf-TmCiX6H0gKsITuloYgEeJjfuoRU5iadXynPyDVAyY9bn6KCHw0fuYh7sUdhkKriFg0wmT3f79eClmtpZeb2Sg_3aFG3s17skwixoM3w/s320/Nazimova_CCP_FIGX_WFP-NAZ061.jpg" width="320" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pioneer days are now past. This is proved,
not in the great mass of moving pictures we see, but the flashes of genius
which show what can be done when true artists devote themselves sincerely to
creative work. On the speaking stage there have always been more bad plays than
good ones, but no one ever argued from this that the drama was a failure. We
must always judge an art by its best examples, not by its worst, not even its
second best . . . At the present the proportion of fine motion pictures to the
total number produced is smaller than the proportion of masterpieces in other
art, but if we pause to consider the youth of this field of endeavour, we find
our criticisms answered. We must be patient.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1917, based on the success of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War Brides</i>, Nazimova was offered a 5-year, $13,000 a week
contract–$3,000 more than Mary Pickford was earning –with Metro studios working with future
MGM mogul Louis B. Mayer. Her contract awarded her the right to approve
director, script, and leading man. Her first film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revelation</i> (1918) where she starred alongside “husband” Charles
Bryant was a huge success. She played a French cabaret singer who finds divine
inspiration in a rose bush and joins the Salvation Army as a nurse. Her
follow-up film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Toys of Fate</i> also did
very well. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nazimova played dual roles as
half-sisters during the Boxer Rebellion in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Red Lantern</i> (1919), and then moved to Los Angeles to begin production on
her third film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eye for Eye</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fLfa5OfqiCE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fLfa5OfqiCE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
NAZIMOVA IN THE RED LANTERN</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From 1917 to 1922, Nazimova wielded considerable influence
and power in Hollywood. She completed 11 highly successful films for the studio
over a three-year period which earned her a considerable amount of money. She
was a torrid, stylish and rather outré tragedienne who generally played exotic,
liberal women confronted by great personal anguish. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova Productions produced nine largely profitable,
feature-length films and brought along the writing talent of writer-producer
June Mathis. Details regarding the supervisory roles Nazimova played in the
production of many of her films remain confusing since not all of Nazimova’s
contributions are reflected in the official credits on films. Contemporary
sources discuss Nazimova’s work not only for direction, production, titles,
editing, and in at least one instance, lighting and design.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1G0QwUU_Cb4_OJO9L_PdYBrpiiRUMSzC3fRvesoidAteNNDesVrOwiR9motDwW4U3ritvCastBZMoQaCysinmAcv1l49OHdDVfQtkDhm5XY8aZ2M5i2yVVtv_6Woj7GflYj9UGCuFUYtT/s1600/330px-Aug_9%252C_1916_Herbert_Brenon_Alla_Nazimova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="233" data-original-width="330" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1G0QwUU_Cb4_OJO9L_PdYBrpiiRUMSzC3fRvesoidAteNNDesVrOwiR9motDwW4U3ritvCastBZMoQaCysinmAcv1l49OHdDVfQtkDhm5XY8aZ2M5i2yVVtv_6Woj7GflYj9UGCuFUYtT/s320/330px-Aug_9%252C_1916_Herbert_Brenon_Alla_Nazimova.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova received a costume design credit on the film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revelation</i> . As a screenwriter she
worked under the pseudonym Peter M. Winters, and many film scholars acknowledge
her as the director of pictures that gave on-screen credit to Charles Bryant.
After her celebrity began to falter, Nazimova began to take aesthetic risks and
to embody a gay sensibility beyond the taste of her mainstream audience. For
this reason, Metro executives cancelled Nazimova’s production of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphrodite</i>, with a screenplay by June
Mathis when they read of the film’s planned scenes of
lust and violence.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSUOFwpn22UV4RnTVuiVG6a7xGhy7dUmnOezkDPd1bqr2TBX04FenMtdHFDmoMFoz3Ub25lksF6kuJzLQMRh4gHHbYHF2YSCGyptYTfpMnFuUoCCOJyhs7e7LvEJJjdwfhC4Wjl5ElJJC/s1600/Postcard-c1918-nazimova-hayvenhurst.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="954" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSUOFwpn22UV4RnTVuiVG6a7xGhy7dUmnOezkDPd1bqr2TBX04FenMtdHFDmoMFoz3Ub25lksF6kuJzLQMRh4gHHbYHF2YSCGyptYTfpMnFuUoCCOJyhs7e7LvEJJjdwfhC4Wjl5ElJJC/s320/Postcard-c1918-nazimova-hayvenhurst.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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By the end of 1918, with her film career still flourishing,
she spent $65,000 on an imposing California Spanish home at 8080 Sunset
Boulevard - then still an unpaved dirt track - and proceeded to spend another
$65,000 remodelling the interior, building a large swimming pool — designed in
the shape of the Black Sea, to remind her of her native Crimea — and one of the
first ever to be lit from underwater. She also spent money on landscaping the
property’s three and a half acres. She named it the Garden of Alla and it became
a popular gathering spot for the </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw3tytATLnjJaQUI8uixQHE3pdKZk0RGEhaRt88HkPU8Qn5CqPTNV0k42H_VpDYRWPsnS52vbc-vpGNbGlz7oqgcxkQ2_ofIJbMM9hmPsFQG-IIv0m-rEJCIcAJracayUYRBx_FO_RK07Y/s1600/image54.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="304" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw3tytATLnjJaQUI8uixQHE3pdKZk0RGEhaRt88HkPU8Qn5CqPTNV0k42H_VpDYRWPsnS52vbc-vpGNbGlz7oqgcxkQ2_ofIJbMM9hmPsFQG-IIv0m-rEJCIcAJracayUYRBx_FO_RK07Y/s320/image54.png" width="151" /></a></div>
Hollywood intelligentsia who would flock there
for the salons in which literature, art, and theatre was discussed at length.
It also attracted a lesbian following making it somewhat notorious and there were widespread
rumours of outlandish and allegedly debauched parties which were held at her
mansion.<br />
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Nazimova’s next film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brat
</i>(1919) was not well received. The films which followed in 1920–<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Heart of a Child, Madame Peacock </i>and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Billions</i>–also performed poorly and in
Photoplay magazine’s annual popularity poll Alla dropped from #4 to #20.</div>
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</div>
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The set designer on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Billions</i>
was Natacha Rambova, a friend of Nazimova and the future wife of Rudolph
Valentino who co-starred with Nazimova in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Camille</i>
(1921). With its ultra-modern set and contemporary settings,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Camile</i> was way ahead of its time.
Critical reaction varied however, and the film was only a moderate success. </div>
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THREE CLIPS FROM CAMILE WHICH SHOW NAZIMOVA'S VERSATILITY</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vDVtbiITk8FzO923YPMGJGUq6d8ITbx5ZvqK2vEPpIumWNPJipo3oGGxfkxxoD5xHLEDFbGWigwgOYav_czI10IVuIIdnBBEFgcc2lVyshZHfJ9bIgpwmOZ5ZKKaRkjhXz75a1EpP8gM/s1600/Nazimova-Valentino-260x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vDVtbiITk8FzO923YPMGJGUq6d8ITbx5ZvqK2vEPpIumWNPJipo3oGGxfkxxoD5xHLEDFbGWigwgOYav_czI10IVuIIdnBBEFgcc2lVyshZHfJ9bIgpwmOZ5ZKKaRkjhXz75a1EpP8gM/s1600/Nazimova-Valentino-260x300.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nazimova & Valentino </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Upon meeting the then unknown Rudolph Valentino for the
first time Nazimova said:</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How dare you bring that gigolo to my table? How dare you introduce that
pimp to Nazimova?</i></div>
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After release of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Camille</i>,
Nazimova and Metro parted ways and she soon felt confident enough in her
abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred. Nazimova
made film adaptations of works by Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, and developed her own
filmmaking techniques, which were considered daring at the time. Her film
projects, including Ibsen’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Doll's
House</i> (1922), and<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Salomé</i> (1923),
based on Oscar Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures and her personal
financial losses from the two films were heavy.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpiN_1eYdA3_p3cyImRMY_N5BYCtTaW-7BEioPNLoGYMI5gAuMrKA4CV0UeeVxbTftCPo5sOsMWygEN2U77Run8gei6lEil9hicb12sX0CmJDfrrexA2e1btSeYWmx84bv-RZAxCQiWsv/s1600/salome-nazimova-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="575" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpiN_1eYdA3_p3cyImRMY_N5BYCtTaW-7BEioPNLoGYMI5gAuMrKA4CV0UeeVxbTftCPo5sOsMWygEN2U77Run8gei6lEil9hicb12sX0CmJDfrrexA2e1btSeYWmx84bv-RZAxCQiWsv/s320/salome-nazimova-2.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nazimova in Salome</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salome</i> is the excessively
stylized 62-minute movie from Nazimova’s silent film career which still has the
most enduring cultural significance today. A flamboyant and slightly raunchy
Art Nouveau treatment of the Biblical tale with sets and costumes by Rambova in
Aubrey Beardsley-esque styling, the film has been hailed as a feminist
milestone and is today adored by many as cult object. Kenneth Anger’s claim that Nazimova
hired only “homosexual” cast members cannot be verified but as film historian
Patricia White says: </div>
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“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salome stands
today as a unique effort to produce “female movie modernism”.</i> Various
edited versions of the film circulated in underground contexts and festivals on
16mm for many years. Salome was added to the National Film Registry in 2000.</div>
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SALOME - THE DANCE OF THE SEVEN VEILS</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg16IP2KWXUk4aqyuMb31QTlCLiYDBKNeekAL3kf6SKl8VI6kPFRGw_Z5JRcR4LE5WvtrDqAJS_Y-TfSVowlolxtVIMWgmP6K2TdKWvgZVy6nK9mIgV7PtF-CN6H3inxoHaJXENtGlYgf6i/s1600/Garden-of-Allah-Hotel-and-Villas-8152-Sunset-Blvd-Hollywood-Calif-211KB-1024x641.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="640" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg16IP2KWXUk4aqyuMb31QTlCLiYDBKNeekAL3kf6SKl8VI6kPFRGw_Z5JRcR4LE5WvtrDqAJS_Y-TfSVowlolxtVIMWgmP6K2TdKWvgZVy6nK9mIgV7PtF-CN6H3inxoHaJXENtGlYgf6i/s320/Garden-of-Allah-Hotel-and-Villas-8152-Sunset-Blvd-Hollywood-Calif-211KB-1024x641.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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By 1925 Nazimova could no longer afford to invest in films; and financial backers withdrew their support by 1926 when her marriage scandal
was uncovered by the press. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Nazimova was
in financial straits and agreed to allow her mansion to be developed into a
hotel which was renamed The Garden of Allah Hotel & Villas and
opened on January 9th, 1927 with a party to celebrate. Although the hotel was
an instant success, it bankrupted Alla entirely and she was
forced to sell her share in the same year that she became a naturalized citizen
of the United States. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlbHDNj5W7qzPsNuYoxCULw-dzGcNKIipbI8I2Zx3tKopKM1sjifjs3jH1P2CcPrvV3A9v3TQlZuTJ4JBausBn88A8ZuBrF_JHv4vrCngwIDclbILLpTTVuwYoxsDctXKQt8jmBPsSQxWR/s1600/tumblr_lq51gwWcIU1qj00jb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="501" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlbHDNj5W7qzPsNuYoxCULw-dzGcNKIipbI8I2Zx3tKopKM1sjifjs3jH1P2CcPrvV3A9v3TQlZuTJ4JBausBn88A8ZuBrF_JHv4vrCngwIDclbILLpTTVuwYoxsDctXKQt8jmBPsSQxWR/s400/tumblr_lq51gwWcIU1qj00jb.jpg" width="292" /></a>Left with few other options, she gave up on the film
industry, and returned to perform on the Broadway stage again. She had a
starring role as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York
production of Turgenev's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Month in the
Country</i>. She also gave an acclaimed performance as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ghosts</i>, which the critic Pauline Kael
later described as the greatest performance she had ever seen on the American
stage.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
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In 1929 Nazimova was
quoted as saying:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I wish I could burn every inch of my films. I'm ashamed of them.</i></div>
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In the early 1940s, Nazimova appeared in a few more films,
playing Robert Taylor's mother in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Escape</i>
(1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blood
and Sand</i> (1941). She appeared in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In
Our Time</i> (1944), and her final screen appearance was in the World War II
weepie <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Since You Went Away</i> (1944).</div>
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This late return to motion pictures fortunately preserves
Nazimova’s later acting on both sound and film.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
ALLA NAZIMOVA IN RARE TALIKING ROLE IN "THE BRIDGE OF SAN LUIS REY" </div>
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</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nazimova’s Relationships
with women</b></div>
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Nazimova helped start the careers of both of Rudolph
Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. She was very impressed by
Rambova's skills as an art director, and hired her to design the innovative
sets for the films <i>Camille</i> and <i>Salomé.</i> Although she was involved in an affair with Acker,
it is debated as to whether Nazimova’s relationship with Rambova ever developed
into a sexual one - but there were rumours. </div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5w8IOZESPP3G_vceEGQmBME3kxerIsjiPEpJmFNXMGc3mmgOJxsu0hF31FgncLE227tf5KIzntvIgRSWZeRo4qKRtxrBxovDGKj3GrrcEGFPExDUrKOp4M2s0gztssGN3NRrw8bHW960Z/s1600/1da0fab8b2473e7bb533e439c764699e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5w8IOZESPP3G_vceEGQmBME3kxerIsjiPEpJmFNXMGc3mmgOJxsu0hF31FgncLE227tf5KIzntvIgRSWZeRo4qKRtxrBxovDGKj3GrrcEGFPExDUrKOp4M2s0gztssGN3NRrw8bHW960Z/s320/1da0fab8b2473e7bb533e439c764699e.jpg" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NAZIMOVA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Of those women Nazimova is confirmed to have been <br />
involved
with romantically, the list includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, director Dorothy
Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece, Dolly Wilde.<br />
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Bridget Bate Tichenor, a Magic Realist artist and Surrealist
painter, was also rumoured to be one of Nazimova's favoured lovers in Hollywood
during the World War II years of 1940 to 1942. The two had been introduced by
the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their
intimate relationship angered Nazimova's long-time companion, Glesca Marshall.
However, the fact that Tichenor was pregnant most of 1940, giving birth to her
son on Dec. 21, 1940, along with the 40-year age gap between the two women, casts
some doubt on this.</div>
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Nazimova lived with her lover Glesca Marshall from 1929 until
her death.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Garden of Allah</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjIOZh8ixDTcw8E8nMbpMOzSAcqTak_z5ev3f3BwAkui3eM7BkzwlbGbrEoOvrqvQ_g23A-ht9If8ytgjkd1Lp8BiIxwvIcF-ulBBXC3ngNJaW-uQGylbjuaMHe0WAHZ7jMxn5KupZMra/s1600/garden-of-allah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="800" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjIOZh8ixDTcw8E8nMbpMOzSAcqTak_z5ev3f3BwAkui3eM7BkzwlbGbrEoOvrqvQ_g23A-ht9If8ytgjkd1Lp8BiIxwvIcF-ulBBXC3ngNJaW-uQGylbjuaMHe0WAHZ7jMxn5KupZMra/s320/garden-of-allah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Garden of Allah was originally a 2.5 acre estate called
Hayvenhurst that was built in 1913 by real estate developer William H. Hay as
his private residence. Hay and his wife Katherine personally supervised construction
of the estate. The house had twelve rooms and four bathrooms. The finishes were
all in Circassian walnut that the Hays had collected on a trip to the
Philippines in 1912. The interior walls were covered in canvas and
hand-painted. The garage had bays for two cars—a rarity in those days—with
rooms upstairs for live-in servants. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99LCxmRI2QMt9vYWkfrVaJTvGAa9d7AMdp4Wa6lftTqZ9YF-EVC2IFJOxJfS5nIoqYTv_pJQ7drf8WD5K3O3EYaxwh27QS76Qu5C7qXbWjB5RYDxa9b7GN3pB0z1Nr5z8Q0iTV-PrG9Q1/s1600/Lobby+of+Garden+of+Allah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="740" data-original-width="900" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj99LCxmRI2QMt9vYWkfrVaJTvGAa9d7AMdp4Wa6lftTqZ9YF-EVC2IFJOxJfS5nIoqYTv_pJQ7drf8WD5K3O3EYaxwh27QS76Qu5C7qXbWjB5RYDxa9b7GN3pB0z1Nr5z8Q0iTV-PrG9Q1/s320/Lobby+of+Garden+of+Allah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Construction and landscaping costs were an
estimated $30,000.nThe Hays' stay at Hayvenhurst was short-lived. Within a few
years they had built and moved into a new house a few blocks east, at 7920
Sunset Boulevard, the site today of the Directors Guild of America headquarters.<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova leased Hayvenhurst from William Hay not after
she moved to Los Angeles from New York in 1918, and purchased it
in 1919. Nazimova jokingly called her new home "The Garden of Alla",
which was a reference to her own name and the best-selling 1905 novel <i>The
Garden of Allah</i>, by Robert S. Hichens. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht11NHAa4eb5hT3-3acl4Em3b7FEKeX6SOx0pSSO34r9VoNRGyyOqDwlybIudvgIm14Nb6IQmukgAptmuUf4XpIZL4MmCqzgJpXfoqVrYDA0VhJ8iOqYZLFl45v_W5V4mTlC14IK1xtVlu/s1600/pic+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht11NHAa4eb5hT3-3acl4Em3b7FEKeX6SOx0pSSO34r9VoNRGyyOqDwlybIudvgIm14Nb6IQmukgAptmuUf4XpIZL4MmCqzgJpXfoqVrYDA0VhJ8iOqYZLFl45v_W5V4mTlC14IK1xtVlu/s320/pic+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Facing near-bankruptcy in 1926, after her screen career
had been derailed, Nazimova put her property to work generating an income by converting
the 2.5 acre estate into a hotel and building 25 villas on the property. The
hotel opened in January 1927 as the "Garden of Alla Hotel" but
Nazimova was ill-equipped to run such a venture. She found her role as a hotel manager
unsuitable and discovered that her unscrupulous partners in the enterprise had
nearly bankrupted her. In 1928 she sold out her remaining interest in the
property, auctioned off </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPoIkm6w-lodd6EYUJSpabLxDDSigLbu3LpyElM483_si2Z-3W5m_P4gP-txGQ2cXBeVM0usPU8K0YGtsNEsnPRnhOmLTghF1M0k0Zs58zY2vVcZ9m-aahnm4Z0tu0J-ROMrJn-fk3mYk4/s1600/madame-alla-nazimova-auction-advertisement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="715" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPoIkm6w-lodd6EYUJSpabLxDDSigLbu3LpyElM483_si2Z-3W5m_P4gP-txGQ2cXBeVM0usPU8K0YGtsNEsnPRnhOmLTghF1M0k0Zs58zY2vVcZ9m-aahnm4Z0tu0J-ROMrJn-fk3mYk4/s320/madame-alla-nazimova-auction-advertisement.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
most of her furniture and other household goods, and
went back to acting on the Broadway stage.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 1930, Central Holding Corporation, the new owners had
changed the name to the Garden of Allah Hotel. When Nazimova moved back to
Hollywood in 1938, she rented Villa 24 at the hotel and ironically lived there
as a tenant in the Mansion she had once owned, until she died.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Over the next two decades, the property went through a
succession of owners. The hotel went on catering to both short-term and
long-term guests, and soon gained a reputation as a place where the famous
could enjoy living in a quaint, cozy, village-like setting, conveniently
located yet shielded from gawking tourists and </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
autograph seekers by discreet
security patrols, under a management that was not inclined to probe, judge or
interfere with the private — and sometimes public — activities of its often
unconventional patrons.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8gJfDDGq7vGS6AkyPqhSksZTXTmZmrGJaPA0jRx_j4prGP3tJDyLnnTtxqu4TQ7ke0ZIfrLeN-7MiXnuw23PA-PoMIaS1ykC2cabO8H_T5uNJ_Pc1KJNLPl99pW0gVaDYwqKEvhny_GUs/s1600/live-at-the-garden-of-allah-10JUL1930.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="389" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8gJfDDGq7vGS6AkyPqhSksZTXTmZmrGJaPA0jRx_j4prGP3tJDyLnnTtxqu4TQ7ke0ZIfrLeN-7MiXnuw23PA-PoMIaS1ykC2cabO8H_T5uNJ_Pc1KJNLPl99pW0gVaDYwqKEvhny_GUs/s400/live-at-the-garden-of-allah-10JUL1930.png" width="265" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Garden of Allah became home to many celebrities and
literary figures. F. Scott Fitzgerald lived there for several months in 1937–38
at the beginning of his final stay in Hollywood. The author of The Great Gatsby
was trying to stay sober at the time, so he couldn't have chosen a worse new
home. An alcoholic since his student days, he was soon back on the bottle and,
three years later, died of a heart attack at the nearby home of his girlfriend,
Sheilah Graham.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Word was that if you headed to the hotel swimming pool at
cocktail hour, you would find most of the stars of Hollywood's golden age socializing and
relaxing. If celebrity guests weren't already frolicking naked in
the water or sneaking off to each other's red-tiled bungalows for illicit
entanglements - they soon would be. Every hour was cocktail hour at the Garden
of Allah, where the 20th century's most famous actors and writers indulged for
decades in an endless whirl of Martini-soaked hedonism. It was Tinsel Town's secret
private playground. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ki-9vqZG05ChQ6Z7b7e6-xCW4hRE_JcoRtQbyg1EDPYyK_7GL9-HcYZzEo1ZGCrE9YMc5ZtoxcSqgIHlNEOVcAqLJEknQ82SMlDtKCZ8tVK6RW8bqzZ5Rzv9YHvo_pL064C_NCirAHcQ/s1600/postcard+Garden+of+Allah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="900" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2ki-9vqZG05ChQ6Z7b7e6-xCW4hRE_JcoRtQbyg1EDPYyK_7GL9-HcYZzEo1ZGCrE9YMc5ZtoxcSqgIHlNEOVcAqLJEknQ82SMlDtKCZ8tVK6RW8bqzZ5Rzv9YHvo_pL064C_NCirAHcQ/s320/postcard+Garden+of+Allah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was only one place to go if you were a movie star looking
for the sort of lifestyle that neither your spouse, nor your public, could ever
hear about. An array of Golden Age Hollywood stars such
as Greta Garbo, Humphrey Bogart, Laurence Olivier, and Orson Welles were among
the actors who lived there. Silver screen stars Charlie Chaplin and Douglas
Pickford were frequent visitors and Rudolph Valentino, would ride over on
horseback from the Paramount studios. As a young film star, Ronald Reagan stayed
there in between marriages and allegedly seduced a string of women. Nancy
Reagan's biographer, Kitty Kelley, claimed the future U.S. president bedded so
many women that he later told a friend: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'I
woke up one morning and I couldn't remember the name of the gal I was in bed
with.'</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Humourist and actor Robert Benchley was a long-term resident who
became so drunk that a friend used to trundle him between the parties in a
wheelbarrow. When F. Scott Fitzgerald, warned Benchley drink was a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'slow death',</i> Benchley shot back: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'That's all right. I'm in no hurry.</i>' </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlELfoqS7f2IzF37u1Oj-sBFwrXeR5qHY0Y_BPID2R2jZEW08lHAYUt0YxXxwxim6tGA2eVVLxlE3NA0VpHZsnnAGzEyynTSND54f2Dj5m1omq0juFHbrDPFn8-HohmUFcKr4V4P1Qzvfp/s1600/e8ff219fd13f1429cd9b41ebe82ab9e0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="981" data-original-width="1024" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlELfoqS7f2IzF37u1Oj-sBFwrXeR5qHY0Y_BPID2R2jZEW08lHAYUt0YxXxwxim6tGA2eVVLxlE3NA0VpHZsnnAGzEyynTSND54f2Dj5m1omq0juFHbrDPFn8-HohmUFcKr4V4P1Qzvfp/s320/e8ff219fd13f1429cd9b41ebe82ab9e0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Other writers who frequented the Villas were W. Somerset
Maugham, Ernest Hemingway and Dorothy Parker, Peter Benchley's witty, waspish former
lover. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dorothy Parker lived at the
Garden while working as a Hollywood screenwriter. Her villa was frequently
visited by ambulance crews after Parker who was a manic depressive put her head
in the oven or slashed her wrists – although she always, said cynics, warned a
friend of her intentions before attempting suicide.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Classical music giant Sergei Rachmaninoff was musically
assaulted there by an annoyed Harpo Marx. Harpo recalled being kept awake by
Rachmaninov, who would insist on playing the piano at midnight. The comic
finally hit back, waking at 5am, opening all his windows, and hammering out on
his own piano the first four bars of Rachmaninov's Prelude In C Sharp Minor,
over and over for two hours. Rachmaninov reportedly complained bitterly, but
agreed to move bungalows. Dance band leaders Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw and
vocalist Frank Sinatra were among the other music personalities who stayed
there.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The songwriter Cole Porter was just one of the secretly
homosexual guests who would smuggle lovers into his villa at night. In later years, Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield could be
found on the Garden's sunken dancefloor in a haze of cannabis smoke. The Garden
was perfectly suited for clandestine night-time activities as it had a string
of entrances and exits. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghK-DiFNwHHAg0JNNXOHgeGAXXeJhZS4ELl58rmrpECUCEEkf7Hv-vhmzd8e8YG80Cc-0bc20JfYafxV4defKyaiR_OL-DAmaAgK1MxpZQsvXppN3nZpAG-NKlMpZtl-pyHEvWbRmx7mwK/s1600/gardenofallah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="487" data-original-width="893" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghK-DiFNwHHAg0JNNXOHgeGAXXeJhZS4ELl58rmrpECUCEEkf7Hv-vhmzd8e8YG80Cc-0bc20JfYafxV4defKyaiR_OL-DAmaAgK1MxpZQsvXppN3nZpAG-NKlMpZtl-pyHEvWbRmx7mwK/s320/gardenofallah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were rumours of parties that turned into orgies and
revelry that wasn't just immoral, but often illegal. History doesn't record the
name of the Broadway actress who answered her bungalow door to a telegram
delivery boy while completely naked except for a pet monkey perched on her
shoulder. The mortified boy shoved the telegram into the monkey's paw and fled.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Garden was always a favourite with British actors,
coming out to make their name in Hollywood. A group of particularly
impoverished Englishmen were quartered in the servants' rooms and — kitted out
with Old Etonian ties and Oxbridge blazers, none of which they had a right to
wear — earned their keep by entertaining the Hollywood residents with tales of the
British Empire.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Garden's reputation for wanton sexual behaviour really
took off with the arrival in 1933 of the actress and notorious
libertine bisexual Tallulah Bankhead. Barbara Stanwyck and Joan Crawford were
among the actresses she reportedly seduced in her Garden villa. As for her male
conquests, a young Gary Cooper was glimpsed one night running naked to
Bankhead's villa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgZmrcqkRJFOzuhzbBGv1JsiNDUyLUpgidX8AfQBncwI9LM4kC8fAq_cPsECZeD-rJqtMTxnoNt9pi10WGGk7CxdbVHlOAM2ICyeeq5wtHtwFymVi2cCqg3VixhAxvvlXFQAsFemZ8FaVx/s1600/gardendickstagg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="976" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgZmrcqkRJFOzuhzbBGv1JsiNDUyLUpgidX8AfQBncwI9LM4kC8fAq_cPsECZeD-rJqtMTxnoNt9pi10WGGk7CxdbVHlOAM2ICyeeq5wtHtwFymVi2cCqg3VixhAxvvlXFQAsFemZ8FaVx/s320/gardendickstagg.jpg" width="320" /></a>So much of the hotel's socializing revolved around the Black
Sea-shaped pool. Tarzan star Johnny Weissmuller was said to have made Bankhead
a 'very satisfied Jane' in the hotel pool. On one occasion,
fellow guests were woken one morning by the sound of Bankhead and Weissmuller,
evidently back from another party, jumping in off the pool's high diving board.
The actress, weighed down in a heavily beaded dress and diamonds, dropped like
a stone to the bottom of the pool, where she managed to shed all her clothes,
emerging completely naked.<i> </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Everyone's been dying
to see my body,' </i>she gasped.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> 'Now
they can.'</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A guest recalled a swim suited Grace Kelly sitting and
blandly discussing the colour of her lipstick and nail varnish, surrounded by a
cluster of smitten young men hanging on her every word. The Australian-born
film director John Farrow — father of the actress Mia — loved to lounge on the
pool diving board, showing off the tattoo protruding from his tight swimming
trunks. It was a snake, tattooed on the inside of his left thigh, and, needless
to say, looked as if it was slithering out from his crotch.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Marlene Dietrich liked to swim naked in the pool, while
Errol Flynn would pounce on every beauty who so much as dipped her toe in it. The
inveterate womanizer Flynn initially shared a villa with British star
David Niven, but liked to return to the Garden in between marriages so he could
misbehave freely. Flynn had a particular seduction technique at the Garden —
his villa faced the pool and, every morning, his secretary would place a bottle
of champagne with two glasses on a table beside the prettiest female sunbather.
The actor would later emerge looking immaculate and ask the lucky girl if she
would share the bottle with him. Veteran residents liked to bet how long it
would take him to lure the woman back to his villa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFCd4XufmrO0HdcuMrM36ennvW8cC9M0QhfhjaFr-cl4K4yrga8PinmTO1my4UGuTbjJhd13T01DL60aNvA1lhYPWtqrGREodv-6QT4d1EIUV8Vw1gGPyp0d7c9AIIPy3plGhycvVYjdh/s1600/147a4c0642392114d6ff706fb1ec3f12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="736" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGFCd4XufmrO0HdcuMrM36ennvW8cC9M0QhfhjaFr-cl4K4yrga8PinmTO1my4UGuTbjJhd13T01DL60aNvA1lhYPWtqrGREodv-6QT4d1EIUV8Vw1gGPyp0d7c9AIIPy3plGhycvVYjdh/s320/147a4c0642392114d6ff706fb1ec3f12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were some guests who didn't always indulge in the hard
partying – by day the Garden was also a sanctuary for actors, writers and
musicians where they could soak up the creativity and work. If you weren’t nursing
a hangover, you could walk around the grounds and hear not only the clack of
typewriters, but also jazz music being practiced in one villa and classical music
being composed in another. The original hotel brochure, sent out to the studios
with the hope they would install their stars there, promised an 'atmosphere of
exclusive refinement'. It was certainly exclusive. Only successful, creative people
were allowed to stay there, and unwanted intruders were kept out by guards who had a
fearsome dog dubbed the 'Hound of the Baskervilles'.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No one stayed at the Garden for the usual hotel perks.
Infested by rats which nested in the palm trees, it had a shabby feel to
it in later days. The food was dreadful, the service was pretty much non-existent
and the bungalow walls were so thin, you could hear your neighbours'
conversations but many guests admitted that was sometimes part of the
attraction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1rrZlCpqLEFRGvO39HMhd-tAM3bvnSsVR4oqQcSLrr1Hi5DWqXgzH94XYl4hS-1hMCJLIuZQ0y2e0ydYpUQzojBhBVeuNA70zesrEsm7BMRZF-2zI5b25mOqnRNVOpwb21UHU4aLv9d7/s1600/image52.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="604" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1rrZlCpqLEFRGvO39HMhd-tAM3bvnSsVR4oqQcSLrr1Hi5DWqXgzH94XYl4hS-1hMCJLIuZQ0y2e0ydYpUQzojBhBVeuNA70zesrEsm7BMRZF-2zI5b25mOqnRNVOpwb21UHU4aLv9d7/s320/image52.png" width="320" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Nothing interrupted
the continual tumult that was life at the Garden of Allah,' </i>wrote a columnist
guest named Lucius Beebe. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'Now and then,
the men in white came with a van and took someone away, or bankruptcy or
divorce or even a jail claimed a participant - but no one paid any mind.'</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Humphrey Bogart stayed there with various lovers, including
Lauren Bacall. He and Bacall were once attacked in their Garden villa by his
estranged third wife, the actress Mayo Methot, who could become deranged when
drunk. Fellow guests rushed out to watch the fun as bottles flew and furniture
was smashed. Bacall escaped out of the back door, while Methot chased Bogart
around the villa armed with a kitchen knife.Very occasionally, marriages were made, rather than broken,
at the hotel — Frank Sinatra met his future wife, Ava Gardner, when they stayed
in adjoining bungalows. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Even World War II didn't dampen the Garden's non-stop party
spirit. But after its two guiding lights, Peter Benchley and Nazimova, died in
1945, the world's most riotous hotel went into gradual decline. Drugs replaced
drink as the poison of choice, and villas were often robbed, Guests now included
Virginia Hill, a notorious gangsters' moll who reportedly blackmailed several
Hollywood celebrities she seduced at the Garden.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although Errol Flynn was still calling it home as late as
1957, by that time the hotel's architectural style was long out of fashion and
its environs had become more tacky than glamorous. Land values were rising,
historic preservation was still an eccentric notion, and "redevelopment"
was a popular civic buzzword. The hotel had always struggled to make much of a
profit, and by the end of the Fifties, the bigger stars had gravitated to
smarter, more luxurious hotels.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On April 11, 1959, Bart Lytton, president of Lytton Savings
and Loan, announced that he had purchased the Garden of Allah Hotel from
Beatrice Rosenus and Morris Markowitz for $755,000. Lytton's plans for the
property included razing the hotel to make way for a new main branch for his
bank.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On August 22, 1959, Lytton hosted a farewell party on the
grounds of the hotel and over a thousand people turned up. Among the attendees
was silent film star Francis X. Bushman, who had been at the opening party in
1927. Some other guests came costumed as old-time stars. In a nod to the
hotel's creator, Nazimova's experimental 1923 silent film <i>Salomé </i>was shown on a
large poolside screen. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
VINTAGE FILM FOOTAGE OF THE PUBLIC AUCTION AT GARDEN OF ALLAH </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IfgWkiNvJyk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IfgWkiNvJyk?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On August 30, an on-site public auction liquidated all the
furnishings, fixtures and equipment, along with odds and ends valuable only as
souvenirs. Auctioneers did a roaring trade selling off the old beds. Every buyer
was quietly assured that theirs had been owned by Errol Flynn. Demolition
permits were issued on November 2. Within days, all traces of the hotel were
gone and construction of the bank building had begun.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1960, the Garden of Allah reappeared on the site in the
form of a detailed miniature model of the complex. For many years, this was on
display outside Lytton's building, in a small plaza at the corner of Sunset and
Crescent Heights, sheltered from the elements in a sort of shrine with a lofty
domed pavilion. It was later moved indoors and eventually disappeared. It
resurfaced in private hands in the early 2010s, architecturally intact and with
its built-in miniature electric lighting system restored.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Quotes about the
Garden of Allah:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It reminds me of
Hollywood </i>— George S. Kaufman, on why he liked living at the Garden of
Allah.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I'll be damned if I'll believe anyone lives in
a place called the Garden of</i> Allah — Thomas Wolfe, a letter to F. Scott
Fitzgerald, July 26, 1937</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">There is no place for
a light-hearted, unrealistic place like the Garden of Allah that, for one brief
moment, was Camelot. It was inevitable that Hollywood as we knew it, and its
satellite, Alla's garden, should disappear together</i> — Sheilah Graham, The
Garden of Allah</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hollywood's and thus
America's most unconventional hotel, actually "notorious" would be a
more descriptive word</i> — David Wallace, Lost Hollywood</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nazimova’s Death and Legacy</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81i36oKw5lFsPt2yVfgBFNpiuy9izVGCgleyNvxPueXY_9x1JgQSmMN0hFfgr96OiDCP00qR1f2jX3Al5n4FIdyqiK2LxOiimQQHujdcp-MAZb_-z6PGnpNv4aWntofa3pqgo3r9JDV4N/s1600/Alla-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="427" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81i36oKw5lFsPt2yVfgBFNpiuy9izVGCgleyNvxPueXY_9x1JgQSmMN0hFfgr96OiDCP00qR1f2jX3Al5n4FIdyqiK2LxOiimQQHujdcp-MAZb_-z6PGnpNv4aWntofa3pqgo3r9JDV4N/s320/Alla-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On July 13, 1945 Nazimova died of a coronary thrombosis, age
66, in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles. Her ashes were interred in
Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Her contributions
to the film industry have been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of
Fame. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Biographies of Nazimova—including Nazimova’s own unfinished
and unpublished memoir, now housed in the Springer Opera House’s Glesca
Marshall Library in Columbus, Georgia—have a tendency to trace her lesbian
self-styling and her public disavowal back to her traumatic childhood and the
archetypal immigrant’s instinct for survival through assimilation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67r3as_irysv77QxxLV4f7vjnC66X6F5mQjZ7jwwV4jk-5JEOKqtw7GvqzuJmhyphenhyphenX6OYO0DGKImls8YjDMCyen6-xqs_otUK5zo_SHP9ii3h0Z7bM5LX6pUNTM5GbwRukRDd0GrhvAGgQE/s1600/dfdb46fb70c97a670fd57c6820bc08c1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="431" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg67r3as_irysv77QxxLV4f7vjnC66X6F5mQjZ7jwwV4jk-5JEOKqtw7GvqzuJmhyphenhyphenX6OYO0DGKImls8YjDMCyen6-xqs_otUK5zo_SHP9ii3h0Z7bM5LX6pUNTM5GbwRukRDd0GrhvAGgQE/s320/dfdb46fb70c97a670fd57c6820bc08c1.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nazimova became, according to two recent critical career
appreciations, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the founding mother of
Sapphic Hollywood</i>”, and, for a time, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“the
most notorious Hollywood lesbian actress of all”.</i> The deceptive act of her
“fake” marriage to Charles Bryant becomes, in these scholarly and popular
accounts, the ultimate measure of her truly tortured lesbian identity both in
Hollywood and among her extended family.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no denying
the intriguing power of a biographical narrative that traces connections
between Alla Nazimova and almost every prominent lesbian in Hollywood, as well
as gay male cultural icons such as Oscar Wilde, Rudolph Valentino, and
Montgomery Clift, and ends with a penniless and ill Nazimova a tenant in the
Los Angeles hotel she once owned. But the archival materials that have been
collected over the years suggest that much more can be made of Nazimova’s life
as performer, both on screen and off. The personal correspondence and writings that constitute the
Nazimova Papers at the Glesca Marshall Library in Columbus, Georgia, have not
as yet been cataloged. The extensive collection of copyrighted publicity stills
and family photographs, postcards, letters, and newspaper clippings at the
Library of Congress in both the Kling-Lewton Papers and the Harry E. Vinyard,
Jr., Papers offers to researchers a fragmented but illuminating documentation of
the devoted following Nazimova’s celebrity attracted over the course of her
career.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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Nazimova has been portrayed in film four times. The first
two were biographical films about Rudolph Valentino: 1975's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legend of Valentino</i>, in which she
was portrayed by Alicia Bond; and 1977's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Valentino</i>,
in which she was portrayed by Leslie Caron. She was featured in two 2013 silent
films about Hollywood's silent movie era: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Return
to Babylon</i> in which she was played by Laura Harring and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Silent Life</i> (Vlad Kozlov, Isabella
Rossellini et al.) based on the life of Rudolph Valentino, where she was played
by Galina Jovovich.</div>
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The character of Nazimova appears in Dominick Argento's
opera <i>Dream of Valentino</i>, in which she also plays the violin.</div>
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Nazimova was featured in make-up artist Kevyn Aucoin's 2004
book Face Forward, in which he made up Isabella Rossellini to resemble her,
particularly as posed in a certain photograph.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrkvmqUykQ9Q5rrY8TKqF8j6FTyMENa00DTqJsbVaHdofkUiRNtkppDqO3y1fFhFhR_HGDJ0fFyvxJOKHXTRQPVZHA2UqRWqR1-WRC5xFBIeWnYYqb8K3_sYEUkhOzoSPRBC_qt0Sa8pR/s1600/How_Women_Worked_Fig33_WFP-RAM011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="640" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrkvmqUykQ9Q5rrY8TKqF8j6FTyMENa00DTqJsbVaHdofkUiRNtkppDqO3y1fFhFhR_HGDJ0fFyvxJOKHXTRQPVZHA2UqRWqR1-WRC5xFBIeWnYYqb8K3_sYEUkhOzoSPRBC_qt0Sa8pR/s320/How_Women_Worked_Fig33_WFP-RAM011.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Actress Romy Nordlinger first portrayed Alla Nazimova in The
Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History production of Stage Struck:
From Kemble to Kate staged at the Snapple Theater Center in New York City in
December 2013. In 2016, PLACES, a multimedia solo show about Alla
Nazimova, supported by the League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage
Program, written and performed by Romy Nordlinger debuted at Playhouse Theatre
for a limited run. </div>
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Nazimova appears in "Medusa's Web", a novel by
fantasy-fiction writer Tim Powers.</div>
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Nazimova appears in the “Garden of Allah” series of Novels
about Hollywood by Martin Turnbull</div>
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LESLIE CARON AS NAZIMOVA IN THE FILM VALENTINO </div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/lLC5kcZX8LQ/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lLC5kcZX8LQ?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-17790215845533306642018-04-09T15:12:00.000+01:002018-04-09T15:31:37.222+01:00Adele Astaire – From American Vaudeville to English Aristocracy<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHd0GJIF44l06NgbNsztV1LhJKm3e9y1Vb3BtDBrycdd2w6tv5GEpCqKA35Sb7rb7CcxAx27IFJh3LtIRj7s0iCgFhP7epmcC4vBPzTS3ZnCNdVoAVkuB1JqnH9BhVcl0pTbJL4_fRYG5h/s1600/hqdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHd0GJIF44l06NgbNsztV1LhJKm3e9y1Vb3BtDBrycdd2w6tv5GEpCqKA35Sb7rb7CcxAx27IFJh3LtIRj7s0iCgFhP7epmcC4vBPzTS3ZnCNdVoAVkuB1JqnH9BhVcl0pTbJL4_fRYG5h/s320/hqdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The dancing partner who made Fred Astaire famous isn’t the
one most people remember. Adele Astaire was Fred Astaire's older sister. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>They had a 27-year vaudeville and theatre career
which began when he was five and she was eight. Adele was considered to be the
better dancer out of the two but today her story has faded into obscurity. They
starred in 11 stage musicals together but Adele gave up performing in 1932 to
marry Lord Charles Cavendish. She became a member of the British Aristocracy;
while her brother Fred went on to gain Hollywood fame with his new dancing
partner Ginger Rogers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-_BTovjWPJBM6WgBl8gZ4Wx49NX5ZVkQU5MScppXN3qPsdVgLTkRMO9gxb7i-_190UnDThOWaq3gNriIOuL8iTU0_Rco7hrEQmfWgQjaQ_q47JK38_DkTanKH-3Fg4TnFS8D4uDZGDdA/s1600/440px-Vcvg16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="440" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-_BTovjWPJBM6WgBl8gZ4Wx49NX5ZVkQU5MScppXN3qPsdVgLTkRMO9gxb7i-_190UnDThOWaq3gNriIOuL8iTU0_Rco7hrEQmfWgQjaQ_q47JK38_DkTanKH-3Fg4TnFS8D4uDZGDdA/s320/440px-Vcvg16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Born Adele Marie Austerlitz in Omaha, Nebraska in 1897, she
and Fred were the children of Johanna Geilus an American-born Lutheran of
German descent, and Frederic "Fritz" Emanuel Austerlitz an Austrian
Roman Catholic brewer of Jewish descent who had left Austria for the USA in
1895. They adopted the more American-sounding name 'Astaire' after trying
several variations on the original family surname. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adele’s younger brother Fred was born on May
10, 1899.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Astaire's were home schooled and their mother was
manager, promoter and chaperone </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXdJ0vVhGx_CNaJP8taJD2eUTNn_inKddpQAeaLD1tJdcbWZ_KouUnws34OmMz7cgNQZuKo7Eyqdy1MVHG3BJRMmnIJ14ACwxUmvGATDZUGB40B_UGkYPz4cPagKEmQAx-K3q-w-nCiL_/s1600/92b1b05fca2a6a79fee839e84104ea36.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="650" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXdJ0vVhGx_CNaJP8taJD2eUTNn_inKddpQAeaLD1tJdcbWZ_KouUnws34OmMz7cgNQZuKo7Eyqdy1MVHG3BJRMmnIJ14ACwxUmvGATDZUGB40B_UGkYPz4cPagKEmQAx-K3q-w-nCiL_/s320/92b1b05fca2a6a79fee839e84104ea36.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
except for about a year or so when they had to
take a year off because Adele had matured and Fred was to small for Adele to
perform with. During this time they actually went to school in Highwood, New
Jersey.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their parents sent Fred along to Adele’s dance classes, so
he could keep her company, but he got just as interested in learning the steps
himself. A teacher suggested that the two children might have a stage career if
they were properly trained for it, so the family moved from Omaha to New York. Adele,
Fred and their mother lived in a boarding house, while Fred Senior returned to
Omaha to work. The two </div>
children began attending the Alviene Master School of
the Theatre and Academy of Cultural Arts.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 1905 Adele Astaire had established a vaudeville act with
her younger brother, Fred. The Astaire’s appeared in their first show in New
York in 1912, and had their first triumph on Broadway in 1917, with ''Over the
Top'' at the Winter Garden. In 1923, they also found success on the London
stage in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Stop Flirting</i>. They were an
immediate hit and settled into a West End run of 418 performances, returning to
London throughout the 1920s.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJNbtro9TyYvgLFCHeNRm6_b0VZaohU_aE0K0vOAI7_9UDw2O6lXLaJzrq4z7i7_UZfM11laT5zZXxAxjPdHeXy6Q6-vRYAUWmQo6ruwnwrV1ry4P8zWwZ-qfMQlkflIFoXudJ7jDGOlbu/s1600/55334858f779c03f423ef5f40a9aae1b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJNbtro9TyYvgLFCHeNRm6_b0VZaohU_aE0K0vOAI7_9UDw2O6lXLaJzrq4z7i7_UZfM11laT5zZXxAxjPdHeXy6Q6-vRYAUWmQo6ruwnwrV1ry4P8zWwZ-qfMQlkflIFoXudJ7jDGOlbu/s1600/55334858f779c03f423ef5f40a9aae1b.jpg" /></a>Adele was the bigger and more charismatic star and it was
she who usually got the better notices of the two, for her vivacity and natural
comic timing. Fred was the more serious and disciplined younger brother.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the steps, incorporated into most of their shows, was
the “oompah trot” or the runaround, where Adele and Fred, side by side, would
ape riding in huge circles on an imaginary bicycle. Audiences went wild for
this particular antic, especially in London, where the bright-eyed, exuberant
Americans were welcomed even more enthusiastically than in their own country.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Peter Pan creator J. M. Barrie asked Adele to act in his play
but contractual reasons forced her to turn down the part.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9MIvzJNGZ5OJ6GgcuF8jvuoiahoAv6TTPZIdg4tuhd0O8C5yBt5ly_IvHoeXHipaV2pRfMrEbjFRl3D-vIeboO0l5oFP5t_ykDIi1TG-MV3Qh30TxnrO8wVBNP7_5hO3EcSrFl8HD4l8/s1600/2006AH1501_fred_and_adele_astaire_crop_290x290.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz9MIvzJNGZ5OJ6GgcuF8jvuoiahoAv6TTPZIdg4tuhd0O8C5yBt5ly_IvHoeXHipaV2pRfMrEbjFRl3D-vIeboO0l5oFP5t_ykDIi1TG-MV3Qh30TxnrO8wVBNP7_5hO3EcSrFl8HD4l8/s1600/2006AH1501_fred_and_adele_astaire_crop_290x290.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Back in New York the duo appeared in Jerome Kern's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Bunch</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Judy</i> (1922), and then they starred in Gershwin brothers' first
Broadway collaborations <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lady, Be Good </i>and
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Funny Face</i>. Fred had known George Gershwin since 1916, when he went to
the composer looking for a vaudeville number. They had vowed they’d work
together some day; that day came on December 1, 1924, when the Astaire’s
headlined George and Ira’s first full-length New York musical, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Lady, Be Good!”</i> Playing a
brother-and-sister dance team down on their luck, the Astaire’s had found the
perfect vehicle for their talents. George not only provided them with some of
their best tunes, he suggested a couple of dance steps to help Fred with the
ending for “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Half of It, Dearie,
Blues.”</i> Fred got his first solo, while the romantic end of things was held
down by his sister and the leading man. It proved to be such a felicitous match
that critic Alexander Woollcott later wrote: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“I do not know whether Gershwin was born into
this world to write rhythms for Fred Astaire’s feet or whether Fred Astaire was
born into this world to show how the Gershwin music should really be danced.”</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRP-aWrABVd6ShPsJCH9nx3VfUWpABz6PoFima_nTAn9wIIAqSYdG03Vf17Gq46eGipUnl93pYE1JQ2MsJy7DJ6sGBa_cZw8BIJiwro4K7OUmy_fwxTV2SXycxLnUFR7dzLCDoRs1z-fEm/s1600/screen-shot-2017-06-14-at-12-17-49-pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="825" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRP-aWrABVd6ShPsJCH9nx3VfUWpABz6PoFima_nTAn9wIIAqSYdG03Vf17Gq46eGipUnl93pYE1JQ2MsJy7DJ6sGBa_cZw8BIJiwro4K7OUmy_fwxTV2SXycxLnUFR7dzLCDoRs1z-fEm/s320/screen-shot-2017-06-14-at-12-17-49-pm.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Astaire’s followed up that success with another Gershwin
smash<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, “Funny Face”</i> (1927), where
Adele got to introduce “‘S Wonderful.” When the show made its inevitable visit
to London, Adele met a besotted stage-door Johnnie from the British aristocracy
and was soon falling head over heels in love. The romance was something of an
international sensation, as Adele kept putting off accepting Lord Charles's marriage
proposal until she had one final hit show.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQhNYGm3zLg9-YmvkwZKdYKVEQjQBGwSDK2DXB3H8mjGnvVTFdMbEt9qYgxv821XegeZO71OymKZ1DRqOAEBhnHD177AoJriIfXgnx4x5NGPhwgOOtS0TVObicuAzekL54hpIjkKilJwb/s1600/500px-AdeleFred1921.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="415" data-original-width="500" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQhNYGm3zLg9-YmvkwZKdYKVEQjQBGwSDK2DXB3H8mjGnvVTFdMbEt9qYgxv821XegeZO71OymKZ1DRqOAEBhnHD177AoJriIfXgnx4x5NGPhwgOOtS0TVObicuAzekL54hpIjkKilJwb/s320/500px-AdeleFred1921.jpg" width="320" /></a>After a successful stint with Fred in the revue <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Band Wagon</i> (1931) on Broadway, Adele
Astaire retired from the stage. It was one of the finest revues of the period,
with an impeccable Schwartz-Dietz score including “A New Sun in the Sky,” in
which Fred dressed for a night on the town in an attempt to beef up his stage
presence so that his transition into a solo career would be easier.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On May 9, 1932, Adele married Lord Charles Cavendish, the
second son of the 9th Duke of Devonshire and they moved to Ireland, where they
lived at Lismore Castle and she was known as Lady Cavendish. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the time of their engagement she had been performing in
Florenz Ziegfeld's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">''Smiles,</i>'' which
received less than happy reviews when it opened in 1930. However, Brooks
Atkinson of The New York Times singled out the Astaire’s for praise:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAct8Bv52z0dOnE2tGLcrqhSnx4ysOII0JJ4jXPlUuQGruwoP9dh-G9PIRPwh7Oh2XcduGlKtkTvYVb7HKMsXFTF0i26YJ5ePt_KwviKXC0G_kcxbukur8mNmiA-7H_Vc3GoOeJhnQw9ds/s1600/94108.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="461" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAct8Bv52z0dOnE2tGLcrqhSnx4ysOII0JJ4jXPlUuQGruwoP9dh-G9PIRPwh7Oh2XcduGlKtkTvYVb7HKMsXFTF0i26YJ5ePt_KwviKXC0G_kcxbukur8mNmiA-7H_Vc3GoOeJhnQw9ds/s320/94108.jpg" width="245" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">''Strictly speaking,
the Astaire’s are dancers. But they have more than one string to their fiddle.
With them, dancing is comedy of manners, very much in the current mode. Free of
show-shop trickery, they plunge with spirit into the midst of the frolic. Once
to the tune of 'If I Were You, Love,' with a squealing German band
accompaniment, they give dancing all the mocking grace of improvisation with
droll dance inflections and with comic changes of pace. Adele Astaire is also
an impish comedian; she can give sad lines a gleam of infectious good-nature.
Slender, agile and quick-witted, the Astaire’s are ideal for the American
song-and-dance stage.''</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
Fred said of his sister on her
retirement, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">''She was a great artist and
inimitable, and the grandest sister anybody could have.''</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
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<i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Fred struggled on
without Adele for a while,”</i> wrote P. G. Wodehouse,”<i> but finally
threw his hand in and disappeared. There is a rumour that he turned up in
Hollywood. It was the best the poor chap could hope for after losing his
brilliant sister.”</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFDShUCNnauk4NXNtfoZgTwIEZd73Pk5FHR-KoZzlI08hfUCpd_P1NXFD5CnjXKZSsM5wdtzvycv424usoT2OY8-q2qi8DwASNIBxfvUeCWcYBaUQ-RrkW-RJOnx4YnoGuhT1U90DcMsy0/s1600/220px-Adele_Astaire%252C_Lady_Cavendish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFDShUCNnauk4NXNtfoZgTwIEZd73Pk5FHR-KoZzlI08hfUCpd_P1NXFD5CnjXKZSsM5wdtzvycv424usoT2OY8-q2qi8DwASNIBxfvUeCWcYBaUQ-RrkW-RJOnx4YnoGuhT1U90DcMsy0/s1600/220px-Adele_Astaire%252C_Lady_Cavendish.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adele and Lord Charles Cavendish</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The marriage of Lord and Lady Charles, though happy, was
marked by tragedy. A daughter was born in 1933, and died the same day. Two
years later, twin sons, who were born prematurely, died within hours of their
births. She was to have no more children.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After Fred Astaire's success in Hollywood, Adele gave
serious consideration in 1935 to making a musical film there. She visited
Hollywood and appeared in January 1936 on the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Music Variety Show</i>, but she admitted to feeling intimidated by her
brother's reputation. During their partnership, Fred, whose perfectionism
earned him the nickname "Moaning Minnie" from her, had always been
the dominant creative force. </div>
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<br /></div>
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In 1937 Adele began filming in England with Jack Buchanan
and Maurice Chevalier but withdrew after two days. She later recalled<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">: "Oh boy, if my brother Fred sees
this—I'm gone".</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During World War II, at the urging of her husband, Adele
worked at a famous Red Cross canteen in London, the Rainbow Corner, helping out
at the information desk, dancing with G.I.'s and shopping and writing letters
for them. To the letters she signed herself, ''Adele Astaire (Fred's sister).''</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Lord Charles fell ill
from a liver damage due to long-term alcoholism. This made him an invalid and
led to his death on March 23, 1944, aged just 38. Afterwards, Adele turned down an offer from Irving Berlin to
return to the stage in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annie Get Your Gun</i>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYTrE9B7f8QfjTdncDpRHvZIPH196hYd8JwEKgFgtrUvU8NGzDDxLeaWjeO32hs7YD8CAeIHtR_83ZufdB-RmSuxSF8gobz5p5Eh-qh1YGhyphenhyphenU2mzDUshua6mUyGWv6rb2qh_BeEueYlit6/s1600/tumblr_ozji04rJ4z1tcqhjho1_1280.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="866" data-original-width="605" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYTrE9B7f8QfjTdncDpRHvZIPH196hYd8JwEKgFgtrUvU8NGzDDxLeaWjeO32hs7YD8CAeIHtR_83ZufdB-RmSuxSF8gobz5p5Eh-qh1YGhyphenhyphenU2mzDUshua6mUyGWv6rb2qh_BeEueYlit6/s320/tumblr_ozji04rJ4z1tcqhjho1_1280.png" width="223" /></a></div>
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Three years later, on April 20, 1947, Adele Cavendish
married her second husband, Col. Kingman Douglass, an American investment
banker with Dillon Read & Company. He had also been an Air Force officer
who became an Assistant Director of the Central Intelligence Agency for two
years. Adele had originally met him while working at the Rainbow Corner. It was
his second marriage.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kingman Douglass died in 1971. Afterwards, Adele lived in
Phoenix, Arizona, and continued, until 1979, to summer at the castle in Ireland
she had shared with her first husband.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike her brother, Adele was extremely gregarious and took
great delight in shocking friends and strangers alike. Even when in later years
beset by illness, she had enormous recuperative powers, and, according to her
stepson Kingman Douglass Jr<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">., "she
soon would be up and in Marine-type English telling what she thought of the
world."</i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1972, Fred and Adele Astaire were inducted into the American
Theatre Hall of Fame.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpXqI4C0sOwUMm6wWwSE6oKnroKsMCiACBe1if2H4m51jS5cfKBGh1xgPAzD0y-QLj9DNLeOtwD0ot5bWej7KldRtWF5Laxi1m_dx67nzbGS53lBvuL6kS7Pay1NRoXO9PlzqjEusziH1n/s1600/tumblr_m58cjm7bMs1qmqzj2o1_400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="353" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpXqI4C0sOwUMm6wWwSE6oKnroKsMCiACBe1if2H4m51jS5cfKBGh1xgPAzD0y-QLj9DNLeOtwD0ot5bWej7KldRtWF5Laxi1m_dx67nzbGS53lBvuL6kS7Pay1NRoXO9PlzqjEusziH1n/s320/tumblr_m58cjm7bMs1qmqzj2o1_400.jpg" width="234" /></a></div>
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Adele Astaire died in Scottsdale Memorial Hospital,
Scottsdale, Arizona, after suffering a stroke. She was 84. Her remains were
interred in the Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Chatsworth, California. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Built
in 1905, the Gottlieb Storz House in Omaha includes the "Adele and Fred
Astaire Ballroom" on the top floor, which is the only memorial to their
Omaha roots.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the suggestion of Roddy McDowall, Astaire donated her
papers and memorabilia—amounting to several trunks of material—to the Howard
Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is no known film record of Adele performing or
dancing, but she made eight audio recordings, all duets with Fred, George
Vollaire or Bernard Clifton.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The BBC One Show recently featured the fascinating stoty of Adele Astaire in the following video:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0W5wbKffWHo/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0W5wbKffWHo?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
Enjoy the magic of Adele singing "S'Wonderful with Bernard Clifton in 1928<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
</div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-68589850259408337092018-04-08T13:52:00.002+01:002018-04-08T13:55:10.944+01:00Caresse Crosby: How the Inventor of the Bra became the Literary Godmother of the Lost Generation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFIaoG4tpZWLbw6aJI7hw8F_PG2nld_Hs9GMNHYBgg34Fn85yeqCa-SQPqYfNABQPX5q9A1pFWHXhhoNrEiFhhacnTDfeznuRMcyENEtCHFzAMuoagCh8rTvNPh0dGB8FSXd9hAS_oPuO/s1600/Caresse+6.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="700" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFIaoG4tpZWLbw6aJI7hw8F_PG2nld_Hs9GMNHYBgg34Fn85yeqCa-SQPqYfNABQPX5q9A1pFWHXhhoNrEiFhhacnTDfeznuRMcyENEtCHFzAMuoagCh8rTvNPh0dGB8FSXd9hAS_oPuO/s320/Caresse+6.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARESSE CROSBY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Caresse Crosby was a trail blazing, free spirit who left an
indelible impact on her era and is generally considered to be one of the women
who made the 1920’s “roar”. Although the American Socialite was a notoriously bohemian
figure in 1920s Boston and in Paris, her outrageous and fascinating life-story
has been largely forgotten in this day and age. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She invented the modern brassiere on the occasion of a
Connecticut society debutante ball in 1910 and patented the garment in 1914,
thereby freeing all women from the tyranny of corsets forever. She was a patron
of the arts and helped to launch the international career of surrealist painter
Salvador Dali. Along with her second Husband Harry Crosby she was a joint founder
of the Black Sun Publishing Company, and was regarded as the "literary
godmother to the Lost Generation of expatriate writers in Paris" These
included Ernest Hemingway, Archibald MacLeish, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Kay
Boyle, Charles Bukowski, Hart Crane, and Robert Duncan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While in Paris, Caresse and Harry were eccentric ex-pat’s
who lived a theatrically mad, bad bohemian existence with a list of associates
and collaborators that reads like a cultural index of that post war era. They
travelled widely and were seen to embody the moneyed, decadent glamour of the
roaring '20s, so much so, that they could be considered the “poster children”
of that era. Today, bar a couple of biographies, Caresse and Harry Crosby are
all but forgotten; their once-famous names covered over by layers of history
and scandal.]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>A Privileged
Childhood</u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Caresse Crosby was born Mary Phelps Jacob on April 20, 1891
in New Rochelle, New York. Her parents, William Hearn Jacob and his wife Mary
were both descended from old aristocratic American colonial families. In 1807,
her 4 x great grandfather, Robert Fulton, had created the first economically
viable steamboat.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Polly" - as she nicknamed herself - had two
brothers, Leonard and Walter "Bud" Phelps. Her family divided its
time between estates in New York at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue, Watertown,
Connecticut, and Westchester County, Long Island. She enjoyed the advantages of
an upper-class lifestyle. She took dancing lessons at Mr. Dodsworth Dancing
Class, attended Miss Chapin's School in New York City, went to school at
Rosemary Hall prep school in Wallingford, Connecticut, where she played the
part of Rosalind in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As You Like It</i> to
critical acclaim and graduated in 1910 at the age of 19. She attended formal
balls, Ivy League school dances, and horse riding school. In 1914 she had been presented
to the King of England at a garden party. In keeping with the American
aristocratic style of the times, she was even photographed as a child by
Charles Dana Gibson.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCzBk2G1HAFizYzBVWa4Un6Q9scMFm2TpUZK9G7YgrE_qupHK292VozE5Qm12xLvuj2qsA3luvHVNlUtLQb8GTzQniHzQma6mOKLRfIzjx3ZzkTtLOnxp-3rX4NL-Db5-nU9hsblQTSJx/s1600/909N09568_9733N_COMP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsCzBk2G1HAFizYzBVWa4Un6Q9scMFm2TpUZK9G7YgrE_qupHK292VozE5Qm12xLvuj2qsA3luvHVNlUtLQb8GTzQniHzQma6mOKLRfIzjx3ZzkTtLOnxp-3rX4NL-Db5-nU9hsblQTSJx/s320/909N09568_9733N_COMP.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARESSE CROSBY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She was a rather uninterested student. Author Geoffrey Wolff
wrote that for the most part Polly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"lived
her life in dreams."</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Polly's
family was not fabulously rich, but her father had been raised, as she put it,
"<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">to ride to hounds, sail boats, and
lead cotillions." She grew up, </i>she later said<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, "in a world where only good smells existed." "What I
wanted", </i>she said of her privileged childhood,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> "usually came to pass."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After her father's death in 1908, she lived with her mother
at their home in Watertown. That same summer she met her future husband,
Richard Peabody, at summer camp. Her brother Len was boarding at Westminster School
and Bud was a day student at Taft School. Approaching her own debut, she danced
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"one to three balls every night</i>"
and slept from four in the morning until noon. At twelve o'clock, Marie, her
French maid, got her up for her customary debutante luncheon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Inventing the
Modern Bra</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNUxBBCDRcniCdw4rdk9xXqStJv57g_9kqndU1KcV67KhofXORiwanbC2bmU43m9s0_Po27EDdAmlCGO1nTH2mw_MUnDPyGeSiGwrNui1gj_o6WHqoMiBhM5jccSN23Y_atlM-1426DinS/s1600/6232791f9468d42b83f3b3eab2e3bc27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNUxBBCDRcniCdw4rdk9xXqStJv57g_9kqndU1KcV67KhofXORiwanbC2bmU43m9s0_Po27EDdAmlCGO1nTH2mw_MUnDPyGeSiGwrNui1gj_o6WHqoMiBhM5jccSN23Y_atlM-1426DinS/s320/6232791f9468d42b83f3b3eab2e3bc27.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the age of 19, Polly was preparing to wear a sheer
evening gown to a debutante ball one evening. In New York in 1910 the only
acceptable undergarment was a corset stiffened with whalebone. Polly, who was
generously endowed, had worn the gown a few weeks previously, and had found her
corset's whale bones visibly poked out around her plunging neckline and from
under the sheer fabric. Dissatisfied with this arrangement, she worked with her
maid Marie to fashion two silk handkerchiefs together with some pink ribbon and
cord.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly's new undergarment complemented the new fashions
introduced at the time. When she showed it to friends the next day, they all
wanted one. Family and friends almost immediately asked Polly to create brassieres
for them, too. One day, she received a request for one of her contraptions from
a stranger, who offered a dollar for her efforts. She knew then that this could
become a viable business.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3PdG7-rxhRuZQg85IbeX9UFqPP3-swfEGyDysKXT4x77SuQnub2qSaYDzgG8VX2pvLZ6DvFQOOg-_BYz9cGOnqtrYFHH75aoAbbIJPX19WaFZ3K142oy0Cwh82sZ7tsrAeXJrSfwRGUuI/s1600/255px-JacobPatent1914pg2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="256" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3PdG7-rxhRuZQg85IbeX9UFqPP3-swfEGyDysKXT4x77SuQnub2qSaYDzgG8VX2pvLZ6DvFQOOg-_BYz9cGOnqtrYFHH75aoAbbIJPX19WaFZ3K142oy0Cwh82sZ7tsrAeXJrSfwRGUuI/s320/255px-JacobPatent1914pg2.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On November 3, 1914, the U.S. Patent Office issued a patent
to Mary P. Jacob for the 'Backless </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Brassiere'. Polly's design was lightweight
and soft but while a definite improvement in terms of lightness and visibility,
her brassiere did not offer breasts a lot of support, and was more flattening
than flattering. Polly likened her design to corset covers which covered the
bosom when a woman wore a low corset. Her design had shoulder straps which
attached to the garment's upper and lower corners, and wrap-around laces
attached at the lower corners which tied in the woman's front, enabling her to
wear gowns cut low in the back. Polly wrote that her invention was
"well-adapted to women of different size" and was "so efficient
that it may be worn by persons engaged in violent exercise like tennis."
Her design was comfortable to wear, and naturally separated the breasts, unlike
the corset, which was heavy, stiff and uncomfortable.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Crosby's design was the first granted a patent within
its category, The U.S. Patent Office and foreign patent offices had issued
patents for various bra-like undergarments as early as the 1860s. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKADH2mAUTQ7UWTdVRL-mMgVh16EQ8ukBXzC1KeFMXFUHJKM_lDY_hbH1XwgFs67iquH4RJrjOWEmmfH0E4w0hly1O-2p9Gsw4aVwUVgtdUYOUSTzTx50rx3dYQw9prXahrT4Jr9MVzZb/s1600/Jacob-brassiere-patent-1914-landscape.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKADH2mAUTQ7UWTdVRL-mMgVh16EQ8ukBXzC1KeFMXFUHJKM_lDY_hbH1XwgFs67iquH4RJrjOWEmmfH0E4w0hly1O-2p9Gsw4aVwUVgtdUYOUSTzTx50rx3dYQw9prXahrT4Jr9MVzZb/s1600/Jacob-brassiere-patent-1914-landscape.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After her first marriage in 1915, Polly filed a legal
certificate with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on May 19, 1920, declaring
that she was a married woman conducting a business using separate funds from
her husband's bank account. She founded the Fashion Form Brassière Company and
located her manufacturing shop on Washington Street in Boston, where she opened
a two-woman sweatshop that manufactured her wireless brassière during 1922.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In her later autobiography, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Passionate Years,</i> she maintained that she had <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"a few hundred units of her design
produced."</i> She managed to secure a few orders from department stores,
but her business never took off. She later sold the brassiere patent to The
Warner Brothers Corset Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut for US$1,500 (roughly
equivalent to $22,000 in current dollars). Warner manufactured the bra for a
while, but it was not a popular style and was eventually discontinued. Warner
went on to earn more than US$15 million from the bra patent over the next
thirty years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In her later years, she wrote: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I can't say the brassiere will ever take as great a place in history
as the steamboat, but I did invent it."</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Marriage to Richard
Peabody </u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix0ITP0yyxIm9dA7WcrxCjTzAdxLxsOiDIX0OQqk6v7WwNFAq_5bCiCz0oUJTVwcQe5Y1Jwr6cGIdcgIpI_mI8UVPjVeKGFeuDrc0QXZ_M9_t-31GCvXXheY_2FQZrUXP13-Wxn4a3kD0n/s1600/1925_caresse_crosby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix0ITP0yyxIm9dA7WcrxCjTzAdxLxsOiDIX0OQqk6v7WwNFAq_5bCiCz0oUJTVwcQe5Y1Jwr6cGIdcgIpI_mI8UVPjVeKGFeuDrc0QXZ_M9_t-31GCvXXheY_2FQZrUXP13-Wxn4a3kD0n/s320/1925_caresse_crosby.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">POLLY PEABODY AKA CARESSE CROSBY </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1915, Polly married Richard Peabody, another blue blooded
Bostonian whose family had arrived in New Hampshire in 1635. They were married
by his grandfather, Endicott Peabody, the founder of the Groton School.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After marriage, Polly found her husband’s temperament to be
far from her own. When they had a son, William Jacob, on February 4, 1916, she <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">found "Dick was not the most indulgent
of parents and like his father before him, he forbade the gurgles and cries of
infancy; when they occurred he walked out, and often walked back unsteadily."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly concluded that Dick was a well-educated but undirected
man, and a reluctant father. Less than a year later, he enlisted at the Mexican
border and joined the Boston militia engaged in stopping Pancho Villa's
cross-border raids. Less than a year after he returned home, he enlisted to
fight in World War I. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their second child, a daughter, Poleen Wheatland
("Polly"), was born on August 12, 1917, but Dick was already in
Officers Training Camp at Plattsburgh, New York, where he was commissioned a
Second Lieutenant in the Artillery. He became a Captain in the United States
Army's 15th Field Artillery, 2nd Division, American Expeditionary Force.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Polly was largely cared for by his parents,
but found: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"My father-in-law was a
stickler for polish, both of manners and minerals."</i> Her mother-in-law
wore <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"nun-like dresses and in bed or
out wore starched cuffs as sever as piping."</i> Her husband, meanwhile,
was enjoying life at the front as a bachelor.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dick returned home in early 1921 and was assigned to
Columbia, South Carolina. Polly and the children soon joined him, but when the
war ended, Dick found himself left with nothing but a family allowance. He
suffered from his war experiences and returned to drinking heavily. Polly found
he had only three real interests, all acquired at Harvard: to play, to drink,
and to chase after fire engines and watch buildings burn. His had an alarm bell
installed above their marital bed. As arranged with the local fire chief, this
would ring whenever the emergency bell rang in the station, so Peabody could
wake, dress in a firefighter's uniform, and wear it while he watched real
firemen tackle the flames at any hour of the day or night. When the fire chief
terminated this arrangement, Richard Peabody turned to drink again. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Affair with Harry
Crosby</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly met her second husband Harry Crosby, who was 7 years
her junior, at a picnic in 1920 - they had sex within two weeks and their
public relationship scandalized Boston society.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry Crosby’s rebelliousness wasn't inherited - quite the
contrary. Harry's extremely pious and caring mother, Henrietta, loved nature
and founded the Garden Club of America, while his banker father, Stephen, was a
former college football star who lived for his Ivy League and Boston society
connections.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Uj5nsdGieuR9P1fyxaTiPOwWQ42ab_BKOBElArS9VoDtx8LkKYnNnmrryW6hHkysMLs3Q6rtDCMbVvKqxGQdS4X235vvvg4kp-V5_uqSLcU7sWImt8OfJfwU6H8h-as4iZEzI3q8dVKe/s1600/harry-crosby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="230" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Uj5nsdGieuR9P1fyxaTiPOwWQ42ab_BKOBElArS9VoDtx8LkKYnNnmrryW6hHkysMLs3Q6rtDCMbVvKqxGQdS4X235vvvg4kp-V5_uqSLcU7sWImt8OfJfwU6H8h-as4iZEzI3q8dVKe/s320/harry-crosby.jpg" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY CROSBY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a young boy, Harry boarded at Boston's foremost prep
school, St Mark's, and spent summers with his family in a house built by his
uncle, Jack, aka J.P. Morgan, the most celebrated banker in American history. Growing
up, Harry had one sibling, a sister, Katherine Schuyler Crosby, nicknamed
Kitsa, who was born in 1901. They lived in a home with a dance floor that could
accommodate 150 people. Although his parents instilled in him a love for
poetry, while still young he was a bit of a tear away and he would toss water
bombs off the upper stories of the house onto unsuspecting guests. The teenage
Harry was being groomed for Harvard, but he felt a conflicting pull when the US
entered WWI.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In July 1917, Harry and several schoolmates set sail for
France, where they were to serve in the relative safety of the American Field
Service Ambulance Corps, along with Archibald MacLeish and Ernest Hemingway.
Before too long, Harry was soon in the thick of the bloody and exhausting
business of ferrying those wounded in battle on the Western Front. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgbE6Dvk2Bf81G1nuHlZpcd9Xrfvhj6G6O8Fo8Hy2allIPSZXib-88XKIIirYjeo-TOSyaypI2-UJW7bW6uDRMepLQLrlWYB3ZPWLWPhgtSqHW0kp_ewKWBtDgb2NnuOp3kEHyd7NBq9Y/s1600/220px-Harry_crosby_WWI_decorations_1919.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgbE6Dvk2Bf81G1nuHlZpcd9Xrfvhj6G6O8Fo8Hy2allIPSZXib-88XKIIirYjeo-TOSyaypI2-UJW7bW6uDRMepLQLrlWYB3ZPWLWPhgtSqHW0kp_ewKWBtDgb2NnuOp3kEHyd7NBq9Y/s1600/220px-Harry_crosby_WWI_decorations_1919.JPG" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On November 22, 1917, the ambulance Harry was driving was
destroyed by artillery fire, but he emerged miraculously unhurt. His best
friend, "Spud" Spaulding, was seriously wounded in the explosion, and
Harry saved his life. The experience profoundly shaped Harry's future. He
declared later that that was the night he changed from a boy to a man. From
that moment on he never feared death.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry was at the Second Battle of Verdun. After the battle,
his section (the 29th Infantry Division, attached to the 120th French Division)
was cited for bravery, and in 1919 Crosby was one of the youngest Americans
awarded the Croix de Guerre. Crosby wrote in his journal<i>:</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Most people die of a sort of creeping common sense and discover
when it's too late that the only things one never regrets are one's
mistakes."</i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He vowed that he would live life on his own terms. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the war, Harry returned to Boston and spent three
years at Harvard. He left with a full-blown loathing for New England's
obsession with etiquette, order and morals. He had seen too much in France to
stay in what he called <i>"dreary, drearier, dreariest Boston"</i> and to
put up with <i>"Boston virgins who are brought up among sexless surroundings,
who wear canvas drawers and flat-heeled shoes".</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry’s taste for mischief and pretty girls was becoming an
embryonic philosophy of living for the moment, whatever the risks and
consequences. Any patience Harry once possessed was steamrolled by his lust for
the now.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After returning from World War I and while completing his
degree at Harvard, Harry met Polly on July 4, 1920, at an Independence Day
picnic arranged by his mother. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTCHu35-89KDyAPYWa52kOwMS6IIXvFUjtSyLbj97gid79kjUdnqwwJa4KXPbcj5p8JGJn21BmA9e3O554rmTRK6V7GIMQGvKujSbyKyxIWh_BQ-fn4w_GPxt96RxL8y93LzRUXam7f05G/s1600/330px-General_View%252C_Nantasket_Beach%252C_MA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="330" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTCHu35-89KDyAPYWa52kOwMS6IIXvFUjtSyLbj97gid79kjUdnqwwJa4KXPbcj5p8JGJn21BmA9e3O554rmTRK6V7GIMQGvKujSbyKyxIWh_BQ-fn4w_GPxt96RxL8y93LzRUXam7f05G/s320/330px-General_View%252C_Nantasket_Beach%252C_MA.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NANTASKET BEACH 1920'S</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly's husband Richard was in a sanatorium drying out from
another drunken spell. Sensing Polly's isolation, Harry's mother Henrietta
Crosby invited Polly to chaperone Harry and some of his friends to a party,
including dinner and a trip to the amusement park at Nantasket Beach.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Harry never spoke to
the girl on his left - he fell in love with the buxom Mrs. Peabody instead – and
the whole thing happened in about two hours. He confessed his love for her in
the Tunnel of Love at the amusement park. Crosby pressed her to see him alone,
an unthinkable proposition for a member of Boston's upper crust. She later
wrote, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Harry was utterly
ruthless... to know Harry was a devastating experience."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></i>On July 20, they spent the night together,
and two days later Polly accompanied Harry to New York. He had planned a trip
to France to tour battle sites. They spend the night together at the Belmont
Hotel. Polly said of the night<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, "For
the first time in my life, I knew myself to be a person."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly was seen as someone who had perverted the trust placed
in her as a chaperone, an older woman who had taken advantage of a younger man.
To the Crosby’s, she was dishonored and corrupt. Their scandalous courtship was
the gossip of blue-blood Boston. She was 28, six years older than Harry, with
two small children, and married.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crosby pursued Polly, and in May 1921, when she would not
respond to his ardor, Crosby threatened suicide if Polly did not marry him.
Polly's husband was in and out of sanatoriums several times, fighting
alcoholism. Crosby pestered Polly to tell her husband of their affair and to
divorce him. In May, she revealed her adultery to Dick and suggested a
separation, and he offered no resistance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly's mother insisted that she stop seeing Crosby for six
months to avoid complete rejection by her society peers, a condition she agreed
to, and she left Boston for New York. Divorce <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">was "unheard of...even among Boston Episcopalians."</i>
Peabody's parents were outraged that she would ask for a divorce and at her
affair with Crosby. Dick's father Jacob Peabody even visited Harry's father,
Stephen Crosby, on January 4, 1922 to discuss the situation, but Harry's father
would not talk to him; despite his disapproval of Harry's irregular behaviour,
he loved his son. Stephen Crosby at first attempted to dissuade Harry from
marrying Polly, and even bought him the Stutz car he'd been asking for, but
Harry would not be persuaded to change his mind. For her part, Polly's former
friends pilloried her as an adulteress, leaving Polly stunned by the quick
turn-about in their attitude towards her. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WblD3A2tbL-BbFYMgcC2lb1mvucCk-wTJr7JOA482TQcbLNLWVf-rYxEXdw4xXVmHcxTpTryP5DLEjDCnsKo7F-sFKMZh0OHNCPOchU9KWQY5kuQxPEH68cgprEXFFJ5XCw_IesV2EvZ/s1600/harrycrosby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="500" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4WblD3A2tbL-BbFYMgcC2lb1mvucCk-wTJr7JOA482TQcbLNLWVf-rYxEXdw4xXVmHcxTpTryP5DLEjDCnsKo7F-sFKMZh0OHNCPOchU9KWQY5kuQxPEH68cgprEXFFJ5XCw_IesV2EvZ/s320/harrycrosby.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY CROSBY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly later described Harry's character: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"He seemed to be more expression and
mood, than man," </i>she wrote<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">,
"yet he was the most vivid personality I've ever known, electric with
rebellion."</i> Although he was also a war veteran and heavy drinker with
eccentric habits, Harry was very different to Richard Peabody. In comparison, Harry
never lacked passion, and he could start fires with just a hard stare – at
least, that's what the many women who loved him said. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry was a most beautiful man. Although slight and pale, he
had a distinctive blond hairstyle, a consuming gaze and enormous charisma,
somehow exuding a presence that belied his stature. Later, he would accessorize
this with black suits, black-painted fingernails and a black flower in his
buttonhole</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In February 1922, Polly and Richard Peabody were legally
divorced. Dick subsequently recovered from his alcoholism and published <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Common Sense of Drinking</i> (1933). He
was the first to assert there was no cure for alcoholism. His book became a
best seller and was a major influence on Alcoholics Anonymous founder Bill
Wilson.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Marriage to Harry
Crosby and The Move to Paris</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry Crosby had been working for eight months at Shawmut
National Bank before Polly got divorced. He then went on a six-day drinking
spree and resigned. In May 1922, he moved to Paris to work in a job arranged
for him by his family at Morgan, Harjes et Cie, the Morgan family’s bank in
Paris. Crosby was the nephew of Jessie Morgan, the wife of American capitalist
J. P. Morgan, Jr., who was both Richard Peabody's and Harry Crosby's godfather.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly had previously travelled to England to visit her
cousins, where Crosby also visited her. In June, 1922, Polly returned to the
U.S. In September, Crosby proposed to Polly via Transatlantic Cable, and the
next day bribed his way aboard the Aquitania for New York.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhJgaCAncAavqIAm9ImePjfrxyvr4msEbPofQcmCOPC331-Roe_BnS9wyKDXXlD2K-F3AMlgP9t_GiqSNJxxPYnPkgJfKcRip0NqkVCGEDQuhMFXprCugtC0fGeV8a4nsg7qZIK1vcw03/s1600/Harry_polly_crosby_1922.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhJgaCAncAavqIAm9ImePjfrxyvr4msEbPofQcmCOPC331-Roe_BnS9wyKDXXlD2K-F3AMlgP9t_GiqSNJxxPYnPkgJfKcRip0NqkVCGEDQuhMFXprCugtC0fGeV8a4nsg7qZIK1vcw03/s320/Harry_polly_crosby_1922.JPG" width="206" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY & CARESSE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On September 9, 1922 Harry and Polly were married in the
Municipal Building in New York City, and two days later they re-boarded the
Aquitania and moved with her children to Paris, France. Harry continued his
work at Morgan, Harjes & Co., the Morgan family’s bank in Paris. From their
arrival in 1922, the Crosbys led the life of rich expatriates. The newly
married couple even sent Harry’s father a telegram saying PLEASE SELL $10,000
WORTH OF STOCK. WE HAVE DECIDED TO LEAD A MAD AND EXTRAVAGANT LIFE.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They were attracted to the bohemian lifestyle of the artists
gathering in Montparnasse. Even by the wild standards of Paris in the 1920s,
Harry was in a league of his own. The couple lived a hedonistic and decadent
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harry was a gambler and a
womanizer; he drank <i>"oceans of champagne</i>" and used opium, cocaine,
and hashish. They settled in an apartment at 12, Quai d'Orléans on Île
St-Louis, and Polly donned her red bathing suit and rowed Harry down the river
to the Place de la Concorde, </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwJNlsUFAta6USosODh7-sSY5amJ6T8D4FIvIzinlODKc_agF2wi9FLPHcCziZSF1ZeXXnoiEHc012G1vL9NLYSYJ5Z89NcfZSKVuWnzcsLtgQ7nq0n2gL8-FZ-NlNebtXphYwNWr5KsDU/s1600/Harry_polly_crosby_1922a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="361" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwJNlsUFAta6USosODh7-sSY5amJ6T8D4FIvIzinlODKc_agF2wi9FLPHcCziZSF1ZeXXnoiEHc012G1vL9NLYSYJ5Z89NcfZSKVuWnzcsLtgQ7nq0n2gL8-FZ-NlNebtXphYwNWr5KsDU/s320/Harry_polly_crosby_1922a.JPG" width="207" /></a></div>
where he walked the last few blocks to the bank. Harry
wore his dark business suit, formal hat, and carried his umbrella and
briefcase. Polly rowed home alone, and in her swim suit her generously endowed
chest drew whistles, jeers, and waves from workmen. She later wrote that she
thought the exercise was good for her breasts, and she enjoyed the attention.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Polly's bubble in Paris burst when she learned that Harry
had been flirting with a girl from Boston. It was the first of many flirtations
and affairs that Polly would learn to live with. Their glamorous and luxurious
lifestyle soon included an open marriage, numerous affairs, and plenty of drugs
and drinking.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry wanted as little to do with Polly's children as
possible, and after a year, her son Billy was shipped off to Cheam School in
Hampshire, England. Polly would attempt to create a family Christmas each year,
if only in a hotel, but Harry regularly boycotted these events, making it clear
that he would be looking for flirtations instead. Harry soon tired of the
predictable banker's life and quit, fully joining the Lost Generation of
expatriate Americans disillusioned by the restrictive atmosphere of 1920s
America. They were among about 15,000–40,000 Americans living in Paris. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ztTUFi4rSaySB1KCP6zAH-mdBQq23dAWbSmwk75Ri139gUHy5JdPDv633g5iZfPpPLy1ZgzVB7xreJF3FkWNUi8eFNjQPsLrVJctcGFFqfSzLOqJcnawo4rIVAl80AipqmkEyzW_1vPb/s1600/harry-and-caresse-crosby-photo1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="552" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3ztTUFi4rSaySB1KCP6zAH-mdBQq23dAWbSmwk75Ri139gUHy5JdPDv633g5iZfPpPLy1ZgzVB7xreJF3FkWNUi8eFNjQPsLrVJctcGFFqfSzLOqJcnawo4rIVAl80AipqmkEyzW_1vPb/s320/harry-and-caresse-crosby-photo1.jpg" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY & CARESSE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They embraced a bohemian and decadent lifestyle, living off
Harry's trust fund of US$12,000 a year. The couple cared little for the future,
spent their money recklessly, and never tried to live on a budget.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spending freely, Harry bought his silk
button-hole gardenia from an exclusive tailor on rue de la Paix. Caresse bought
hats from Jean Patou and dresses from Tolstoy's, an exclusive fashion house. On
special occasions she wore a gold cloth evening suit, featuring a short skirt,
tailored by Vionnet, one of the most important Parisian fashion houses. Although
chic by Paris standards, it was unacceptable to the cousins and aunts who lived
in the aristocratic neighborhood of Faubourg in Paris.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Harry repeatedly overdrew his account at State Street
Trust in Boston and at Morgan, Harjes, in Paris, which in blue-blood Boston was
like writing graffiti on the front door of a church. It was common for
him to wire his father to put more money from his inheritance into his account.
Although his father always complied, it was not without rebuking his son for
his spendthrift ways.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They became known for hosting small dinner parties from
their giant bed in their palatial townhouse on Quai d'Orsay, and afterward
everyone was invited to enjoy their huge bathtub together, taking advantage of
iced bottles of champagne near at hand.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In early 1923, Polly introduced Harry to her friend
Constance Coolidge. She was the niece of Frank Crowninshield, editor of Vanity
Fair, and had been married to American diplomat Ray Atherton. Constance didn't
care what others thought about her. She loved anything risky and was addicted
to gambling. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Constance and Harry soon began a sexual relationship.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUD6IdDbpK2iKkt323FFXLp2n0FIGe9-a-jT4QRov8S4GSm3UZtJb61UQ8uiK4cKf8Y_wRvj7CqrLJlBmJQju7ECsbgOKSOlDA2uxLdvGJ5aeAwxj289ZdPDX3kmaDjGh4EjCFJ2x0TbiD/s1600/PH49_1_4_Harry-and-Caresse-Crosby-at-Le-Moulin-du-Soleil8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="995" data-original-width="650" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUD6IdDbpK2iKkt323FFXLp2n0FIGe9-a-jT4QRov8S4GSm3UZtJb61UQ8uiK4cKf8Y_wRvj7CqrLJlBmJQju7ECsbgOKSOlDA2uxLdvGJ5aeAwxj289ZdPDX3kmaDjGh4EjCFJ2x0TbiD/s320/PH49_1_4_Harry-and-Caresse-Crosby-at-Le-Moulin-du-Soleil8.jpg" width="209" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY & CARESSE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the fall of 1923, Polly could not put up with their
affair any longer and left for London. Harry told Constance that he could not
meet Polly's demand that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">he "love
her more than anyone in the world. This is absolutely impossible"</i>. But
Crosby would not leave Polly, nor did Constance ask him to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But when Constance received a letter from
Polly, who confessed that Constance's affair with her husband had made her <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"very miserable",</i> Constance
wrote Harry and told him she would not see him any more. Harry was devastated
by her decision<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. "Your letter was
bar none the worst blow I have ever received."... I wouldn't leave her
under any circumstances nor as you say would you ever marry me."</i> But
the three remained friends, and on October 1, 1924, Constance married the Count
Pierre de Jumilhac, although the marriage only lasted five years. Polly
appeared at least outwardly to tolerate Harry's dallying unconventional behaviour,
and she soon had her own courtiers. In her journals, she privately worried
about Harry's continued loyalty to her.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry enjoyed betting on the horse races and gambling. Polly
and Harry purchased their first race horse in June 1924, and then bought two
more in April 1925. They rented a fashionable apartment at 19, Rue de Lille,
and obtained a 20-year lease on a mill outside of Paris in Ermenonville,
France, from their friend Armand de la Rochefoucauld, for 2,200 dollar gold
pieces (about $31,415 today). They named it "Le Moulin du Soleil"
("The Mill of the Sun").</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfpKdqmfLBAZ18Fi9f91TgYHDYbji4Ab4y2i9HHdXW4wA7U7PHqsxHzTXcnynLDITNxv0aI0EW3QcQCu0pKg9UIoFpEqiD9yEZ-kQpv5FjIjUYC9Chor8j9ICX2I-9idTF-n_NUBCudpCS/s1600/pots_pg4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfpKdqmfLBAZ18Fi9f91TgYHDYbji4Ab4y2i9HHdXW4wA7U7PHqsxHzTXcnynLDITNxv0aI0EW3QcQCu0pKg9UIoFpEqiD9yEZ-kQpv5FjIjUYC9Chor8j9ICX2I-9idTF-n_NUBCudpCS/s320/pots_pg4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY CROSBY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the first year there, they made friends with the 32
students who attended l'Academie des Beaux-Arts, located at the end of their
street. The students invited Harry and Polly to their annual Quartre Arts Ball,
an invitation the couple embraced with enthusiasm. Harry fashioned a necklace
of four dead pigeons, sported a red loincloth, and brought along a bag of
snakes. Caresse wore a sheer chemise to her waist, a huge turquoise wig on her
head, and nothing else. They both dyed their skin with red ochre. The students
cheered Caresse's toplessness, and she was carried around on the shoulders of
10 students.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At Le Moulin Du Soleil they hosted their own wild parties, which included playing
drunken polo on donkeys. Harry would spend hours
sunbathing naked atop the mill's turret. Contrary to fashion of the day, he
would not wear a hat. Harry once hired four horse-drawn carriages and raced
them through the Paris streets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1924, they rented an apartment in the Fauberg St.
Germaine for six months from Princess Marthe Bibesco, a friend of Harry's
cousin Walter Berry, for fifty thousand francs (the equivalent of $2,200, about
$27,998 in today's dollars. When they moved in, they brought with them
"two maids and a cook, a governess, and a chauffeur."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6dRFhI6rNNNA99lzbLZq7XyuHCLwRl-z2EM7mCJEmNnc269uXYmLMVSWQrjwY1UzGJKvsjt6HGMpMysCa5c8d3-UMbfhCF9gljbFpElqzCVNOOTOW3SGw-sF4qrrKI_NHb7DnNIKph6aW/s1600/Caresse_Crosby_and_her_whippet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="330" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6dRFhI6rNNNA99lzbLZq7XyuHCLwRl-z2EM7mCJEmNnc269uXYmLMVSWQrjwY1UzGJKvsjt6HGMpMysCa5c8d3-UMbfhCF9gljbFpElqzCVNOOTOW3SGw-sF4qrrKI_NHb7DnNIKph6aW/s320/Caresse_Crosby_and_her_whippet.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARESSE & HER DOG CLYTORIS</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the end of 1924, Harry persuaded Polly to formally change
her first name as Polly sounded to prim and proper. They briefly considered
Clytoris before deciding on Caresse. Harry suggesting that her new name
"begin with a C to go with Crosby and it must form a cross with
mine." The two names intersected at right angles at the common
"R," "the Crosby cross." They later named their second
whippet Clytoris, explaining to Caresse's young daughter Poleen that the dog
was named after a Greek goddess.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In January 1925 they travelled to North Africa, where they
first smoked opium, a habit to which they would return again and again. Harry
had sexual relations with a young girl he nicknamed "Nubile", with a
"baby face and large breasts", whom he saw at Étretat. In Morocco,
Harry and Polly both took a young dancing girl named Zora to bed with them.
Harry also had sex with a boy of unspecified age, his only homosexual
dalliance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEEAF5p9ph0N3gIHAw0Snz_ga_Z0qeBb7cKyALA-eB-sD_2Vl65zmwCG0JSsz9CepQnrpL8UnTxxlaQCiCD-nWf_emJCj3gOTDzexrLn0uYpokOV9jwfUnfV9Pt8P3rKWDqM2_jl-ZdgIU/s1600/PH49_1_5_Harry-and-Caresse-Crosby-in-Etretat8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="650" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEEAF5p9ph0N3gIHAw0Snz_ga_Z0qeBb7cKyALA-eB-sD_2Vl65zmwCG0JSsz9CepQnrpL8UnTxxlaQCiCD-nWf_emJCj3gOTDzexrLn0uYpokOV9jwfUnfV9Pt8P3rKWDqM2_jl-ZdgIU/s320/PH49_1_5_Harry-and-Caresse-Crosby-in-Etretat8.jpg" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY & CARESSE </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In North Africa, Harry had hadcrosses and pagan symbols tattooed on the soles of
his feet. Harry developed a obsessive fascination with imagery of the sun and
his poetry and journals often focused on the planet as a symbol of perfection,
enthusiasm, freedom, heat, and destruction. Crosby claimed to be a "sun
worshiper in love with death." He often added a doodle of a "black
sun" to his signature which also included an arrow, jutting upward from
the "y" in Crosby’s last name and aiming toward the center of the sun’s
circle: "a phallic thrust received by a welcoming erogenous zone."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Their Opium smoking habit continued back home in the USA. When
a friend knocked on their door late one evening, both Harry and Polly jumped at
the invitation to go to The Drosso's apartment which had been converted to an
opium den, subdivided into small rooms filled with low couches and decorations
befitting an Arabic setting. Ready for bed, Polly quickly put on a dress with
nothing underneath. Invitations to Drosso's were restricted to a few regulars
and occasional friends. After that introduction, Harry dropped in at Drosso’s
frequently and sometimes stayed away from home for days at a time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crosby met Ernest Hemingway on a skiing trip to Gstaad in
1926. In July 1927 Crosby and Hemingway visited Pamplona for the running of the
bulls. Hemingway wrote that "H. could drink us under the table."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Writing Poetry
& Black Sun Publishing </u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-lpHhdprdj1ganfHMkzF4e9-r0LTnuuLRQzBoJOmdgezH3tS_DNDExw_L0JZU9_0y7A-qVVkFF6ocP3ZzciZ8CHjTAznca5XNAsqB8lGLI9oNEG1Jkmgv5D2-vM4nfJpF3vm0SkuygEx5/s1600/21315.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="320" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-lpHhdprdj1ganfHMkzF4e9-r0LTnuuLRQzBoJOmdgezH3tS_DNDExw_L0JZU9_0y7A-qVVkFF6ocP3ZzciZ8CHjTAznca5XNAsqB8lGLI9oNEG1Jkmgv5D2-vM4nfJpF3vm0SkuygEx5/s320/21315.jpg" width="188" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Caresse and Harry published her first book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crosses of Gold</i>, in late 1924. It was a
volume of conventional, "unadventurous" poetry about love, beauty,
and her husband. In 1926, they published Caresses’ second book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Graven Images</i>, through Houghton Mifflin
in Boston. This was the only time they used another publisher. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crosby later
wrote that Harry's cousin, Walter Berry, suggested that Houghton Mifflin would
publish Caresse's poetry because <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"they
have just lost Amy Lowell".</i> Crosby's poetry remained relatively
conventional, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"still rhyming love
with dove",</i> by her own admission. A Boston Transcript reviewer said
her <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"poetry sings",</i> and a
Literary Review contributor admired her <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"charming"</i>
child poems and French flavor. But a critic in the New York Herald Tribune
wrote that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"[f]or all its enthusiasm
there is no impact to thought or phrase, the emotion is meager, the imagination
bridled."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbtghfdz5abAyr-ACiUvlTt8x9TbbBTEQZJwDBL82izOOxbs4qmsiq9pgnfi9JTMruMyoUXV8COQxAn_oxqDYMDILeaeOKfNoUM7oWZcwSkXeoocSGue1i_tR_qEIQQgdCt8q8VWaXofuz/s1600/harry_and_mary_crosby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="230" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbtghfdz5abAyr-ACiUvlTt8x9TbbBTEQZJwDBL82izOOxbs4qmsiq9pgnfi9JTMruMyoUXV8COQxAn_oxqDYMDILeaeOKfNoUM7oWZcwSkXeoocSGue1i_tR_qEIQQgdCt8q8VWaXofuz/s320/harry_and_mary_crosby.jpg" width="198" /></a>In April, 1927, they founded an English language publishing
company, first called Éditions Narcisse, after their black whippet, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Painted Shores</i>, in which she wrote about
their relationship, including their reconciliation after one of his affairs.
Her writing matured, and the book was more creatively organized than her prior
efforts. </div>
Narcisse
Noir. They used the press as an avenue to publish their own poetry in small
editions of finely-made, hard-bound volumes. Their first effort was Caresse's <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1928, she wrote an epic poem which was published as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Stranger</i>. The writing is addressed
to the men in her life: her father, husband, and son. In an experimental
fashion she explored the various kinds of love she had known. Later that year, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Impossible Melodies</i> explored similar themes.
The Crosbys enjoyed a positive reception from their initial work and decided to
expand the press to serve other authors.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They printed limited quantities of meticulously produced,
hand-manufactured books, printed on high-quality paper. Publishing in Paris
during the 1920s and 1930s put the company at the crossroads of many American
writers who were living abroad. In 1928, Éditions Narcisse published a limited
edition of 300 numbered copies of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"The
Fall of the House of Usher" </i>by Edgar Allan Poe with illustrations by
Alastair.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_42LXd30IGOKDWZnxoJU_857zg-5ZQYFHWnOQcsHQEaAqPn76vadMBg4AGYkg51SxkJlSVbMegMjsVnm4XNRl5Gh8QJnAko7rMCjMC6ICQhpqb_Y_nhntKagXnNYG0Qo4gCdIxMtZMfY2/s1600/crosgy_harry_death_broadside.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_42LXd30IGOKDWZnxoJU_857zg-5ZQYFHWnOQcsHQEaAqPn76vadMBg4AGYkg51SxkJlSVbMegMjsVnm4XNRl5Gh8QJnAko7rMCjMC6ICQhpqb_Y_nhntKagXnNYG0Qo4gCdIxMtZMfY2/s320/crosgy_harry_death_broadside.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1928, Harry and Caresse changed the name of the press to
the Black Sun Press, in keeping with Harry's fascination with death and the
symbolism of the sun. Harry developed a private mythology around the sun as a
symbol for both life and death, creation and destruction. The press rapidly
gained notice for publishing beautifully bound, typographically flawless
editions of unusual books. They took exquisite care with the books they
published, choosing the finest papers and inks.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They published early works of a number of avant-garde
writers before the writers were well-known, including James Joyce's Tales Told
of Shem and Shaun (which was later integrated into Finnegans Wake). They
published Kay Boyle's first book-length work, Short Stories, in 1929,and works
by Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, Eugene Jolas, D. H. Lawrence, Archibald
MacLeish, Ezra Pound, and Laurence Sterne. The Black Sun Press evolved into one
of the most important small presses in Paris in the 1920s. In 1929, Polly and Harry
both signed poet Eugene Jolas' The Revolution of the Word Proclamation, which
appeared in issue 16/17 of the literary journal transition.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"If you're interested in the best of what came out of
Paris at that time," says antiquarian books expert Neil Pearson, "a
Black Sun book is the literary equivalent of a Braque or a Picasso painting –
except it's a few thousand pounds, not £20 million."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By far, the most beautiful of all their books, according to
Pearson, is the Hindu Love Manual that Harry and Caresse found in Damascus and
reprinted in 1928, in a release of just 20. It was bound in navy leather, which
was stamped with gold in a nod to ancient Persian manuscripts. Its grey pages
were handmade and decorated with a gold border, and each illustration in each
copy was hand-colored.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaXmDVDmbHFN-Z8vjrFiWFNlw3TbzQwBlFfnpY4F67_DuMKdczdDtmbbrWTM30K6xaJwanvFJ2F_EfwSrKPvU4TmsbTa5cPVO02712V8P5cizot5osbVFOBt3-3cqmMc0YuNt1rVsKeet0/s1600/Alastair_illustration_for_red_skeletons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaXmDVDmbHFN-Z8vjrFiWFNlw3TbzQwBlFfnpY4F67_DuMKdczdDtmbbrWTM30K6xaJwanvFJ2F_EfwSrKPvU4TmsbTa5cPVO02712V8P5cizot5osbVFOBt3-3cqmMc0YuNt1rVsKeet0/s1600/Alastair_illustration_for_red_skeletons.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ALASTAIR ILLUSTRATION FOR HARRY'S BOOK</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry commissioned Alastair, a spectacularly camp German
creator of beautifully decadent and Gothic fantasies to illustrate his second
collection, Red Skeletons. The book included Harry's most famously purple piece
of adolescent expression, a sonnet to his corrupting hero Baudelaire. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Within my soul you've set the blackest
flag/And made my disillusioned heart your tomb/My mind which was once young and
virginal/Is now a pregnant spleen-filled womb."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
.Writers Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos were in Paris,
and had served with Harry during the war. Harry's cousin, Walter Berry, invited
them to his salons, where novelist friends, like Henry James, Marcel Proust and
Edith Wharton, would come to talk books in his unrivalled library. In 1928, Harry inherited his uncle Walter Berry's considerable
collection of over 8,000 mostly rare books, a collection he prized but which he
also scaled back by giving away hundreds of volumes. He was known to slip rare
first editions into the bookstalls that lined the Seine.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBtYsPmNIj0XqVQ5mWPxrexXTbed8v1IYXZ7MmDH28lxmAQ7_eAYbd2nbDJ11E0djUsjBVBZv26GjhmrZnNCdw_b6kKBmeqviZm_K4z_y2ZCIviLn5PDe4RVQkrcvNbfGxQJl_VRQZ-GzY/s1600/Tales_of_shem_and_shaun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBtYsPmNIj0XqVQ5mWPxrexXTbed8v1IYXZ7MmDH28lxmAQ7_eAYbd2nbDJ11E0djUsjBVBZv26GjhmrZnNCdw_b6kKBmeqviZm_K4z_y2ZCIviLn5PDe4RVQkrcvNbfGxQJl_VRQZ-GzY/s320/Tales_of_shem_and_shaun.jpg" width="258" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Black Sun Press published exclusive extracts from the
most anticipated novels of the '20s and '30s. The Crosbys' fastidious French
printer even went behind their backs to ask author, James Joyce, if he'd mind
padding out the last page of his book with a few lines to make it look
prettier. He complied. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pablo Picasso, Caresse's first choice of illustrator,
gladly met her, but ultimately turned down the offer on the grounds he didn't
do portraits. Harry decided to pay another Black Sun Press writer, D.H.
Lawrence, in gold coins, a gesture which he decided the author would
appreciate. He did.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Max Ernst, the surrealist painter and a close friend of
Caresse, provided haunting images for her tomes and the Crosby’s branched out
early into books about an art form then thought unworthy: photography. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry
developed a keen eye for photography during the second half of the '20s.
According to Caresse, it was Harry's gift of a camera that inspired Henri
Cartier-Bresson, who became the century's most noted photographer, to give up
painting and return to photography.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beyond the book business, the Crosbys' spectacular
bacchanals, open marriage and prodigious ingenuity at marketing, gave them a
certain mystique. The Crosbys have probably been neglected in literary history
because they were what Neil Pearson calls "dilettantes", frivolous
interlopers in the serious world of 20th century literature.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The Croby’s
affairs </u></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAj0HFYDeaOezji3abawDe9cfR6dyoeCgvjeQq8hBpCsf7XeWIF_t2nGs6M9zcIB8UDJbA9o5XTAC3KWUXYJbI4f-Nyec6BUhYzs-bfhePg6tkIsarcUNeZY9gosnhvt7cF-5kY8gBbG8W/s1600/1927-harry-caresse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="300" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAj0HFYDeaOezji3abawDe9cfR6dyoeCgvjeQq8hBpCsf7XeWIF_t2nGs6M9zcIB8UDJbA9o5XTAC3KWUXYJbI4f-Nyec6BUhYzs-bfhePg6tkIsarcUNeZY9gosnhvt7cF-5kY8gBbG8W/s320/1927-harry-caresse.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HARRY & CARESSE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry’s seductive abilities became legendary in some social
circles in Paris, and he engaged in a series of ongoing affairs, maintaining
relationships with a variety of beautiful and doting young women, whilst he was married to Caresse.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1927, in the midst of his affair with Constance, Harry
and Caresse met Russian painter Polia Chentoff. Harry asked her to paint
Caresse's portrait, and he soon fell in love with Polia. In November, Harry
wrote his mother that Polia was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"very
beautiful and terribly serious about art she ran away from home when she was
thirteen to paint." </i>He was also in love with his cousin Nina de
Polignac.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In June 1928, Harry met Josephine Rotch at the Lido in
Venice, while she was shopping for her wedding trousseau, and they began an
affair that was to later end in tragedy and scandal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Josephine had left Bryn Mawr after only two years because
she planned to marry Albert Smith Bigelow. "She was dark and intense...
since the season of her coming out in 1926-7, she had been known around Boston
as fast, a 'bad egg'...with a good deal of sex appeal." They met for sex
as often as her eight days in Venice would allow.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Josephine and Harry had an ongoing affair until June 21,
1929, when she married Albert Smith Bigelow. Their affair was over—until
August, when Josephine contacted Crosby and they rekindled the affair as her
husband became a first year graduate student of architecture at Harvard. Unlike
his wife Caresse, Josephine was quarrelsome and prone to fits of jealousy. She
bombarded Harry with half incoherent cables and letters, anxious to set the
date for their next tryst.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguYtzk-9tp07jF4S42IBz5ShND1mQTqnjmc4LG6JQda8vNfCoSjolmkcFzKIGS6M3_fRgSyBvHsq5347la-53Ftidl-7yrsRAOAPoQd7iSxu-lx30gQ-vw2Fc0F0pig55SJ0Dqm8f3m8zl/s1600/crosby_cdm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguYtzk-9tp07jF4S42IBz5ShND1mQTqnjmc4LG6JQda8vNfCoSjolmkcFzKIGS6M3_fRgSyBvHsq5347la-53Ftidl-7yrsRAOAPoQd7iSxu-lx30gQ-vw2Fc0F0pig55SJ0Dqm8f3m8zl/s1600/crosby_cdm.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARRESSE CROSBY</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Caresse took on lovers of her own, including Ortiz Manolo,
Lord Lymington, Jacques Porel, Cord Meier, and in May, 1928, the Count Armand
de La Rochefoucauld, son of the duke de Doudeauville, President of the Jockey
Club. But behind closed doors, Harry applied a double standard, quarreling
violently with Caresse about her affairs, whilst telling her that both Constance
and Josephine wanted to marry him. Occasionally they strayed together, as when
they met two other couples and drove to the country near Bois de Boulogne, drew
the cars into a circle with their headlights on, and changed partners.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry experimented with photography and saw the medium as a
viable art form before it was widely accepted as such. In 1929, Harry met Henri
Cartier-Bresson at Le Bourget, where Cartier-Bresson's air squadron commandant
had placed him under house arrest for hunting without a license. Crosby
persuaded the officer to release Cartier-Bresson into his custody for a few
days. The men found they shared an interest in photography, and they spent
their time together taking and printing pictures at Crosby's home, Le Moulin du
Soleil. Harry later said Cartier-Bresson "looked like a fledgling, shy and
frail, and mild as whey." A friend of Crosby’s from Texas encouraged
Cartier-Bresson to take photography more seriously. Embracing the open
sexuality offered by Crosby and his wife Caresse, Cartier-Bresson fell into an
intense sexual relationship with Caresse which was to last until two years after
her husband’s untimely death.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry also learned to fly solo in November, 1929 when the
aeroplane was so new that its spelling had not been agreed upon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Harry’s Suicide
& The Aftermath</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On July 9, 1928 in Venice, Harry had met 20-year-old
</div>
Josephine Noyes Rotch, whom he would call the "Youngest Princess of the
Sun" and the "Fire Princess." She was descended from a family
that first settled in Provincetown, Cape Cod in 1690. Josephine would inspire
Crosby's next collection of poems called Transit of Venus. Though she was
several years his junior, Harry fell in love with Josephine. In a letter to his
mother, dated July 24, 1928, Crosby wrote:<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am having an affair with a girl I met (not
introduced) at the Lido. She is twenty and has charm and is called Josephine. I
like girls when they are very young before they have any minds.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Josephine and Harry had an ongoing affair until she married,
when the affair temporarily ended. However, Josephine rekindled their affair,
and in late November 1929, Harry and Josephine met and travelled to Detroit,
where they checked into an expensive, US$12 a day Book-Cadillac Hotel as Mr.
and Mrs Harry Crane. For four days they took meals in their room, smoked opium,
and had sex.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On November 29, 1929, the lovers returned to New York, where
once again they attempted to end the affair, and Josephine agreed that she
would return to Boston and her husband. But two days later, she had delivered a
36-line poem to Crosby, who was staying with Caresse at the Savoy-Plaza Hotel. The
last line of the poem read:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Death is our marriage.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFStS6vZxRb0Ua0puEjYNIvUtYck3nx5uu-Tgh4x-Le1IOJmaJZU-KFM1LASjQDFq-RPNW1yfTUSHW5ugLzC0UNlR8kYFhHW7OLHRYC890WzZxL2llXoY6A4RBY-KxJrySaZbgwc1h2H35/s1600/118084843_1448032564.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="332" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFStS6vZxRb0Ua0puEjYNIvUtYck3nx5uu-Tgh4x-Le1IOJmaJZU-KFM1LASjQDFq-RPNW1yfTUSHW5ugLzC0UNlR8kYFhHW7OLHRYC890WzZxL2llXoY6A4RBY-KxJrySaZbgwc1h2H35/s320/118084843_1448032564.jpg" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">NEWSPAPER REPORT ON MURDER - SUICIDE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On December 9, Harry Crosby wrote in his journal for the
last time:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">One is not in love
unless one desires to die with one's beloved. There is only one happiness - it
is to love and to be loved.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The good times were drawing to a close financially too. In
January 1929, Harry had written to his father asking him <i>"to sell $4,000
worth of stock to make up for past extravagances in New York"</i>. In May, he
sold another $4000 worth <i>"to enjoy life when you can". </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then, on December 10, 1929, six weeks after the first Great
Crash saw the New York stock market lose $14 billion; Harry shot himself and
Josephine in a friend's studio apartment overlooking Central Park. He was 31
years old.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the evening of December 10, 1929, Harry's mother,
Caresse, and Hart Crane met for dinner before attending a play, but Harry was a
no-show. It was unlike him to worry Caresse needlessly. She called their friend
Stanley Mortimer at his mother's apartment, whose studio Harry was known to use
for his trysts. He agreed to check his studio and had to enlist help to break
open the locked door.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry’s body was found at 10pm that night in the apartment
in the Hotel des Artistes. Harry had a .25 caliber bullet hole in his right
temple and was lying dead next to Josephine, who had a matching hole in her
left temple. They were in an affectionate embrace. Both were dressed but had
bare feet. Harry sported red-painted toenails and tattoos on the bottom of his
feet. The coroner said that Josephine had died at least two hours before Harry. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was no suicide note, The steamship tickets he had bought that morning for
the return to Europe with Caresse were in his pocket. The coroner also found a cable from Josephine addressed to Harry on the Mauretania before
they arrived in New York: "CABLE GEORGE WHEN YOU ARRIVE AND WHERE I CAN
TELEPHONE YOU IMMEDIATELY. I AM IMPATIENT."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry's wedding ring was found crushed on the floor, not on
his finger, where he always promised Caresse it would remain. Caresse refused
to witness the carnage and begged Archibald MacLeish, who was in town from his
farm, to take charge. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCRHuhWXLoXiK1-HQ2kKOc2d5lp9Z-JmqqWoqLA7hCGftAPsQr_Ju8yzVwfckWZefNdHLnYFE_eaDbIgR0yZLTu1_oZQgS2J6IBLVbME8INd3PNjQbXRF5xLrSEUQHjwec6X406ztsRWoc/s1600/screen-shot-2014-05-22-at-10-57-10-pm.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="398" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCRHuhWXLoXiK1-HQ2kKOc2d5lp9Z-JmqqWoqLA7hCGftAPsQr_Ju8yzVwfckWZefNdHLnYFE_eaDbIgR0yZLTu1_oZQgS2J6IBLVbME8INd3PNjQbXRF5xLrSEUQHjwec6X406ztsRWoc/s320/screen-shot-2014-05-22-at-10-57-10-pm.png" width="320" /></a>Newspapers ran sensational articles for days about the
murder-suicide or double suicide pact. The Herald Tribune reported <i>"the
authorities were unable to obtain information pertaining to a motive for the
deaths".</i> But there was plenty else to gossip about: Harry and Josephine
Rotch-Bigelow had smoked opium and drunk whisky. London's Daily Mirror speculated
on psychological motives, while New York's Daily News blamed poetry and
passion. Death itself had been the motive, others said, just as aspiring poet
Harry's life had been his greatest artwork. He called cigarettes "coffin
nails" and knew the drugs he took were dangerous. The New York Times front
page blared, "COUPLE SHOT DEAD IN ARTISTS' HOTEL; Suicide Compact Is
Indicated Between Henry Crosby and Harvard Man's Wife. BUT MOTIVE IS
UNKNOWN He Was Socially Prominent in Boston—Bodies Found in Friend's
Suite." </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gretchen Powell had lunched with Harry the day of his death.
Her memory of the luncheon supported the notion that Josephine was one of
Harry's many passing fancies. She related that Harry had told her <i>"the
Rotch girl was pestering him; he was exasperated; she had threatened to kill
herself in the lobby of the Savoy-Plaza if he didn't meet her at once."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The deaths polarized the several prominent families
affected. The Rotch family considered Josephine's death to be murder.
Josephine's erstwhile husband Albert Bigelow blamed Harry for <i>"seducing
his wife and murdering her because he couldn't have her."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry's poetry possibly gave the best clue to his motives.
Death was <i>"the hand that opens the door to our cage the home we
instinctively fly to." </i>His death mortified proper society. Harry's
biographer Wolff wrote, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>He had meant to do it; it was no mistake; it was not a
joke. If anything of Harry Crosby commands respect, perhaps even awe, it was
the unswerving character of his intention. He killed himself not from weariness
or despair, but from conviction, and however irrational, or even ignoble, this
conviction may have been, he held fast to it as to a principle. He killed
himself on behalf of the idea of killing himself.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crosby's death, given the macabre circumstances under which
it occurred, scandalized Boston's Back Bay society.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry's friend Hart Crane committed suicide less than two
years later. Malcolm Cowley, who Harry had published, wrote in his 1934 book
Exile's Return that the death of <i>"Harry Crosby becomes a symbol" </i>of
the rise and fall of the Jazz Age. He recited the excesses typified by Harry's
extravagant lifestyle as evidence of the shallowness of society during that era.
When he edited and reissued the book in 1951, he softened his opinion of Crosby
somewhat. <i>"I had written at length about the life of Harry Crosby, who I
scarcely know,"</i> he wrote<i>, "In order to avoid discussing the more
recent death of Hart Crane, whom I know so well that I couldn't bear to write
about him."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In her autobiography, Caresse minimized Harry's affair with
Josephine, eliminating a number of references to her. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After Harry’s death Caresse returned to Paris,
where she continued to run the Black Sun Press.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Harry left Caresse US$100,000 in his will, along with
generous bequests to Josephine, Constance, and others. His parents Stephen and
Henrietta had the will declared invalid, but reassured Caresse that she would
receive US$2000 a year until she received money from Walter Berry's estate.
Upon her return to Europe, Poleen was brought from Chamonix by Caresse's friend
Bill Sykes, Billy was brought home from boarding school by another friend, and
the family and friends spent some time at the Mill. Poleen stayed with her
mother for a few months, refusing to return to school. Billy returned to Choam,
and in 1931 returned to the U.S. to attend the Lenox School.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crosby retained Mary, her birth name, and was known after
her husband's death as "Mary Caresse Crosby". She pursued ambitions
as an actress that she had had since her 20s, and appeared as a dancer in two
short experimental films directed by artist Emlen Etting, Poem 8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Oramunde (1933). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcpHsd_rqWW7Ib8sssofMh6GrWHdzhJQAKivRhbQ78mHAV2pk8QovMgkY8nIYDQSw4DR9IMMxEJQTe_14bXIykEIsFE371oj4AdahR4ZI-iZ5JaWG9cT2Qj72PklUpN-lD1qK6yFeRdvzF/s1600/yale-joel-american-caresse-crosby-checking-inserts-for-next-portfolio-with-roger-lescaret.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="366" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcpHsd_rqWW7Ib8sssofMh6GrWHdzhJQAKivRhbQ78mHAV2pk8QovMgkY8nIYDQSw4DR9IMMxEJQTe_14bXIykEIsFE371oj4AdahR4ZI-iZ5JaWG9cT2Qj72PklUpN-lD1qK6yFeRdvzF/s320/yale-joel-american-caresse-crosby-checking-inserts-for-next-portfolio-with-roger-lescaret.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARESSE AT WORK </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Black Sun Press broadened its scope after Harry's death.
Caresse established, with Jacques Porel, a side venture to publish paperback
books when they were not yet popular, which she named Crosby Continental
Editions. Ernest Hemingway, a long-time friend, offered her a choice of The
Torrents of Spring (1926) or The Sun Also Rises (1926) as a debut volume for
her new venture. Caresse unfortunately picked the former, which was less well
received than the other volume. She followed Hemingway's work with nine more
books in 1932, including William Faulkner's Sanctuary, Kay Boyle's Year Before
Last, Dorothy Parker's Laments for the Living, and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's
Night-Flight, along with works by Paul Eluard, Max Ernst, Alain Fournier,
George Grosz, C. G. Jung, and Charles-Louis Philippe. After six months
of sales the books had only grossed about US$1200. Crosby was unable to
persuade U.S. publishers to distribute her work, as paperbacks were not yet
widely distributed, and then publishers were not convinced that readers would
buy them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Interracial affair
with Canada Lee</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvnc1NG87RDk-NQpdQALZEpDUREhFnvtd4GzzeQ2HbDVSgmxmKkukh1HzMdv7s0lWVQJ5wzvt1phwFx9lOsKe9-xbFBJJEZYEzfJ36V67QFMaMlXAq1XX7W0VxxpnKW-JvMsnox_qJ9-v_/s1600/canadalee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="371" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvnc1NG87RDk-NQpdQALZEpDUREhFnvtd4GzzeQ2HbDVSgmxmKkukh1HzMdv7s0lWVQJ5wzvt1phwFx9lOsKe9-xbFBJJEZYEzfJ36V67QFMaMlXAq1XX7W0VxxpnKW-JvMsnox_qJ9-v_/s320/canadalee.jpg" width="263" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CANADA LEE</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1934, Caresse begun a love affair with black actor-boxer
Canada Lee, despite the threat of miscegenation laws. They had lunch uptown in
Harlem at the then new restaurant Franks, where they could maintain their
secret relationship. By the 1940s, Lee was a Broadway star and featured in the
nationwide run of the play Native Son. But the only restaurant in Washington,
D.C. where they could eat together was an African restaurant named the Bugazi.
Unlike so many of her lovers, Lee didn't ask for money, even when his nightclub
The Chicken Coop had a difficult time. When Crosby's brother Walter expressed
his dismay at their relationship, during a dinner in the early 1940s, Caresse
was offended and had little contact with Walter over the next 10 years. Crosby
and Lee's intimate relationship continued into the mid-1940s and contributed to
her worldview. Crosby wrote a never-published play, The Cage, transparently
based on their relationship.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Caresse Marries Third
Husband Selbert Young</b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW2QW3AYJ5sGDlsOuqFBMvLr3t3so73lC4LjfM5mF8xKA-BCxaqaEgJTL-rcjBx9WaFMqwZO_ZbuvrdBLXnc5-tHMNY4WVFsLoNMbuhWpLKPGwqoTw69NTpnxnE4ik-98fk0gNHDHNXxL4/s1600/PH49_1_5_Caresse-Crosby13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="847" data-original-width="650" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW2QW3AYJ5sGDlsOuqFBMvLr3t3so73lC4LjfM5mF8xKA-BCxaqaEgJTL-rcjBx9WaFMqwZO_ZbuvrdBLXnc5-tHMNY4WVFsLoNMbuhWpLKPGwqoTw69NTpnxnE4ik-98fk0gNHDHNXxL4/s320/PH49_1_5_Caresse-Crosby13.jpg" width="245" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While taking her daughter Polly to Hollywood, where she
aspired to become an actress, Caresse met Selbert "Bert" Saffold
Young, an unemployed aspiring actor and former football player 18 years her
junior.When he saw her staring at him in a restaurant, he immediately came over
and asked her to dance. She described him as <i>"handsome as Hermes"</i> and
<i>"as militant as Mars"</i>. Her friend Constance Coolidge described
Bert as <i>"untamed" and entirely ruled by impulse".</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Without a job, he convinced Caresse he just wanted to own a
farm, and they decided to look for land on the East Coast. They drove into
Virginia looking for an old plantation house smothered in roses. When their car
broke down, she accidentally discovered Hampton Manor, a Hereford cattle farm
with a dilapidated brick mansion on a 486 acres estate in Bowling
Green, Virginia. It had been built in 1838 by John Hampton DeJarnette from
plans by his friend, Thomas Jefferson. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On September 30, 1936, she wrote to the New York Trust
Company and instructed them to send 433 shares of stock that she used to buy
the property, which was in need of renovation. Polly and Bert were married
in Virginia on March 24, 1937. He was always asking Caresse for money,
he crashed her car, he ran up the telephone bill, and he used all her credit at
the local liquor store. Bert ended one bout of drinking with a solo trip to
Florida and did not come back to Virginia until the next year.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Caresse
Ghost-writes pornography</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmrL1ax-4ExHe8IKLk9pFjicSxZmzgNrKXFySR7CkLqdsCCIwfcAFksCankh5ZlQJLKfl-uxM85Q63w4HKdIH1M-1OvAU9LYWwXv1P-Ql7ZfkbMYXvguqhELHAlz_uVvk4qHbgiThBueF_/s1600/142633.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="275" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmrL1ax-4ExHe8IKLk9pFjicSxZmzgNrKXFySR7CkLqdsCCIwfcAFksCankh5ZlQJLKfl-uxM85Q63w4HKdIH1M-1OvAU9LYWwXv1P-Ql7ZfkbMYXvguqhELHAlz_uVvk4qHbgiThBueF_/s320/142633.jpg" width="205" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Paris during 1933, Caresse had met Henry Miller. When he
returned to the U.S. in 1940, he confessed to Caresse his lack of success in
getting his work published. Miller's autobiographical book Tropic of Cancer was
banned in the U.S. as pornographic, and he could get no other work published.
She invited him to take a room in her spacious New York apartment on East 54th
Street, where she infrequently lived, which he accepted, though she did not
provide him with money.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Desperate for cash, Miller fell to churning out pornography
on commission for an Oklahoma oil baron at a dollar per page, but after two
100-page stories that brought him US$200, he could do no more. Now he wanted to
tour the United States by car and write about it. He got a US$750 advance and
persuaded the oil man's agent to advance him another $200. He was preparing to
leave on the trip but still had not provided the work promised. He thought then
of Caresse. She was already pitching in ideas and pieces of writing to Anaïs
Nin's New York City smut club for fun, not money. In her journal, Nin wrote,
<i>"Harvey Breit, Robert Duncan, George Barker, Caresse Crosby, all of us
concentrating our skills in a tour de force, supplying the old man with such an
abundance of perverse felicities, that now he begged for more." </i>Caresse
was facile and clever, wrote easily and quickly, with little effort.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Caresse accepted Henry's proposal. She wrote at the top the
title given her by Henry Miller, Opus Pistorum (later republished as Henry's
work as Under the Roofs of Paris), and started right in. Henry left for his car
tour of America. Caresse churned out 200 pages, and the collector’s agent asked
for more. Caresse's smut was just what the oil man wanted, according to his
New York agent. No literary aspirations, just plain sex. In her journal, Nin
wrote, "'Less poetry,' said the voice over the telephone. 'Be
specific.' </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Caresse spent some of her time while her husband, Bert
Young, fell into a drunken stupor every night, churning out pages
of pornography. In her diary, Nin observed that everyone who wrote
pornography with her wrote out of a self that was opposite to his or her
identity, but identical with his or her desire. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Artistic activity
with Salvador Dali</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuzV6etw-3vf2sxns4GDrlSxr71Lp24a3GSLMgdi_jrMLhDjFb69iOuhWnfM5ooy59NQxhml4Sv4dnIp48NVoPrmHT1tqSSgaBu6MgYNP4Yjehif7GZTbh-6RJj_ia9dPtxrIh4HBYZRpi/s1600/caresse-crosby-sothebys-salvador-dali-painting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="475" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuzV6etw-3vf2sxns4GDrlSxr71Lp24a3GSLMgdi_jrMLhDjFb69iOuhWnfM5ooy59NQxhml4Sv4dnIp48NVoPrmHT1tqSSgaBu6MgYNP4Yjehif7GZTbh-6RJj_ia9dPtxrIh4HBYZRpi/s320/caresse-crosby-sothebys-salvador-dali-painting.jpg" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">PORTRAIT BY DALI</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1934, Dalí had made his first trip to the United States
via steamboat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caresse Crosby was on
that boat with him, and ended up being the centre of his social
universe in New York for the next two years, 1934 and 1935. It was really well
documented, not just by him and not just by her, but also in the press, and in
Time magazine, and in the New York social scene.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When Dalí and Caresse, along with his new wife and muse,
Gala, disembarked in New York, they greeted the press waiting for the
Surrealist celebutante with an impromptu lecture about the movement as Dalí
showed off his Portrait of My Wife. It made it into all the morning newspapers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although her new husband Bert was often drunk and
infrequently home, Caresse did not lack for company. She extended an invitation to stay
to Salvador Dalí and his wife, who were long-term guests at her home, during
which he wrote much of his autobiography. In 1934, Dalí and his wife Gala
attended a masquerade party in New York, hosted for them by Crosby.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHdedIpCdNYuUbCgZWFijth6T4Y-WrTbpaCYBkcsG6i-uS80YHrEILl6MKrG4W4H43aU9U_E671qgi1d6UzjNpPYRzcYZPQ2si4TJdGIc9JP7bOswiujmAHkLmK-MBOrHHaTwKqL6hPGB/s1600/dali.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1333" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHdedIpCdNYuUbCgZWFijth6T4Y-WrTbpaCYBkcsG6i-uS80YHrEILl6MKrG4W4H43aU9U_E671qgi1d6UzjNpPYRzcYZPQ2si4TJdGIc9JP7bOswiujmAHkLmK-MBOrHHaTwKqL6hPGB/s320/dali.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dali painted a portrait of Caresse entitled The Passionate
Years. The painting is made all the rarer by the fact that Dali was not
primarily painting portraits at this time; though he would come into his own as
an improbable society portraitist—a fun-house-mirror reflection of John Singer
Sargent—he was still in the burgeoning stages of his career, painting the
surrealist dreamscapes that are emblematic of his work.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dali and Crosby remained lifelong friends, even as she
crisscrossed between Virginia, New York, Paris, and Rome in later years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other visitors to her
home in the 1930’s included Max Ernst, Buckminster Fuller, Stuart Kaiser, Henry
Miller, Anaïs Nin, Ezra Pound, and other friends from her time in Paris. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Divorce from Burt </u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By 1941, having divorced Bert, Caresse moved to live in
Washington, D.C. full-time, where she owned a home at 2008 Q Street NW from
1937 to 1950, and she opened the Caresse Crosby Modern Art Gallery, what was
then the city's only modern art gallery, at 1606 Twentieth Street, near Dupont
Circle.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In December, 1943, she wrote Henry Miller to ask if he had
heard about her gallery and asked if he would be interested in exhibiting some
of his paintings there. In 1944, she spent some time with him at his home in
Big Sur and later opened his first one-man art show at her gallery.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Publishes
Portfolio</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFjEAWQcBsR7lFlcRD4So9Ja0AV3naPDYnXvUxvAyWy7VY2ZIJzzHq72XNBR-Q8HhHiEquekctx9pEl_55Skp65Qpc6X5dDGmY5ZLEG41WUJ0chdAQgD7DUhmDgc7CBKuCv40VVFg9HQT/s1600/crosby.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="252" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigFjEAWQcBsR7lFlcRD4So9Ja0AV3naPDYnXvUxvAyWy7VY2ZIJzzHq72XNBR-Q8HhHiEquekctx9pEl_55Skp65Qpc6X5dDGmY5ZLEG41WUJ0chdAQgD7DUhmDgc7CBKuCv40VVFg9HQT/s320/crosby.gif" width="230" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She also published under the Black Sun Press Portfolio: An
Intercontinental Quarterly, in which she sought to continue her work with young
and avant-garde writers and artists. She printed issues 1, 3, and 5 in the U.S.
The second issue was published in Paris in December 1945, less than seven
months after the end of World War II. It featured primarily French writers and
artists; the fourth issue was published in Rome and focused on Italian writers
and artists; and the last issue was focused on Greek artists and writers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the war and for some time afterward, paper was in
short supply. Caresse printed the magazine on a variety of different sizes,
colors, and types of paper stock printed by different printers, stuffed into a
11.5 inches (290 mm) by 14 inches (360 mm) folder. Caresse printed 1,000 copies
of each issue, and as she had done with the Black Sun Press, gave special
treatment to 100 or so deluxe copies that featured original artwork by Romare Bearden,
Matisse, and others.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She secured
contributions from a wide variety of well-known artists and writers, including:
Louis Aragon, Kay Boyle, Gwendolyn Brooks, Sterling A. Brown, Charles Bukowski,
Albert Camus (Letter to a German Friend, his first appearance in an
English-language publication), Henri Cartier-Bresson, René Char, Paul Éluard,
Jean Genet, Natalia Ginzburg, Victor Hugo, Weldon Kees, Robert Lowell, Henri
Matisse, Henry Miller, Eugenio Montale, Anaïs Nin, Charles Olson, Pablo
Picasso, Francis Ponge, Kenneth Rexroth, Arthur Rimbaud, Yannis Ritsos,
Jean-Paul Sartre (The End of the War), Karl Shapiro, Stephen Spender, Leo
Tolstoy, and Giuseppe Ungaretti. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
the sixth issue, she ran out of funds and sponsors. This was her last major
publishing effort.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Visits to Europe</u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having left Europe in 1936, she yearned to visit her
daughter Polly, who had been living in London the entire time. Civilian travel
was still very restricted after the war ended, and Caresse reached out to her
friend Archibald Macleish, now Assistant Secretary of State, who helped her
make travel arrangements and obtain a visa. She traveled aboard a military
British Overseas Airways Corporation flying boat, the sole civilian passenger,
hand-carrying her Elsa Schiaparelli hat box that contained Pietro Lazzari's
drawings of horses and Romare Bearden's Passion of Christ watercolor series.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She learned after the war that Nazi troops had set up base
in her former home "Le Moulin du Soleil" . Caresse was
upset when she learned the German troops had painted over the wall that had
doubled as her guest book. Ironically, along with painting over the signature
of Spanish painter Salvador Dalí (he intertwined his name with that of a
Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer), D. H. Lawrence (who drew a phoenix),
they also painted over the signature of Eva Braun, who had signed her name when
she visited Harry and Caresse, along with an Austrian big game hunter she was
dating. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>"I wish I might have taken
it with me when I left,"</i> Caresse wrote decades later, hinting she might
have done something extraordinary with the wall when she left the mill in 1936
- if she'd known what would happen four years later.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Post-war activity</u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFvCNMh-ADqsJguilxVvMyehiK-8JF7YqWL50Wo5R50LKB2NkAWNsamfbzDd51oE9-fN9y2FtOLuahK06jbMS7URgCOKYvzTwoJMycFCRY0sjx70y2kxdMPVq2FzCT3EQxnmFV0SPB2jW/s1600/caresse2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="408" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFvCNMh-ADqsJguilxVvMyehiK-8JF7YqWL50Wo5R50LKB2NkAWNsamfbzDd51oE9-fN9y2FtOLuahK06jbMS7URgCOKYvzTwoJMycFCRY0sjx70y2kxdMPVq2FzCT3EQxnmFV0SPB2jW/s320/caresse2.png" width="215" /></a></div>
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Caresse became politically active again after the war and
founded the organizations Women Against War and Citizens of the World, which
embraced the concept of a "world community”. Caresse continued her work to
establish a world citizen's center in Delphi, Greece, where in 1942 she bought
a small house that overlooked the Grove of Apollo. In October 1952, she
attempted to visit her property, but she was met by armed guards at Corfu as
she got off the ferry from Brindisi. The police placed her under house arrest
in the Corfu Palace Hotel, and after three days they told her she was not
welcome in Greece and ordered her to leave. The American consul told her that
the Greek government thought she was still "considered dangerous to the
economy and politics of Greece." <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>When her plan failed, she sought to create the
"World Man Center" in Cyprus, which was to include a geodesic dome
designed by Buckminster Fuller. This effort, too, came to naught, and she
continued to search for a center for her world citizen project.</div>
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In 1953, Caresse wrote and published her autobiography, The
Passionate Years. She wrote it mostly based on her personal recollection rather
than a specific set of sources. It contained "many amusing and intense
anecdotes... but precious little about what was going on with him [Harry] is
revealed.".</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Billy's death
& Castello Rocca Sinibalda </u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><br /></u></b></div>
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In the winter of 1954-55, Caresse's son Billy Peabody was in
charge of the Paris office for American Overseas Airlines. He and his wife
Josette had a small third-floor walk-up apartment on rue du Bac that they
heated with a fireplace and a stove. On January 25, 1955, Billy died in his
sleep of carbon monoxide poisoning, while Josette was found unconscious and
revived. Caresse travelled to Paris for his funeral, between appearances at
colleges where she talked about her life and the Black Sun Press.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnsum3m85TOj7Ro8CiSMvC4SYRXCLFFOh3A2NThlgTx2RsRLj4WY43yuFR5o1_Wc1ZzFqsxebbxn624xqnU7WjB_cdTrH0seSVltEFmeGwDonuOvAm2m6kNGG9dxTmpaMTxr5Xn61cc2Hz/s1600/330px-Castello_Rocca_Sinibalda.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="330" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnsum3m85TOj7Ro8CiSMvC4SYRXCLFFOh3A2NThlgTx2RsRLj4WY43yuFR5o1_Wc1ZzFqsxebbxn624xqnU7WjB_cdTrH0seSVltEFmeGwDonuOvAm2m6kNGG9dxTmpaMTxr5Xn61cc2Hz/s320/330px-Castello_Rocca_Sinibalda.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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She was first introduced to a run-down castle named Castello
di Rocca Sinibalda 70 kilometres north of Rome in 1949 during a tour of Italy.
Designed by Baldassare Peruzzi and built between 1530 and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for Cardinal Alessandro Cesarini, in the
1950s she rented and later paid US$2,600 for the estate. It came with the Papal
title of Principessa. She paid to electrify the castle and thus brought
electricity to the neighbouring village. She told a reporter that the castle
had 320 rooms, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"at least that's what
the villagers tell me." </i>The deed listed 180 rooms. Many of the rooms
had 21 feet (6.4 m) ceilings and the palace was virtually impossible to heat<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. "I wouldn't live here if you paid
me,"</i> she told a reporter.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb5ckYr0dtM0rXYVACyRElxrXfgkWai0kVl-90Yfuv2ltEwYiLqttIL3TeNNQuXWXkYGu7zyNkGWr0w4LgCsFIxowxgxMjs_umUQr0cAZeI2OIexUh7QrZF4GefKyUH7be-zxS0MRcnzCc/s1600/Caresse+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="450" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb5ckYr0dtM0rXYVACyRElxrXfgkWai0kVl-90Yfuv2ltEwYiLqttIL3TeNNQuXWXkYGu7zyNkGWr0w4LgCsFIxowxgxMjs_umUQr0cAZeI2OIexUh7QrZF4GefKyUH7be-zxS0MRcnzCc/s320/Caresse+15.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARESSE AT ROCCO SINABALDA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The residential portion of the palace contains three main
apartments and two courtyards. The walls of the main hall are decorated by
frescoes from the 16th century. She used the castle to support various artists,
including poets' seminars. Henry Miller described Rocca Sinibalda as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Centre for Creative Arts and Humanist
Living in the Abruzzi Hills."</i> Other artists visited for a weekend or
an entire season. In 1962, filmmaker Robert Snyder made a 26-minute
documentary about Caresse's history and her plans for the castle. The short
film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Always Yes, Caresse</i> took the
viewer on a tour of the castle, led by Caresse. At one point in the film, she
pulled down her blouse to reveal her ample bosom. He learned about the writer's
retreat when he was in Rome filming a documentary on the Sistine Chapel, The
Titan; The Story of Michelangelo.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ft4NWBX10PE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ft4NWBX10PE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
A CLIP FROM "ALWAYS YES CARESSE" </div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CARESSE AT ROCCA SINIBALDA</td></tr>
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Caresse for a time divided her time between Rocca Sinibalda,
which in the winter was too cold to live in, Hampton Manor in Bowling Green,
Virginia, a home in Washington, D.C., a sprawling apartment at 137 East 54th
Street in New York City, as well as a residence in Rome. In 1953, Alvin Redman
published her autobiography, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Passionate Years</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She put Rocca
Sinibalda up for sale in 1970, shortly before she died.</div>
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<u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Death and Legacy</b></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs3PZgBq67qBA71wKuuitAKG-bHitAjAf0L9VoXTNxRIQ647Tl-NsWhoIG2A8VNViOeO7GUZZCCkz9q7TaUUzoUTv30BCeGixo-lRjBn-dPvQFxj18jIZ7ucdQ8TZHkGa6W0Kjuu7J5EV5/s1600/caresse1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="595" data-original-width="930" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs3PZgBq67qBA71wKuuitAKG-bHitAjAf0L9VoXTNxRIQ647Tl-NsWhoIG2A8VNViOeO7GUZZCCkz9q7TaUUzoUTv30BCeGixo-lRjBn-dPvQFxj18jIZ7ucdQ8TZHkGa6W0Kjuu7J5EV5/s320/caresse1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Suffering from heart disease, she received what was then
still-experimental open heart surgery at Mayo Clinic. She died from complications
from pneumonia in Rome, Italy on January 24, 1970, aged 78. Time described her
as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"literary godmother to the
Lost Generation of expatriate writers in Paris." </i>Anaïs Nin described
her as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"a pollen carrier, who mixed,
stirred, brewed, and concocted friendships."</i></div>
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<br /></div>
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She lived long enough to see many of the aspiring
writers she nurtured in the 1920s become well known and accepted authors. The
bra she invented went through a number of transformations and become a standard
undergarment for women all over the world. Her first two husbands and her son
Bill preceded her in death. She was survived by her daughter Polleen Peabody de
Mun North Drysdale and two granddaughters. Crosby was buried in the Cimetiere
de l'Abbaye de Longchamp, in Boulogne, Departement de la Vendee Pays de la
Loire, France.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0NcSreeYhxisFITUtocI_UEv9knzLgMANezAO_mfVO0Gq3I0hrbkph-R0hwXz3KYEn4rK6Ge4c75I6L9PHj1OqqlX6zgULIeNV481Xg9qUGbNXOuwyrYB8qZrKTUEHQlNJ5zwOjIbKiVS/s1600/51ovuz4iofl-_sx258_bo1204203200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="260" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0NcSreeYhxisFITUtocI_UEv9knzLgMANezAO_mfVO0Gq3I0hrbkph-R0hwXz3KYEn4rK6Ge4c75I6L9PHj1OqqlX6zgULIeNV481Xg9qUGbNXOuwyrYB8qZrKTUEHQlNJ5zwOjIbKiVS/s200/51ovuz4iofl-_sx258_bo1204203200_.jpg" width="150" /></a></div>
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Most of her papers and manuscripts are held in the archives
of the Southern Illinois University Special Collections Research Center in the
Morris Library at Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, including
more than 1600 photographs from her life, along with the papers of her friends
James Joyce and Kay Boyle.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Despite her outrageous life - Caresse remains less known
than her eccentric peers. Her husbands and lovers adored this magnetic person
to whom all these other amazing historical literary and artistic figures were
also attracted to.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>The Heart is a burial Ground by Tamara Colchester </b></u></div>
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</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNZdgrjrkH7CdgXebM8MNrlY6wLBaBdoAzoix-KXgcBQIQ3mXsODjhfTfGoSn-6I8fRdw5htx0C_acJwRvPdMtRNos6V_6XtGla0v6zkoS8Xbra2lcD27P5ypYRgunucvnhiS3Ap7VbaYQ/s1600/tamara+colchester.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="620" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNZdgrjrkH7CdgXebM8MNrlY6wLBaBdoAzoix-KXgcBQIQ3mXsODjhfTfGoSn-6I8fRdw5htx0C_acJwRvPdMtRNos6V_6XtGla0v6zkoS8Xbra2lcD27P5ypYRgunucvnhiS3Ap7VbaYQ/s320/tamara+colchester.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TAMARA COLCHESTER</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Now Caresse's remarkable story is being told, and in parts
re-imagined, in a book written by her great-granddaughter, Tamara Colchester.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<i>“Caresse was someone I wanted to try to get to know beyond
the myth – she was my great-grandmother”</i> says Colchester, who lives in West
Sussex.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Heart is a Burial Ground, which has been eight years in
the making, begins with Harry Crosby’s suicide. The book describes how:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i>“tattooed suns on the soles of his
long, gentle feet gave the police cause to raise their eyebrows, but it was his
ochre-painted toenails that really got them talking”.
</i></div>
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Harry, the wide-eyed, wild-spirited Bostonian had chased and
coveted Caresse, transforming her life, and much of Colchester’s book explores
that emotional legacy. <i>“There was always something incendiary about Harry. He
had an otherworldly charisma, which had fascinated me growing up,” </i>Colchester
says.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Her book was first intended as a biography, but when Colchester’s
laptop was stolen, a year’s work was lost and she was forced to start again.
That setback gave her an opportunity, she says, to turn the book into something
that <i>“it seemed to want to become”.</i> <i>“The voices were so alive, it really didn’t feel like me. It
was like the characters were there, having it out with each other and I was
just writing it down. It was quite a strange experience,”</i> she recalls. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The final version of <i>The Heart is a Burial Ground</i> shifts
back and forth in time, weaving fact with fiction. Colchester, used the
writings and recordings of Caresse as a starting point, but wanted to dig
deeper into<i> “what was not said, what we don’t know, what’s been too painful to
talk about. I wanted to look at what happens when you live your life like Caresse.
What’s the fallout?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Even at 19, there
was something in her essence that knew she wanted to be free,” </i>says Colchester.
<i>“Inventing the bra was perfectly symbolic. She was breaking away from the
restricted life that she’d been born into.” </i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Heart is a Burial Ground, by Tamara Colchester, is
published by Simon & Schuster</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/H1lrPVFW3J0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/H1lrPVFW3J0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<br /></div>
TAMARA COLCHESTER TALKS ABOUT HER BOOK ON CARESSE CROSBY<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7668654874814237602.post-44007137522814686522018-04-05T16:21:00.000+01:002018-04-05T23:11:58.501+01:00The Life and Death of Charlotte Bryant<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CHARLOTTE BRYANT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2009 the Derry Journal published a story on their website
about the execution of Charlotte Bryant in 1936. It reported that thousands of
protesters had lined the streets outside Exeter prison as the Derry woman, a
"<i>lusty adulterer</i>" nicknamed '<i>Black Bess</i>', was led to the gallows for
the chilling murder of her husband.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The woman they were writing about was described as
“<i>notorious arsenic killer Charlotte Bryant</i>” and the article headlines claimed
the <i>“Execution of the Derry 'sex kitten' sparked massive protest</i>”. The language
used in this 2009 report immediately gives the reader a mental picture
of Charlotte as a highly sexual and immoral woman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte would go on to die at the gallows in the hands of Thomas
Pierrepoint, assisted by his young nephew Albert, who would later become the
UK’s most renowned and last public executioner.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Bryant's execution was one of the most high profile hangings in the
history of Exeter prison but despite all of this, the names of Charlotte
and Frederick<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bryant have all but been
erased from history and have only come to light again after family members took
part in a recent episode of the BBC TV Series <i>Murder, Mystery & My Family</i>. This is
where I first discovered the hidden herstories of both Charlotte Bryant and Mrs
Violet Van Der Elst – the eccentric anti-death penalty campaigner who
championed Charlotte's case. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After doing some research into Charlotte Bryant online, I
quickly discovered that contemporary written accounts of Bryant’s case don't
paint a very pretty picture of her either. She is often portrayed - by male writers - as an
illiterate, drunken, prostitute and adulterer, who was forced to leave Ireland and
was the subject of sexually degrading gossip in the small rural village where she lived
with her husband and children. Researching Charlotte’s story further and looking at old press
articles, I came to my own conclusion as to why
she is not a household name and why her story has been buried and silenced for
so long. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although Charlotte Bryant was born in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on
St. Valentine’s Day in 1903 to Labourer John McHugh and his wife Sarah, her
life was far from romantic. She lived and grew up in a troubled place in Ireland where she was in
the minority for being a Catholic - and female. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the age 19 Charlotte was an attractive young woman with
raven black hair and dark brown eyes. Like many other girls in the town, she
often fraternized with the British soldiers in the Province and was nicknamed
"Darkie" by them because of her Celtic looks. She was very poorly
educated, could not read or write and she had already gained a reputation for being sexually
promiscuous. Her only future prospects were marriage and motherhood. Her activities with the soldiers were strongly disapproved of by
the Republicans in the area and she was threatened with tarring and feathering
- a fate that befell quite a few girls who went out with British soldiers
during "The Troubles."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1922, she met Frederick Bryant who was eight years her
senior. Frederick was serving as a military policeman in the Dorset Regiment.
He had served in the army during the 1st World War in Mesopotania and India. He
must have seemed like a very exciting figure to Charlotte, but in
reality he was just a simple country lad, bought up on a farm, who had joined
the Army and who had survived a war. He immediately fell for Charlotte and she
saw a chance for them to have a future away from Ireland. When Frederick's tour of duty ended, he returned to England and Charlotte went
with him. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CHARLOTTE BRYANT</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They married a little while later at Wells in Somerset. During
the 13 years they were man and wife, Charlotte gave birth to five children,
although whether Frederick was the father of the youngest child could be open to
question. Ernest Samuel was born in the winter of 1923; Lily Elizabeth was born
two years later in 1925, George Alfred in 1928, and William John in 1931. Edwin
Frederick was the last child to be born in the winter of 1934, after Mr Leonard
Parsons had moved in as a lodger.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After leaving Ireland, Frederick Bryant had resumed civilian life as a farm worker. Back in 1925, when he was newly married with 2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>children to support, he was working as a cowman at a farm
near Yeovil, in the village of Over Compton. Like most small rural villages
there was very little to do and even less excitement to be had. Social life for
most of the villagers revolved around the local Inn. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte seemed to be a very unhappy person, and spent much of her time
drinking at the local pub. This led to gossip and speculation about her character. She
was known in the area as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Black Bess</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Killarney Kate</i> and was generally
thought of by the villagers to be a drunken immoral woman. Her alleged
promiscuous nature was a regular topic of gossip with villagers who inferred
that sex could be purchased from her for the price of a drink. Whether
this was based on any real facts can be disputed. It is more likely that as a
poor, bored, Irish immigrant who seemed to drink heavily, she was already distrusted by the locals before her trial for Murder. The “men” that she was
accused of sleeping with as a prostitute, could have easily been legitimate paying
lodgers staying at her home.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frederick also seemed indifferent to the rumours about his
wife. He once told a neighbour <i>:</i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I
don't care what she does. Four pounds a week is better than the 30 shillings I
earn as a cowman". </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>It may indicate that her husband did not seem to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>object when she brought other men back to the
house that they shared with their four children – but this statement only confirms
that he welcomed the extra cash - not that he knew how his wife was supposed to
be earning it. Times were difficult financially and if Charlotte did earn money from casual prostitution, then it would be primarily down
to the fact that she needed to feed and clothe her children, rather than
because she wanted to enjoy the sex for any personal pleasure. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In December 1933, Charlotte met Leonard Edward Parsons, a gypsy
horse trader and peddler, and invited him back to the farmhouse to have
Christmas dinner with her and the family. Frederick, apparently feeling especially
charitable because of the season, listened to Leonard’s complaints about
sleeping on the road and impulsively invited Parsons to stay with them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To Charlotte, Leonard represented everything that her husband Frederick was not. Parsons was a swarthy,
world-savvy traveller whose wild nomadic lifestyle and unconventional view on
relationships was in sharp contrast to Frederick’s stay-at-home, simple traditional complacency. Charlotte fell in love with Parsons and began
sleeping with him. In 1934, Frederick Bryant was sacked from his job as a farm
labourer, as his employer was not happy about what was going on in his tied
cottage. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bryant and Charlotte then moved to the village of Coombe,
near Sherborne, where again Frederick found employment as a farm labourer. The
move did not change their domestic circumstances however, as Parsons simply
moved with them and he and Charlotte continued sleeping together.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Parsons did not live there on a permanent basis but stayed at
the Bryant home between business trips. He also had a common law wife,
Priscilla Loveridge, by whom he had fathered four children. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Initially Parsons
and Frederick Bryant appeared to get on quite well and were often seen drinking
together in the local pub. It seems highly feasible that Frederick Bryant could
have initially not been aware his lodger was sleeping with his wife, and once
he knew the real truth, he was reluctant to do anything about it because
Parsons was paying for his bed and board as a lodger. What Bryant may not have
possibly tolerated for much longer was the deep-seated feeling of being
undermined when his wife openly transferred her affections to Parsons and tried
to leave Frederick. He was unwilling to play the role of cuckolded husband when
his rival had the bare-faced audacity to move in and share his home along with
his wife’s bed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eventually, he could stand the situation no longer and
ordered Parsons to leave his house. Charlotte did not want to stop seeing
Parsons, so she left Frederick, taking 2 of her children with her. She and
Parsons rented rooms in Dorchester, but she returned to the family home 2 days
later saying she was worried about the 3 children she had left behind. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A few
days later all three adults had a private meeting but what was really agreed
upon is not known. Charlotte was evidently forgiven by Frederick Bryant and
Parsons was again allowed back into the house as a paying guest. It is possible
that Frederick gave them both an ultimatum and only allowed Parsons back into
the house if he stopped having sex with wife. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Charlotte was still besotted with Parsons, and
though he enjoyed her sexual favours, he did not love her and their
relationship had already begun to cause a lot of problems for him at this
point. He was not the sort of man who wanted to take on responsibility for
another man’s wife or children, especially when he hadn’t done that for his own
illegitimate family. Charlotte gave birth to her youngest son in November 1934 –
he may have been fathered by Leonard Parsons or by Frederick Bryant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In May of
1935, Frederick, who was by then 39 years old, was taken ill for the first
time, immediately after eating the meat pie Charlotte had cooked and left for
his lunch. He had severe stomach pains and was helped by a neighbour who
induced vomiting. The doctor came to see him and diagnosed gastro-enteritis,
and after a few days, Frederick Bryant returned to work. A further attack
followed in August 1935 and again Frederick made a full recovery. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In November 1935, Parsons dropped a huge bombshell into
Charlotte's life by announcing that he was leaving her. His stated reason was
the lack of work in that part of Dorset but it is just as feasible that living
with his Mistress, her husband and her children - possibly one of which he had
fathered himself - was no longer appealing to him. He had lived with another
woman out of wedlock and fathered other illegitimate children before meeting
Charlotte but his sexual promiscuity was never ever questioned. The next time she
and Parsons saw each other, Charlotte would be in the dock, accused of
murdering her husband and Parson’s would be giving evidence that led to her
conviction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On December the 11th, 1935, Frederick was again taken ill
with severe stomach pains from which, once more, he recovered. Charlotte
continued to search for Parsons in the local pubs but without success. She did,
however, form a new friendship with a woman called Lucy Malvina Ostler who was
a widow with seven children. Lucy moved into the Bryant's home soon after
Parson’s left and she was a key witness to Frederick's final attack on the
night of December the 22nd, 1935. He once again suffered extremely severe
stomach pains and he as he writhed in agony, Lucy Ostler claimed he was “<i>saying
there was something inside him like a red-hot poker that was driving him mad.</i>”
He was sent to Sherbourne Hospital for treatment, but died a few days before
Christmas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frederick’s doctor, who had treated him through these
mysterious bouts of gastric illness, was suspicious: the symptoms the dead man
had complained of corresponded exactly to arsenic poisoning, and like everyone
else in the area he too believed the rumours and gossip that Charlotte was not
a good wife. The doctor refused to sign a death certificate and notified the
police of his suspicions. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Arsenic was frequently used as a household poison and
pesticide. It was still quite readily available in 1936, particularly in the
agricultural and leather tanning industries where Frederick Bryant had worked
for over 11 years. The poison’s register had to be signed when arsenic based
weed killers and rat poisons were purchased from chemist's shops, but it was
one of the most common poisons to be found in the home in the 1930’s. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Arsenic could also be easily administered to a murder
victim, little by little over a long period of time, rather than in one large dose.
It builds up in the tissues and particularly in the hair and nails of the
victim. By 1936, it was easily spotted by forensic scientists in murder cases.
A century earlier in 1836, English chemist, James Marsh, had developed a
reliable test for arsenic in body tissues. His process was very sensitive and
could detect as little as a fiftieth of a milligram of the substance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Frederick Bryant’s death was regarded as suspicious by the
doctors and therefore a post mortem was carried out by Home Office pathologist,
Dr. Roche Lynch. He was given Bryant’s complete organs, including the stomach
and contents, small and large intestines, urine in the bladder, vomit and
excreta, complete lungs, portions of skin and hair, brain and nails. In
addition, samples of soil were taken from above the coffin, below the coffin
and from the adjacent ground. More samples were taken from sawdust in the
coffin, and from a portion of the dead man’s shroud. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Roche Lynch, found
4.09 grains of arsenic in the body.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Scotland Yard analyst later had a look at Charlotte’s coat and found arsenic
dust in the right-hand pocket at 58,000 parts per million. He said this was a huge
amount in comparison to what he expected. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE6zLRiRNeyjPruBopflVC9DqYWyL2adMVgO9mdEnmmuCQL1ZyWVHFWNir_zi2FZJg8E4f1Y-eY_1TEXwdW-yGP8mMsSsmGDC3tyBFt8FlcoujkfI2cFXq-wzbQuAeNFgRszsrx-lb8mdP/s1600/bryant+tin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="140" data-original-width="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE6zLRiRNeyjPruBopflVC9DqYWyL2adMVgO9mdEnmmuCQL1ZyWVHFWNir_zi2FZJg8E4f1Y-eY_1TEXwdW-yGP8mMsSsmGDC3tyBFt8FlcoujkfI2cFXq-wzbQuAeNFgRszsrx-lb8mdP/s1600/bryant+tin.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE BURNT TIN </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dorset Constabulary removed Charlotte and the
children to a workhouse in Sturminster Newton while they conducted a minute
search of the Bryant's cottage and garden. Of the 150 samples later sent to
the Home Office laboratory, 32 contained arsenic. Among the items recovered was
a burnt tin which had contained an arsenic-based weed killer and was found among rubbish at the back of the Bryant house. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Armed with this vital piece of information, the police
systematically visited all the local chemists shops to try and establish where
the weed killer had been purchased and by whom. Their efforts bore fruit and
they discovered a Yeovil chemist who had sold a tin of the weed killer to a
woman who only signed the poisons register with an X because she could not
write. The chemist, however, was unable to identify either Charlotte or Lucy
Ostler in a subsequent identity parade. The chemist said he knew the woman who
came in to buy the poison but claimed that in spite of this, he couldn’t identify
her to police. He may have been trying cover himself from being prosecuted as
it was illegal at that time for a chemist to sell arsenic to anyone they didn’t
know. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lucy Ostler also had a good motive for wanting Frederick out
of the picture so she could remain permanently in the home of her brand new
friend Charlotte. Lucy’s own husband had died 4 years ago in in suspicious circumstances
which were not proved in his port-mortem or inquest. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the unrecorded 8 consecutive hours that Lucy Ostler
later spent making her statement to the police she changed her story several
times and could have easily been persuaded to do so by the interrogating
officers. She may have been frightened that her own husband’s death would be
under scrutiny again or she may have been protecting herself from being a
viable suspect. If Lucy Ostler was involved in the murder in any way - by
purchasing, or administering the arsenic with or without Charlotte’s knowledge
– or whether she simply put the idea of killing him into Charlotte’s head by a
casual remark about her own experiences <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– the truth
is that her witness statement was unsound and unreliable and was almost
certainly made under duress. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lucy Ostler eventually told police that she had seen a tin
of the Eureka brand Weed killer in the Bryant home. Her description of the tin
matched that sold by the chemist. She said she saw the tin a second time when
she was cleaning out the ashes beneath the house’s steam heater. She told
Police that she had heard Charlotte say<br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I
must get rid of this … If nothing is found, they can’t put a rope round your
neck!”. </i><br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>The use of the word “Your” was originally interpreted as Charlotte
referring to herself, but it could also indicate that Charlotte was trying to
protect both her and Lucy from being being accused and held responsible.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On February the 10th, 1936, Charlotte was formerly arrested at
the workhouse in Sturminster Newton and charged with the murder of her husband.
She is reported to have told the officers that arrested her:<br />
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I haven't got poison from anywhere or
from people I know. I don't see how they can say I poisoned my husband."</i>.<br />
<br />
Leonard Parsons was questioned about Frederick’s murder but he had an alibi and
was immediately cleared of any suspicion by police. Later, the court were to
hear that Parsons was the only person actually seen by a witness to be handling arsenic
in the Bryant home. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Bryant’s trial opened on Wednesday, May the 27th,
1936, at the Dorset Assizes in Dorchester before Mr. Justice MacKinnon. It was
to last just four days, which was by no means unusual in capital murder trials
in those days. As it was a high profile poisoning case, the prosecution case
was led by the Solicitor-General, Sir Terrence O'Connor. Charlotte was defended
by the well-known barrister Mr. J.D. Casswell KC. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr Casswell stressed the heavily circumstantial nature of the
evidence and warned the jury not to take Charlotte’s promiscuity or her bad
character into account when making judgement on her guilt. She was on trial for
murder, not for her sexual activity he declared. No one had seen Charlotte actually poison
any food or knowingly give poisoned food to her husband, and the chemist still
couldn’t or wouldn’t identify her as the same woman who bought the weed killer
at his shop.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At first, Charlotte was seemingly unable to follow the court
proceedings. She protested throughout the trial that she had been on very good
terms with her husband and she was not guilty of his murder, but a succession
of witnesses for the prosecution, went on to refute this claim. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A Mr Tuck, testified that he had met Charlotte when she was
returning from the hospital immediately after her husband's demise. Mr Tuck was
an insurance agent with whom Charlotte had previously tried to insure her
husband's life. He said that she told him <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"Nobody
can say I poisoned him"</i>. This evidence did Charlotte no good at all in
court, since the prosecution said that no one else knew at that time that her late
husband had been killed by poisoning, and this immediately pointed to her guilt
in their eyes. If Lucy Ostler had warned her friend that she may be the prime
suspect in her husband’s murder, a view that she would have held, based on her
own personal experiences, then Charlotte may well have been worrying about this
on her return from the hospital – guilty or not. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The prosecution argued that the case was a classic eternal
triangle and that Charlotte poisoned her husband in order to continue a sexual
relationship with her lover. They could not show direct evidence that Charlotte
had either bought or administered the arsenic herself although the
circumstantial evidence supported this theory. Parsons had left the home and
the relationship was also clearly over before Frederick died. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lucy Ostler testified against Charlotte and told the court
that on the night Frederick died, Charlotte had made him a Beef drink and that
he was violently sick after taking it. She also related how she had explained
to Charlotte what an inquest was – knowledge she clearly gained by the
suspicious death of her own husband. Lucy alleged that Charlotte had told her
that she hated Frederick and only stayed with him because of the children – but
this does not make Charlotte a murderer. She told the court about the tin of
weed killer and how Charlotte had said that she would have to get rid of it –
but interpreted differently, that statement could also point to the fact that
Charlotte had been made aware by Lucy Ostler of the kind of evidence which
could be used against her – guilty or not. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lucy mentioned how she had found the remains of burnt
clothing in the boiler and then discovered the remains of the tin amongst the
ashes which she had thrown into the yard where the police discovered it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Casswell was unable to shake Lucy Ostler,
who stuck to her damning allegations against Charlotte throughout the trial. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Leonard Parsons' testimony did not help Charlotte’s case
either. He told the court how they had had sexual intercourse on numerous
occasions. Nowadays, this may not seem so shocking, but in 1936, promiscuity
and adultery were considered socially unacceptable and this information had the effect
of painting Charlotte as a "scarlet" woman - something that must have
born considerable weight with the jury, despite being warned by the Judge and
the Defence Lawyers that it wasn’t proof that Charlotte had committed murder. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Leonard
Parsons committed the ultimate betrayal of his former lover, detailing their
sex life in Public, and encouraging the jury to see her as a woman who had
committed adultery and was disloyal towards her husband. Lucy Ostler, either
because she was frightened or had her own dark secrets to hide, turned her back
on her friend and landlady and spoke against her for her own self-preservation. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Forensic evidence was presented by Dr. Roche Lynch who had analysed
the various samples taken from the Bryant's home, the victim’s body and the
burial site. He demonstrated to the court how arsenic could be dissolved in an Oxo
beverage and not be spotted or tasted by a person drinking it. He also told the
court that he had found that the ashes from the boiler in which Charlotte was
alleged to have tried to destroy the weed killer tin contained 149 parts per
million of arsenic whereas ashes normally contained around 45 parts per
million. Thus, he explained, something containing arsenic was burned beneath
the boiler. Later, the judge, in his summing up, advised the jury that this
appeared to him that someone had obviously tried to destroy the evidence – the
tin - and in his mind there was a “fair assumption” that this person was
Charlotte. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Casswell called Charlotte as a witness with some
trepidation, but in fact she did much better than he expected at giving
evidence. She denied knowing about poison or possessing any weed killer. She
also demonstrated to the court that an old coat in which traces of arsenic had
been found and which it was alleged that she had worn when she bought the weed
killer, did not fit her at all. Charlotte pointed the finger of blame on Lucy
Ostler. She claimed she had gone to bed at 7 p.m. on December 21 and that Lucy
had been the one to care for Frederick during his last night on Earth. She also
told the court that she was pleased rather than heartbroken when Parsons left
their house because she had actually lost interest in him, rather than the
other way round.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte's older children gave evidence next, but their
testimony was in fact very damaging to their mother's case. Ernest, her older
son, related how she had asked him to dispose of some blue bottles in late
December. Her daughter, Lily, told how she had seen Parsons with a blue bottle
whose contents had fizzed when poured onto a stone by Parsons in front of
Charlotte. The children also confirmed the occasional irregular sleeping
arrangements of their mother and the lodger but the fact that Parsons also
clearly had access to arsenic whilst living in the Bryant’s home was never
taken into account or questioned. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once all the evidence had been heard and the closing
statements had been made by both sides, Mr. Justice MacKinnon commenced the
summing up. He asked the jury to consider two principle questions only - was
Frederick Bryant poisoned with arsenic and if so, was that arsenic administered
to him by Charlotte Bryant?. He noted that Charlotte had been present in the
house on each occasion her husband had been taken ill and that two of the 3
bouts of sickness had occurred before Lucy Ostler had come into the household
when Leonard Parson’s had also lived there. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Altogether 30 witnesses had testified for the prosecution
and all of them had painted a dire picture of the woman in the dock bur it is
quite possible that despite all of this she was innocent and lost her life
simply because she couldn’t prove it in a court of law. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On Saturday the 30th, the jury after deliberating for just
an hour returned a verdict of guilty against Charlotte. When asked if she had
anything to say before sentence was passed, she replied in a calm voice <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I am not guilty."</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Justice MacKinnon had the black cap placed upon his wig
and then passed the only sentence the law permitted back then in 1936. He
sentenced her to be taken hence to the prison in which she had been last
confined and from there to a place of execution where she was to be hanged by
her neck until she was dead. Her body was to be buried in the precincts of the
prison in which she was last confined. To which he added the customary rider <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"and may the Lord have mercy upon your
soul" </i>There was considerable emotion in the court and Mr. Justice
MacKinnon seemed to have difficulty saying these dreadful words to her. On
hearing her sentence, Charlotte broke down and was led sobbing from the dock.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the trial, Mr. Caswell received a letter from a
Professor Bone who had read about the case in his Sunday paper. He told Mr.
Caswell that far from the 149 parts per million of arsenic that Dr. Roche had
found in the ashes being on the high side, it was actually on the low side for
ashes. Professor Bone later provided the defense with a signed statement to
this effect. He argued, the normal arsenic content of British household coal
was never less than 140 parts per million and often reached levels of 1,000
parts per million. This makes the evidence the original pathologist gave very
questionable indeed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte's appeal was heard on the 29th of June at the
Appeal Court in London. Amazingly, the Appeal Court refused to hear the
evidence of Professor Bone and concluded that even if the jury had been correctly
advised by Dr. Roche - the outcome of the trial would have still been the same.
Thus her appeal was denied and her sentence stood. At this time, it would have
been unprecedented for the Court of Appeal to admit any new evidence - it just
concerned itself with the conduct of the trial. However, one could argue that
Professor Bone's statement was not new evidence but rather a correction of
flawed evidence that had already been given at the original trial by the
prosecution's so called “expert" witness.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte spent almost six weeks in the condemned cell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was reported that her once raven hair had
turned completely white, presumably due to the stress of her situation. She
decided, after much agonising, against seeing her children again as she felt
now she had lost her appeal it would be too much for them to bear. She was
visited regularly by Father Barney, a Catholic priest, who prayed with her and
had a small altar set up in her cell.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She began to learn to read and write with the help of the
female warders who looked after her round the clock. She was able to dictate a
moving and poignant telegram to the King asking for clemency. She also wrote a
letter in which she said<br />
<br />
<i>"It is all the fault of ............ that I'm
here. I listened to the tales I was told. But I have not got long now and I
will be out of my troubles. God bless my children." </i><br />
<br />
The Home Office obliterated
the name mentioned in this note but it is very feasible that Lucy Ostler or
Leonard Parsons was the person who Charlotte thought was really responsible for
her imprisonment. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A lot had been going on behind the scenes to try and save
Charlotte from the Gallows. Sir Stafford Cripps, at that time a Member of
Parliament, had applied to the Home Secretary to declare a mistrial and order a
new one on the grounds of the flawed evidence. Questions had also been raised
in the House of Parliament about the case and petitions about her case had been
signed to have her sentence reprieved. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There appeared to be an unwritten rule at the Home Office
that no poisoners of any sex should be reprieved and this practice was followed
to the letter in Charlotte's case. On the Tuesday before her execution, the
Home Secretary, Sir John Simon, declined on the advice of his officials, to
grant her a reprieve or a new trial. The prison governor had the unpleasant job
of communicating this to Charlotte and telling her that the execution would
take place, as planned, the following morning.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBHr-0r5JC2jz2g2zzKF5W1ARCrup6h7Mrd-Gr9zxqc6Gx9255E4yrHSlgOMKarbNsCWi1l16ijR1Gz9trsVfRMdcZwqK3DpnPmH4iG0qMKZXsd5tryLWhJW3zHTzmYfni2R4Ne9tGxTAH/s1600/charlotte-bryant-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="500" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBHr-0r5JC2jz2g2zzKF5W1ARCrup6h7Mrd-Gr9zxqc6Gx9255E4yrHSlgOMKarbNsCWi1l16ijR1Gz9trsVfRMdcZwqK3DpnPmH4iG0qMKZXsd5tryLWhJW3zHTzmYfni2R4Ne9tGxTAH/s320/charlotte-bryant-7.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CROWDS GATHER FOR BRYANT'S EXECUTION </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Bryant was neither confined nor hanged at Dorchester
prison in the county in which she was convicted and sentenced. Instead she was
sent to Exeter jail, in neighbouring Devon, to await her execution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte
was led to the gallows at 8.00 a.m. on Wednesday, July the 15th, 1936 by public
executioner Tom Pierrepoint. He was assisted by Thomas Phillips and
Pierrepoint’s nephew Albert. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The LPC4 form states Charlotte’s height as 5' 0 1/2"
and her weight 123 1/2 lbs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was
given a drop 8' 5".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Measured
afterwards it was 8' 7” from her heels to the top surface of the platform.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her cause of death was stated as <i>"Definite
dislocation of the cervical spine".</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As was the norm, by 1936 Charlotte's execution was an
entirely secret affair and there were no reporters present. However, she was
attended by a Catholic priest, Father Barney, who was not bound by Home Office
rules of secrecy. He later described her last moments as <i>"truly
edifying.</i>" <i>"She met her end with Christian fortitude."</i> He
reported, however, that she never confessed to the murder and protested her
innocence to the very end. In accordance with her sentence, her body was buried
in the grounds of the prison, probably at lunch time, that same day.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte had learned to write her name in jail and her will
was the first legal document she had signed with her name on it rather than her
mark. Charlotte left a pitiful estate worth 5 shillings, 8½ pence to her five
children who were now orphaned. They were taken into the care of the county
council, becoming the legal wards of the Dorset Public Assistance Committee. At
this time, they were aged between 18 months old and 12 years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The wealthy, publicity driven anti-capital punishment
campaigner Mrs Violet Van Der Elst was reported in the press as being very keen
to adopt all five children, although it seems that what she really wanted to do
was pay to send them to a convent abroad to provide for their education and
welfare. She was concerned that going into council care would condemn the
children to the same lowly life as their mother had led: <i>‘The County Council
have no right to take these children. They are going to be taken to awful
orphanages or children’s homes, and there is nothing worse.’ </i>She said
(Sheffield Independent, 18 July 1936).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She later told a reporter that she would find the children
foster parents, and would pay for their maintenance and education; in addition,
she would start a fund, giving it an initial £50,000, to ‘provide for the
children of people who have been murdered or executed’ (Exeter and Plymouth Gazette,
17 July 1936). Van der Elst later featured this case among numerous others in
her 1937 book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On the Gallows</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before Charlotte had been executed, there had been an
attempt by the NSPCC to take the children to one of their homes, but Charlotte
had refused permission for that via her solicitor, wanting them to stay near to
her geographically. She had presumably hoped, at this point, before the appeal,
that she would evenually be freed and found innocent, and could go back to
taking care of her family once again. (Gloucestershire Echo, 11 February 1936)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After Charlotte’s death, an inquest was carried out to
ensure that she had been ‘judicially and humanely executed’. The prison
governor had suggested that the coroner’s jury might wish to donate their fees to
the Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Society; when the jurors expressed a wish,
instead, to give their fees to Charlotte’s five children, they were
discouraged; the coroner stated that the fees were only small, and that
‘provision had already been made for the care of the children’. (Northern Whig,
16 July 1936)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mrs Van Der Elst had stated publicly that she wanted the children
to be educated abroad ‘so that the circumstances of their parents’ death will
never be known to them’. However, the eldest 2 children already knew about what
had happened because they had given evidence at their Mother’s trial. Charlotte
had also requested to see her children whilst being held in prison, and that
request had been granted but she did not see them after she lost the appeal. The
younger children were not aware of the true nature of their parent’s death
until they found out for themselves many years later. Charlotte’s son, William,
found out about his mother’s trial and execution when he read about it in a
newspaper in 1964. William did not tell his own son, David the truth, until
David was in his 30s. William had never seen his brothers or sisters again,
after he had left the the home where he eventually first met his wife Margaret,
who had also been a resident there. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In view of the seriously flawed forensic evidence, should
Charlotte have been granted a re-trial? The incorrect evidence supplied by the
Pathologist surely made her conviction unsafe and unsatisfactory. Flawed
evidence leads to a lack of public confidence in the justice system. The
witness evidence and circumstantial evidence remains strong but it is still
uncertain that the right decision was reached. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One wonders how much Charlotte's lowly status and
acknowledged promiscuity played in the decision to neither reprieve her nor
grant a new trial. Sadly, Britain was very much a class ridden society in 1936
and Charlotte was considered virtually “at the bottom of the social pile” by
people at the time and was also portrayed as a typical female sexual deviant of
her age, by those who subsequently wrote about her case. People like her were
simply expendable and their well-publicised executions were considered a good
lesson to other women not to stray from the "straight and narrow"
paths of morality – a view perceived, created, and maintained by a male
dominated society that had only given women the right to vote less than 15
years before . </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte Bryant’s case has now been highlighted once again in
a fascinating new BBC series <i>Murder, Mystery and My Family</i>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xxG7jWyMIhA/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xxG7jWyMIhA?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the first episode, two of the UK's top criminal
barristers, Sasha Wass and Jeremy Dein joined forces with a variety of specialist
experts alongside Charlotte’s son William and his son David to re-examine the
crime, the evidence and the trial.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While the barristers employed modern forensic techniques to
ask whether the original conviction was safe, William and David Bryant explored
the social and historical context of the crime, and their parent’s life. The Intimidation
of key witnesses like Lucy Ostler, along with the mostly circumstantial
evidence that was provided was a big cause for concern for both the barristers. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Many murder cases of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
continue to be infamous, with books, films and television programmes devoted to
them. Charlotte Bryant’s story was relegated to obscurity after it faded from
the headlines - but it should have had a lasting impact on our consciousness.
She was young – only 33 – when she was hanged for murder. She was a female
murderer who had killed her husband after becoming dissatisfied with her
marriage and had started an affair with her lodger.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yet Charlotte Bryant does not feature in any books or movies
today – she’s been the subject of the odd local newspaper or crime
website article, but even Wikipedia remains strangely silent when it comes to
her. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgszlEJQJXwcgEE-Ya1K6WzIjh1gQDOJBE_68r-x6FvT5cHt6hgX6y94sc5jlYgEvqvBaQOL8_cLe5kCl9B8GWzVBUdzkEE3gOYDipFxTQBW9CX_CECrkLVk-5o3MG2TLjYruahwtGLnG9M/s1600/bryant1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgszlEJQJXwcgEE-Ya1K6WzIjh1gQDOJBE_68r-x6FvT5cHt6hgX6y94sc5jlYgEvqvBaQOL8_cLe5kCl9B8GWzVBUdzkEE3gOYDipFxTQBW9CX_CECrkLVk-5o3MG2TLjYruahwtGLnG9M/s1600/bryant1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">CHARLOTTE DURING HER TRIAL</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are many possible explanations as to why Charlotte’s
story has remained hidden for so long. There appears to be only one photograph
of her taken during the court case, and far from portraying a ravishing
seductress, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it shows a beaten-down woman
whose once youthful good looks have significantly diminished due to a life of
poverty and alcoholism. During her trial, it was noted that she turned her head
away, or covered it up, whenever she saw the press photographers gathering like
vultures nearby. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Her trial was not held at the Old Bailey in London, but in
the relatively isolated south-west of England, at the Dorchester Assizes. Charlotte
was a working-class woman, who married a humble cowman, and had an affair with
a traveller. She was a mother of five young children, and was poorly educated
and illiterate. She was not a romantic figure, but a rather plain and pathetic one
to both the press and the public. She was not moneyed or glamorous like other
infamous murderesses – Ruth Ellis or Alma Rattenbury for example,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who went on to be remembered way after their
deaths. She was what she was: a poor unhappy woman who had been accused of poisoning
her husband with weed killer when the romance – if there had ever been any to
begin with – had died, and she felt stifled by the monotony and grinding
poverty of her daily life. Charlotte was the obvious main suspect to the Police
and the easiest to arrest for the crime but it doesn’t prove her guilt. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Criminal behaviour on the part of women in the 1930’s was
still wrongly believed to partly due to an excessive and dangerous sexual
appetite. There was clearly a double standard in operation within society and
the law, as men were not castigated or punished for similar sorts of behaviour.
Sexual impropriety was often used to demonstrate early signs of criminality or
deviancy in a woman – this included women who simply had affairs as well as
women who were paid to have sex. Any woman who had sex with a man who was not
her husband was regarded as a sexual deviant. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgABrY5Sr0Q_Yo5ezoxXDGng32L4EqIdC0gd_85ikKuWRyOnnl7AY7aH_KwCxZRWSbRYDx64tJX3X9BA1LbTVW97Om5SbnLREx7Zzfb1ZZCXudCO6PrMFJbGrasXaE6Q8UIEDGV7RSBa2qt/s1600/0032258x3801100105.fp.png_v03.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1081" data-original-width="710" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgABrY5Sr0Q_Yo5ezoxXDGng32L4EqIdC0gd_85ikKuWRyOnnl7AY7aH_KwCxZRWSbRYDx64tJX3X9BA1LbTVW97Om5SbnLREx7Zzfb1ZZCXudCO6PrMFJbGrasXaE6Q8UIEDGV7RSBa2qt/s320/0032258x3801100105.fp.png_v03.png" width="210" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No trial report of the time actually described Charlotte as
an ‘illiterate, immoral slut’ or stated that she worked as a part-time
prostitute. People who have subsequently written website articles about her and
her case may have implied this as a direct interpretation of how they believe
1930s England would have seen her. No actual press coverage of the trial or its
aftermath refers to Charlotte as engaging in promiscuity or prostitution;
indeed, the focus is always on her status as a mother, desperate to know that
her children are being looked after, as she awaits first her trial, and then
her execution, only gaining comfort from the church.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Looking at the actual press coverage of Charlotte’s case
from the time, there is a much more sympathetic, more nuanced, tone than other
more recently articles imply. For example, on the morning of her execution, she
was described as making a ‘despairing last-minute plea to the King’ via
telegram, repeated in full in the Birmingham Daily Gazette, in which she refers
to herself as the King’s ‘lowly, afflicted subject’. Rather than being
described as a ‘slut’, she is simply named as ‘Mrs Charlotte Bryant, the
33-year-old mother of five children’ by the newspaper. (Birmingham Daily
Gazette, 15 July 1936).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Even when damming allegations were made about Charlotte’s sex
life, it was as a transcription of what someone else had said in court about
her – for example, when the Sheffield Independent stated that Parsons ‘was the
father of Charlotte’s youngest child’, it was directly quoting Lord Hewart
comments in announcing that Charlotte’s appeal was being dismissed. (Sheffield
Independent, 30 June 1936) There was an overall factual tone to all of the
information given, concerning Charlotte’s sexual relationships, rather than a
condemning one.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In addition, when, in court, attempts had been made to
highlight that Charlotte had been Parsons’ mistress, the Solicitor General had
objected to them, acerbically commenting to the Jury, <i>“You are not a court of
morals.”</i> (Coventry Evening Telegraph, 27 May 1936)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although Charlotte’s affair was brought up in court, it was mentioned
as the main part of a prosecution case to suggest that because Charlotte was in
love with another man and wanted to marry him, she was subsequently motivated
to kill her husband. This would be a common motive for murder in most cases,
and thus an obvious approach for the prosecution to take. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFO-HD96Nc_4PJqKP6aEEgQn5hDAluY4ffyK75SYy1TA_FScToOY0Z-KJ5AzMcaetDxQ0iqNaG9ZuXmEIJlpojHhcuqQg0qXgKeyADsRJZQZu6FdNLZIvehY4gd7mqex-3rCreFG2_tn5G/s1600/Sunderland-Daily-Echo-1-Jan-1936.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="204" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFO-HD96Nc_4PJqKP6aEEgQn5hDAluY4ffyK75SYy1TA_FScToOY0Z-KJ5AzMcaetDxQ0iqNaG9ZuXmEIJlpojHhcuqQg0qXgKeyADsRJZQZu6FdNLZIvehY4gd7mqex-3rCreFG2_tn5G/s320/Sunderland-Daily-Echo-1-Jan-1936.jpeg" width="196" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte’s class was a huge also a huge factor in how she
was treated and viewed. She was unable to read or write; she had to have it
explained to her what an ‘inquest’ was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>During her trial, she had to ask the prison wardresses to help explain
procedures to her. She was and had always been a vulnerable woman, perhaps
easily suggestible or influenced when drunk. She was an easy target to pin a
crime on by anyone who was remotely cleverer than she was. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
She suffered from a lack of education and that gave her no great
prospects in life, and yet she was clearly an intelligent woman. When given the
opportunity to improve herself during her time in jail, she made the most of
it, taking only a short amount of time to learn to write letters; and she
surprised the court when she appeared on the stand and gave a coherent, strong
account of her actions - not something usually associated with lies and guilt. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The coverage of her execution in the Exeter and Plymouth
Gazette made no mention of her adultery or sex life, but focused instead on her
lack of education and poor background, and told readers that in the hour before
her death, she had received the Sacraments in her cell:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <i> </i></span><i>‘During those last
moments on earth, this uneducated and illiterate woman, who had never been
taught to read or write or spell, recalled the faith which she learned when a
child attending the Roman Catholic Sunday School in her native Ireland, and she
murmured the responses to the Litanies in a low voice.’ </i>(Exeter and Plymouth
Gazette, 17 July 1936)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The jury did not appear to convict Charlotte of murder
because she was immoral, or a slut, or because they thought she was a
prostitute. The most they appear to have heard in court about her sex life was
that she was the mistress of Parsons, who may have possibly fathered her
youngest child. This appears to have been the only sexually-related information
about Charlotte and her family life that was actually heard in court.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte was convicted because the circumstantial evidence
against her at the time was overwhelming. She had talked openly about her
hatred of her husband, and of her wish not be married to him anymore. She had
spoken of her desire to run away with Parsons; she also feared that his
feelings towards her had cooled. She was known to have had a bottle of what
could be weed killer and arsenic; even her children had said so in Court. She
had been insistent on her husband drinking and eating certain food and drink
even when he was ill and was reluctant to do so. It was evidence such as this
that convicted Charlotte. The jury had been warned not to act as a court of
morals, but as a court of law.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlotte’s case when it is has been written about in recent
times, focuses a lot on the public rumours and speculation about her unusual
sex life, and assumes bias or prejudice on the part of her contemporaries
towards her sexuality. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In fact, in looking at press coverage from the actual time,
it appears that her life may not have been as salacious as some contemporary
sources might suggest to us. If it was, then that was not something that was
brought up in court, covered in the press, or used to convict her of murder. It
was only one specific relationship that was focused on – Charlotte’s and
Parson’s - and that was in order to build a convincing motive for the
Prosecution as to why she might have attempted to kill her husband. The
evidence provided in court by both Parsons, and Ostler that led to the
conviction, could have just as easily concealed details of either of their
individual involvements and made Charlotte into the perfect scapegoat. Comments
made to Ostler by Charlotte may have been said in a very different context, or
have been totally misinterpreted by Ostler, the Police and the Jury at the
time. The fact that arsenic may have been used in the house or in the back
garden for killing rats must also be taken into consideration too. Frederick
may have also been exposed to it on a regular basis as an agricultural worker,
so there is an outside chance that his poisoning and subsequent death was
partly also due to prolonged contact with arsenic over a number of years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0t2es80n1LrMN97i1yB70YBngZLjdKgSr7KvcTPxKyV2fOutLe-jkVHJ50dl48nI0sxlddmWM6b4uDbi5vBFscIllUVxerVNQj-lcteo7oHlZQYa8-TuBp6WtK4UpgHxg0NxcBK61E6D_/s1600/Cov-Eve-Telegraph-27-May-1936.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0t2es80n1LrMN97i1yB70YBngZLjdKgSr7KvcTPxKyV2fOutLe-jkVHJ50dl48nI0sxlddmWM6b4uDbi5vBFscIllUVxerVNQj-lcteo7oHlZQYa8-TuBp6WtK4UpgHxg0NxcBK61E6D_/s1600/Cov-Eve-Telegraph-27-May-1936.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Biases against female murderers such as Charlotte Bryant are
not necessarily always of their time. If we assume that our forebears always demonstrated
prejudice against certain types of lifestyles, behaviours and classes of
people, we also assume that those convicted of murder must be more wicked or
immoral than they actually perhaps were. Charlotte may have been a
working-class woman who took drastic, ill thought out action because she
thought she was in love; but that did not make her a slut or a prostitute, either
then or now. If she really did not kill her husband and was genuinely innocent as
she claimed, the fact that she hung for that crime when it was not proven
beyond all doubt is much more than just a mere miscarriage of justice.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finding out that their mother and grandmother had been
hanged for a murder she may or may not have committed, has haunted Charlotte’s
children and grandchildren’s lives and had a huge effect on all the members of
her family ever since. That was very evident from the reactions of William and
David Bryant on the recent BBC TV programme. By re-examining the case
again, both men have at least begun to try and come to terms with what happened to their ancestors. </div>
The History Researcherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15252605780463868263noreply@blogger.com3